Umthombo: Inkolo ye-ABC & Ethics
Inguqulo yangaphambili yalesi sihloko yethulwa ku- Inkomfa Kazwelonke Yobulungisa Bobuhlanga Nezenhlalakahle ngo-17 November 2021.
Siseqophelweni eliphezulu emlandweni wobuhlanga wase-United States - mhlawumbe isikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu kusukela kwamalungelo omphakathi kanye nokunyakaza okunamandla kwabantu abamnyama/abansundu/komdabu ngeminyaka yawo-1960s kanye nama-70s. Imisinga emibili ehluke ngendlela emangalisayo empilweni yaseMelika ithola amandla: ukubusa kwabamhlophe kuphinde kwazifakazela empilweni evamile yomphakathi; futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye ebalulekile yaseMelika emhlophe ijoyina umzabalazo wobulungiswa bobuhlanga.
Lesi yisikhathi esihle kakhulu nesibi kakhulu, inhlekelele egcwele ingozi nethuba. Ngakho-ke, ake sithathe isikhashana ukuchaza amagama. Ngiyazi ukuthi lokho kuzwakala kuyisicefe, kodwa indawo yomphakathi enwetshiwe yengxoxo mayelana nobulungiswa bezinhlanga eminyakeni yakamuva ayizange ihlale iholela ekucaceni okukhulu endleleni esisebenzisa ngayo amagama. Isibonelo, amagama okucwasa ngokwesistimu, kwesakhiwo, kanye nesikhungo avamise ukuphonswa ezingxoxweni ngaphandle kwencazelo evamile eqondwayo, ebukela phansi ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo.
Ayikho neyodwa incazelo elungile yamagama anjalo, futhi uma kufanele kube khona, angizikhukhumezi ngokwanele ukuthi ngicabange ukuthi ngingasho lezo zincazelo. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu yokubhala, ukufundisa, nokuhlela, lolu hlaka lungisiza ukuba ngiqonde izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngihlele ngokusebenzisa izixazululo ezingaba khona.
Ukubusa kwabamhlophe nokucwasa ngokwebala
Ngaphambi kokubhekana nokucwasa ngokwesistimu, kwesakhiwo, kanye nesikhungo, kufanele sichaze ukucwasa ngokwako. Lokho kuqala ngokubusa kwabamhlophe, isimiso somlando esavela eYurophu eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 edlule. Ukuphakama kwabamhlophe kwakungesona isisusa esiyinhloko sokuba iYurophu ithathe ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba wonke (okwakuwukuhaha okuyisidala, ukuzikhukhumeza, kanye nokucabanga okukhohlisayo), kodwa imfundiso yobukhosi obumhlophe/abaseYurophu/ubuKristu yavela njenge ukuthethelelwa kokunqotshwa futhi kwaqiniswa emfundisweni.
Ekugcineni leyo mfundiso yamila ezindaweni lapho iYurophu yasungula khona amakoloni abahlali, kuhlanganise ne-United States neNingizimu Afrika, mhlawumbe imiphakathi emibili ehlala icwasa ngokwebala ekhulwini lamashumi amabili. Ubuqaba baseYurophu kwakungesona isenzakalo sokuqala sokuthi iqembu elithile labantu liqothule noma lixhaphaze abanye, kodwa liyisiqalo sombono wesimanje wokucwasa ngokwebala. Ukubusa kwabamhlophe kwasungula isigaba sezinhlanga esiphila nabo namuhla, lapho ukubusa kweqembu elilodwa lobuhlanga kugomela ngokuthi kuwuhlelo โlwemveloโ lwezinto.
Ukukubeka kalula: ukucwasa ngokwebala kuwukwamukela umqondo wokubusa kobuhlanga, okhiqizwe umbono wokubusa kwabamhlophe, ongavezwa kokubili ngabantu ngabanye nangemikhuba yezikhungo.
Lokho kusisiza ukuba sixazulule umbuzo okhathazayo: Ubani ongacwasa e-United States? Ingabe ubandlululo lukhona yini ubandlululo olusekelwe ekuhlukeni kwezinhlanga? Ngaphansi kwaleyo ncazelo, umuntu omnyama ongafuni ukuzihlanganisa nabamhlophe, nabamhlophe abangafuni ukuzihlanganisa nabamnyama, bonke bangabacwasa ngokwebala. Abagqugquzeli bobulungiswa bobuhlanga ngokuvamile bayakuchitha lokho, bechaza ukucwasa ngokuthi โubandlululo kanye namandlaโ, okusho ukuthi abantu abanemibala ngeke babe nokucwasa ngokwebala uma kubhekwa ukuntula kwabo amandla eqoqo emphakathini wobandlululo.
Kodwa amandla akuyona into elula iqembu elilodwa elinayo kuphela futhi amanye amaqembu angenayo ngokuphelele. Cabanga ngosomabhizinisi omnyama ophumelelayo edlula umuntu omhlophe ongenakhaya ezulazula emgwaqeni. Uma bejikijelana ngezinhlamba ezicwasa ngokwebala, sibiza bani ngobandlululo? Kuthiwani uma umnikazi webhizinisi engowokufika ovela ePakistan futhi umthengisi omnyama? Ingabe ukuphikisa komhlophe izinhlelo ze-affirmative action kuwubufakazi bokucwasa? Ingabe lokho kuhlola kuyashintsha uma amaShayina aseMelika ephikisana nezinhlelo ezinjalo?
Kunokuba sifune i-algorithm yokuphendula imibuzo enjalo, singasho ukuthi umbono wanamuhla wezigaba zobuhlanga, ezinabantu basenyakatho yeYurophu phezulu, uwumkhiqizo weminyaka engu-500 yokubusa kwabamhlophe. Ubungekho ubumhlophe obungekho, leyo mibuzo ibingeke ibuzwe ngale ndlela. Futhi, lokho akusho ukuthi abantu babehlale bephila ngokuthula nangokuzwana ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweYurophu ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba. Umlando unikeza izinguqulo eziningi zokubusa nokuzithoba, ezilungisiswa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Kodwa umqondo wobuhlanga esiphila nawo namuhla uphuma ebukhosini abamhlophe.
Ukuphakama kwabamhlophe akumile, kunjalo. Imithetho nezimo zokuphila ziyashintsha, kodwa umqondo wezinhlanga zobuhlanga usalokhu unamandla, futhi hhayi nje emphakathini wabamhlophe. Uma umuntu ongeyena omhlophe ophuma eqenjini lohlanga olulodwa esebenzisa inhlamba yokucwasa othile weqembu elingebona abamhlophe, ukubusa kwabamhlophe kuyaqina. Ngokwesibonelo, i anti-black racism emiphakathini ehlukahlukene yase-Hispanic akufakazeli ukuthi โwonke umuntu ekujuleni kwenhliziyo unobandlululoโ, kodwa kunalokho kubonisa amandla obukhosi obumhlophe ukuze asidonsele sonke ekwamukeleni izinhlelo zomphakathi ezilandelanayo.
Lokho kwanele ukuba siqhubekele phambili ekuhloleni ukucwasa ngokwebala emazingeni amabili ahlukene omphakathi (ngawodwa kanye nawesikhungo) ngamazinga amabili ahlukene okuqwashisa (okusobala nokuqulekile). Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, sizobona ukuthi ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kuwumbono kanye neqoqo lemikhuba.
Ukucwasa okusobala kwabantu ngabanye
Abantu abathi, โNgikholelwa ukuthi abantu abamhlophe bahlakaniphe ngaphezu [bagcwalise okungenalutho]โ, noma โAbamhlophe kufanele baphathe umhlabaโ, bangobantu abamhlophe. Lokho akuphikisani, kodwa izinkulumo ezinjalo azivamile nje kulezi zinsuku, ngisho nakubantu abazwakala befana nabamhlophe. I Boys Abaqhoshayo, abaningi bethu abalibheka njengeqembu elicwasa ngokwedlulele, kunjalo ngezinye izikhathi kuchazwa โnjengenhlangano encikene nabamhlopheโ ngenxa yokuthi iningi lamalungu ayo ligwema izinkulumo eziluhlaza zokucwasa ngokwebala.
Kufanele sibabize ngokuthini abantu abangamalungu amaqembu angazamukeli izitatimende zokucwasa ngokwebala kodwa kunalokho akhuthaza โukuzigqaja kwabamhlopheโ noma โi-Western chauvinismโ? Kuthiwani ngosopolitiki abaphikayo ukuthi banobandlululo kodwa abagxeka i-Critical Race Theory, abayichaza kabi ngokuthi abayithandi abamhlophe? Ingabe kunembile ukuchaza noma yimuphi walaba bantu njengabacwasi bobuhlanga?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu abanjalo bacabanga ukuthi baphethe imibono yokucwasa ngokwebala, basekela ipolitiki yobandlululo. Umphumela ongokoqobo wesikhundla sabo uwukukhuphula ukubusa kwabamhlophe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayavumelana nalokho kuhlola noma cha. Lokhu kuhlabana ngokutshela abantu ukuthi abaziqondi, ukuthi banezisusa zepolitiki yabo ezehlukile kunalokhu abazishoyo. Kodwa ukungaqapheli ukuthi amazwi nezenzo zethu zembulani ngathi akubona abantu abamhlophe kuphelaโukuntuleka kokuzazi okuphelele kuyisici sokuba umuntu. Sonke sithonywa amandla okungenzeka singawaqondi ngokugcwele, okusho ukuthi asikwazi njalo ukuzazi kahle.
Ukucwasa kwabantu equlekile
Sonke esakhulela e-United States sasihlalisana emphakathini okholelwa ukuthi abamhlophe baphakeme futhi sathonywa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene ngalokho kuqeqeshwa. Ngemizamo yokuqaphela, singakwazi ukunciphisa imiphumela yalokho kuqeqeshwa, kodwa ngumuntu omhlophe oyivelakancane owedlule ubukhosi obumhlophe. Kufanele sizame ukuzibheka ngokwethu ngangokunokwenzeka futhi sihlale sivulekele ukugxekwa kokuziphatha kwethu kwabanye. Kodwa ukuzibheka akuwona neze ubufakazi bobuwula, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kulula kangakanani abantu ukuzikhohlisa, futhi ukugwema ukugxekwa abanye kulula, ikakhulukazi uma siphila izimpilo ezihlukene ngokuqhathaniswa.
Lokho kusho ukuthi uma abelungu beqala umusho ngo โAngiyena umuntu ocwasa ngokwebala, kodwaโฆโ, ukubheja okuhlakaniphile ukuthi okulandelayo okuphuma emlonyeni wabo kuzoba ukuphawula okucwasayo. Lesi sisho siphakamisa ukuthi umuntu akanalo ikhono elithuthuke kahle lokuzicabangela ngokujulile ngalokho kuxhumana nabantu. Iningi labantu abamhlophe elilwela ukulwa nokucwasa selifunde ukungakusho lokho. Eqinisweni, ukukhombisa ukuthi bamelene kakhulu nokucwasa ngokwebala, abanye abantu abamhlophe bazobheka ngakolunye uhlangothi, bandulele ukuphawula ngokuthi โNgiyazi ukuthi ngingumuntu ocwasa ngokwebala, kodwaโฆโ. Leyo nkulumo ngokungangabazeki ihloselwe kahle, ikhombisa ukuqaphela lokho kuhlalisana kwabantu, kodwa iqeda amandla. Uma wonke umuntu omhlophe - kuhlanganise nalabo ababambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo emfundweni emelene nokucwasa nokuhlela - benobandlululo, leli gama limane liyigama elifanayo lokuthi umhlophe. Uma umholi weqembu lendawo lama-neo-Nazi engumuntu ocwasa ngokwebala futhi mina nginobandlululo, leli gama lilahlekelwa yinoma iyiphi incazelo ewusizo.
Ukwehluleka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamaqembu amabili kuyabalulekile. Cabanga nje uya kwabamhlophe uthi, โSifuna uzibophezele ezinyathelweni zakho nezepolitiki ukuze uphonsele inselelo ukucwasa ngokwebala, okuhlanganisa ukuzicabangela wena uqobo mayelana nendlela owafaka ngayo ubukhosi babamhlophe ngaphakathi, kodwa noma ngabe usebenza kanzima kangakanani kulokho, usacwasa ngokwebala futhi uyohlala enjalo.โ Lowo umbono omile wamandla omuntu okukhula kobuhlakani nokuzindla ngokuziphatha, futhi akuyona indlela enhle impela yokukhuthaza abantu ukuthi bamukele umnyakazo wobulungiswa bezinhlanga.
Ukucwasa ngokwesistimu
Indlela eyodwa evamile yokusabela obishini lokwahlulela ukuthi amazwi nezenzo zabantu zinobandlululo yini ukugxila ezikhungweni. Kunokuba siphikisane ngokuthi ubani ocwasa futhi ongacwasi, singagxila kulokho okwenzekayo lapho abantu behlangene ngamaqembu. Kodwa futhi sixhumana nsuku zonke njengabantu ngabanye, sizama ukuqondana. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-macro akususi imibuzo ngabantu ngabanye kanye nezisusa zabo. Kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuphatha ukucwasa ngokwebala njengento engelutho ngaphandle kwezimo zengqondo nokuziphatha komuntu akwanele ukuba kube noshintsho lwezombangazwe. Amagama ajwayeleke kakhulu alokhu kugxilwa kweqoqo ukucwasa ngokwezikhungo, okuhlelekile, nokwesakhiwo. Angikaze ngithole izincazelo ezivunyelwene kabanzi zamagama, futhi kwesinye isikhathi asetshenziswa ngokushintshana. Ngifuna ukuphakamisa ukwehluka okungenzeka kube usizo ekuhlaziyeni.
Ukunyakaza komphakathi kulethe izinguquko ezibalulekile - ezinye zezomthetho, ezinye zamasiko - ezinciphise kakhulu imvamisa yezinkulumo zobandlululo nokuziphatha e-United States. Ubandlululo oluhlelekile luphakamisa ukuthi imiphumela yanamuhla yokucwasa ayiwona umkhiqizo wesaga esithi โama-apula ambalwa amabiโ, kodwa ukuthi izinhlelo ezithile zisebenza kanjani.
Isibonelo yi- amazinga aphezulu ngokulinganayo okuqondisa izigwegwe kwabafundi abamnyama ohlelweni lwezikole zikahulumeni zase-US, umphumela okungenani engxenyeni yezingane ezimnyama ziba wahlulelwe ngephutha njengokuthukuthela kaningi kunezingane ezimhlophe. Izinduku zezikole zesizwe ziyi mhlophe ngokungenakulinganiswa, kodwa othisha abamhlophe hhayi ngaphezulu noma kancane ukucwasa kunabantu abamhlophe. Kodwa-ke, ukuqagela kanye nezinqubo ezijwayelekile ziholela ephethinini yokuthi othisha bathumele abafundi ukuze baqondiswe izigwegwe ngendlela ehlukile ngokusekelwe ngokobuhlanga. Inkinga esigxile kuyona lapha ayikho esimisweni sokuziphatha noma indlela amagumbi okufundela ahlelwa ngayo, okuyinto umuntu angathanda ukuyishintsha ngenxa yezinye izizathu, kodwa endleleni leyo mibandela esetshenziswa ngayo.
Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, kungenzeka ukuthi kuguqulwe imiphumela yokucwasa ngokwebala ngokuqeqesha kabusha izisebenzi ezikhona noma esikhundleni sazo kufakwe izisebenzi ezimelene nokucwasa ngokwebala, futhi kuqashwe othisha abaningi bemibala. Ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kuwuhlelo, ngomqondo wokuba khona kulo lonke uhlelo, kodwa akusona isici esihlala njalo sohlelo. Singacabanga ukuthi isistimu efanayo ikhiqiza imiphumela encane yokucwasa ngokulungiswa. Lapho kubhekwana nobandlululo oluhlelekile, izenzo zabantu ngabanye zingenza umehluko omkhulu lapho abantu besebenza ndawonye ukuze baguqule izinqubo futhi baphonsele inselelo isimo sengqondo sobandlululo kanye nokuziphatha.
Ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo
Ngiphakamisa ukuthi sisebenzise leli gama ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga ezimisweni lapho ukubusa kwabamhlophe โkubhekweโ kakhulu, okwenza kube noshintsho oluyisisekelo kakhulu esakhiweni oludingekayo. Nalapha, izikole ziyisibonelo esihle.
E-United States, imfundo yomphakathi ixhaswa ngokwengxenye ngezintela zendawo zendawo. Kusho ukuthi izifunda zezikole ezicebile zinganyusa imali eyengeziwe kwezemfundo kunezifunda ezihlwempu. Lokho kungase kungabi nabulungisa ngokuvamile, kodwa kuba nokucwasa ngokwesakhiwo uma sicabangela amanye amaqiniso amabili: kukhona igebe lengcebo ngokwebala, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi yabamhlophe nabamnyama/abansundu; futhi i-United States isenamandla amakhulu ihlukaniswe ngokwezindlu. Umphumela uba ukuthi izingane ezimnyama nezinsundu, ngokwesilinganiso, uma ziqhathaniswa nezabamhlophe, zizofunda ezikoleni ezinemithombo yemali embalwa. Labo bafundi bazoya ezikoleni ezinothisha abanolwazi oluncane, izinsiza zobuchwepheshe ezimbalwa, izincwadi zokufunda ezindala, izinhlelo ezimbalwa zokucebisa, nezinsiza zesikole ezinganakekelwa kahle. Lezo zingane ezingebona abelungu ngeke, ngokwesilinganiso, zithole imfundo elingana nezingane zabelungu.
Imfundo yomphakathi ayilingani ekwabiweni kwezinsiza, hhayi ngenxa yezimo zengqondo nokuziphatha komuntu, kodwa ngenxa yezinqumo ezinkulu ezathathwa kudala mayelana nokuhlela uxhaso lwezikole, okwenza kube uhlobo oluthile lokucwasa ngokwesakhiwo. Othisha abazinikele abasebenza ohlelweni olunjalo banganciphisa imiphumela yokungafani kwezimali, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso izingane ezimnyama nezinsundu ngeke zithole imfundo efanayo neyezingane ezimhlophe.
Lokho kushiya ithemu ukucwasana ngokwezikhungo, okungase kube yigama elifanayo lokucwasa ngokwesistimu noma kwesakhiwo, futhi abantu babonakala belisebenzisa ngazo zombili izindlela. Ku ukubhala kwangaphambilini Ngiyisebenzise ukuze ngiqonde ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo, kodwa namuhla ngincike ekuyisebenziseni njengegama eliyisambulela kukho kokubili uhlelo nesakhiwo. Futhi, ayikho indlela eyodwa efanele yokuchaza le migomo. Umgomo ufika ekuqondeni okwabiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana, kucije ukuhlaziya, kanye nenqubomgomo yomhlahlandlela.
Iyini imiphumela?
Izincazelo ezicacile zisisiza ukuthi sihlole izinketho zenqubomgomo. Ezibonelweni zethu zesikole, lapho inkinga kuwubandlululo oluhlelekile, kukhona amakhambi athile okufanele alandelwe, ikakhulukazi agxile ekuthuthukiseni noma ekushintsheni abasebenzi, noma ekusunguleni uhlelo lokubuyekeza ukuze amaphethini okucwasa ezinqumweni akhonjwe futhi ahlehliswe. Akulula lokho kodwa akudingi ukuthi isistimu iklanywe kabusha.
Lapho inkinga iwukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo, kudingeka izinguquko eziyisisekelo, okuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu. Esibonelweni soxhaso lwesikole, impendulo eyodwa kungaba ukushiya imithombo yemali engenayo yasendaweni futhi kuxhaswe zonke izikole zikahulumeni ezweni ngezinga elifanayo ncamashi, okungadinga ukubhekwa kukahulumeni wobumbano kanye nezimali ezingenayo, okusho izintela ezengeziwe. Lokho ngeke nje kuphikiswe abashisekeli abamhlophe kodwa futhi kuphambene nombono wokuthi izikole zisebenza kahle ngokubandakanyeka okusebenzayo hhayi nje kwabazali kuphela kodwa nemiphakathi yendawo, engase isongelwe ukungenelela kombuso.
Uma uxhaso lwezikole zikahulumeni olufaniswayo lungatholakala, kusenesinye isithiyo: abazali abacebile, abamhlophe ngokwedlulele, bangabhalisa izingane zabo ezikoleni ezizimele. Ukuqeda lowo mehluko, ingabe kufanele sibeke imali esetshenziswa esikoleni esizimele ezingeni elifanayo nelomfundi ngamunye njengezikole zikahulumeni, noma sivimbele izikole ezizimele ngokuphelele? Indlela yokufisa kakhulu kungaba ukunciphisa igebe lengcebo ecwaswa ngokwebala ngezinqubomgomo zokwabiwa kabusha. Njengoba i-capitalism iwuhlelo lokugxilisa ingcebo, ingabe kufanele siwulawule ngenqubomgomo yomphakathi enolaka noma siqhamuke nendlela entsha yokuhlela umsebenzi wezomnotho? Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kufanele yini simise izinqubomgomo ezinciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindlu ngokwandisa izindlu zomxhaso kuzo zonke izindawo ezicebile?
Noma ngabe umuntu ucabangani ngalezi zixazululo ezingaba khona, zidinga ukulungiswa okubalulekile, hhayi nje kwezikole zikahulumeni, kodwa komphakathi wonke.
Indaba eyisibonelo: amaphoyisa namajele
Okugxilwe kakhulu engxoxweni yokucwasa ngokwebala eminyakeni embalwa edlule kube ubuphoyisa namajele - the ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngendlela engafanele, kuhlanganise amandla abulalayo, ngokumelene nabantu abamnyama nabansundu, kanye izinga elingafani lokuboshwa kubantu abamnyama nabansundu. Ingabe lezi zibonelo zobandlululo oluhlelekile noma lwesakhiwo, noma kokubili?
Amaphoyisa amaningi ahlanganisa izikhulu ezinezimo zengqondo zokucwasa, kodwa inkinga enkulu izinqubo zansuku zonke. Inkinga akuwona nje amaphoyisa amabi ambalwa kodwa uhlelo oluholela emaphoyiseni eqondise abantu abamnyama nabansundu. Lapho abantu abanokucabangela kombuso omhlophe bebeka inqubomgomo, besho izinqubo, futhi benquma izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu, umphumela uba ukucwasa ngokwesistimu.
Kuthiwani uma singajula sibuze ngenjongo yohlelo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu kulo mphakathi? Uma sesidlulela ngale kwenkulumo-ze mayelana nokugcina abantu bephephile - okungenye yezinto amaphoyisa angafeza - kuyacaca ukuthi uhlelo lwezomthetho nalo luyiqembu. uhlelo lokulawulwa komphakathi emnothweni wonxiwankulu obonakala ngokungalingani kwengcebo emangalisayo.
Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwenzeka kuyo yonke imiphakathi kuwo wonke amabanga, kodwa ukwenza izidakamizwa zibe ubugebengu kuholela ekugcinweni komthetho okugxile kubantu abampofu kuyilapho ikakhulukazi unganakwa abadla izambane likapondo, abathatha izingozi ezimbalwa lapho bethenga izidakamizwa futhi benezinsiza ezinkulu zokulwa nezindleko. Abanye abagxeki baphakamise ukuthi imithetho yezidakamizwa yakhelwe ukulawula "amakilasi ayingozi" ezisongela ingcebo egxilile. Khonamanjalo, ukugcina abantu abampofu emajele kwandisa ukungalingani kwengcebo yobandlululo futhi kwakha umnotho wokuboshwa, lapho bobabili abanikazi be izinkampani zamajele ezizimele kanye nabantu abasebenzayo abathatha imisebenzi njenge onogada emajele omphakathi babe nesandla ekuvikeleni le ndlela yokugcinwa komthetho.
Izinxushunxushu zamanje kwezokugcinwa komthetho kanye nobulungiswa bobugebengu ziyizibonelo za kokubili ukucwasa ngokwesistimu nokwesakhiwo. Izinguquko ekuqashweni nasekuqeqesheni zingase zibhekane nokucwasa okuhleliwe. Ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo kubangela inselele enzima kakhulu. Ingakanani inqubekelaphambili engenziwa ohlelweni lonxiwankulu nokungalingani kwengcebo engenakugwenywa? I-capitalism ibungaza lokho kungalingani njengesisusa esidingekayo sokusungula izinto ezintsha nokukhiqiza. Ngabe ukuphela kombuso wabamhlophe kudinga ukuphela konxiwankulu?
Futhi uma sijula, kuvela elinye iqoqo lemibuzo: Ingabe noma yiziphi zalezi zinguquko zingenzeka ngaphandle kwenselele ngasikhathi sinye ekubuseni/ukuzithoba okuguquguqukayo enhliziyweni yobukhosi? Ukubusa kwabesilisa kuwuhlelo oludala kakhulu lwezenhlalo - hhayi nje emakhulwini eminyaka kodwa izinkulungwane zeminyaka ubudala - oluthethelela amandla eqembu phezu kwelinye ngokuthi ukubusa okunjalo kungokwemvelo. Ngabe ukuphela kobukhosi abamhlophe kudinga ukuthi kuphele nobukhosi?
Ubukhosi obumhlophe, hhayi ubumhlophe
Sengibhekise kaningi kukho ukuphakama okumhlophe kodwa waligwema igama elithi โubumhlopheโ. Lelo gama lisemfashinini kulezi zinsuku kodwa livame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela yobudlabha bokuhlaziya. Nasi isibonelo.
Engxoxweni ye-imeyili engangiyingxenye yakho, uthisha omhlophe ozibophezele ekulweni nokucwasa wagxekwa i-eseyi mayelana nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ubuchopho bethu zenza umqondo wezwe. Uzakwethu uthe ukuhlaziya okunjalo โokunganaki noma okungazi ukuthi amanye amasiko akubheke kanjani lokhu, futhi agxile kwisayensi yaseNtshonalanga kuphela, enza ubumhlophe ngokusobala.โ Impela kukhona amasiko ahlukene amasiko anikeza ukuqonda kule mibuzo, kodwa ngikuphonsele inselelo ukuhlangana kwesayensi nobumhlophe. Yebo, isayensi yanamuhla yavela eYurophu, kodwa kusho ukuthini ukuthi ukwenza isayensi yesimanje โukwenza ubumhlopheโ? Amanye amasiko, anezimiso zolwazi ezandulela isayensi yanamuhla, anokuningi angakunikeza, kodwa isayensi yanamuhla iye yandisa ulwazi lomuntu ngezindlela ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Ingabe leyo nkulumo, engishaya njengokuphawula okungenampikiswano ngomlando wesintu, ngandlela-thile kuwukubonakaliswa kobumhlophe? Uma bekhona abangebona abelungu abavumelana naleyo nkulumo, ngabe nabo benza ubumhlophe?
I-eseyi okukhulunywa ngayo ixoxe ngobunkimbinkimbi bokusebenzisana kwesizathu kanye nemizwa. Ngaphinde ngaveza ukuthi ifilosofi yabesifazane, engaqala ukuyifunda ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 ngisesikoleni esiphakeme, nayo yabekela inselele isizathu esibukhali/i-dichotomy yomzwelo. Kodwa ngeke ngisho ukuthi kuwubunzalamizi ukuthi ososayensi bezinzwa baphishekele le mibuzo besebenzisa izindlela zokufundisa kwabo. Ubulili bulolonge isayensi yesimanje ngezindlela ezithile, njengoba buye babumba zonke izikhungo emiphakathini yezinzalamizi, kodwa ngeke ngisho ukuthi umlobi waleyo ndaba โwayeqhuba ubudodaโ ngoba wayegxile kusayensi yezinzwa futhi wayishaya indiva ifilosofi yabesifazane esihlokweni esifushane sephephandaba. .
Lokhu kusetshenziswa okunwebekayo โkobumhlopheโ njengesihlava kungase kushintshe okungajwayelekile. Endabeni yezindaba mayelana nengxabano mayelana nengxabano kaprofesa ngokumelene nesenzo sokuqinisekisa, enye ye imithombo ecashuniwe kwabonakala kukubekela inselele ukubaluleka kwenkulumo-mpikiswano yezemfundo: โLo mbono wenkulumo-mpikiswano engokwengqondo nokuqina njengengqopha-mlando yobuhlakani uvela ezweni lapho kwakugcwele abamhlophe.โ Nakuba uprofesa ocashuniwe uye waphikisa ngokuthi iphuzu lakhe lihlanekezelwe, hlobo luni lwempilo yobuhlakani engenzeka uma senqaba umbono wokuthi abantu abanemibono nemibono engqubuzanayo kufanele bafune ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana, okusho impikiswano? Akufanele yini silwele ukuqina, ukuhlolisiswa ngokucophelela kobufakazi? Impilo ingaphezu kwamathiyori nemibono engacacile, futhi asifuni ukuqina kwezazi kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kodwa empilweni yobuhlakani, njengoba sizama ukujulisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi umhlaba usebenza kanjani, inkulumo-mpikiswano ayinakugwenywa futhi ukuqina kubalulekile.
Inani "lenjongo" liphinde livele ohlwini lwezici ze "isiko lokubusa kwabamhlophe". Kunezizathu eziningi zokugxeka Kanjani inhloso idlala imisebenzi ehlukene, futhi ngibhalile mayelana nemikhawulo yalokho okubizwa izindlela zokuhlomula kwezobuntatheli, okuphakamisa ukuthi le mikhuba ingahlanekezela ama-akhawunti angokoqobo. Kodwa uma ukungahloniphi kusho umzamo wokuthola i-akhawunti ephelele yeqiniso ngangokunokwenzeka, ngokufuna bonke ubufakazi obufanele, khona-ke ukungahloniphi kuyinto embi kanjani? Kungani i-objectivity iwukuphuma kobumhlophe? Ingabe lokho kungasho ukuthi ukwamukela ama-akhawunti angaphelele eqiniso kuwumphumela wamasiko angewona abelungu?
Abanye abantu baphikisa ngokuthi ukulandisa kubaluleke kakhulu njengezinhlobo ezisemthethweni zokubuza - futhi ngingavuma. Sifunda okuningi ezindabeni zabantu. Kodwa ukuhlonipha ukubaluleka kwezindaba ezixoxwayo akusho ukuthatha izindaba zawo wonke umuntu ngendlela engokoqobo ngaphandle kwenselele. Sihlala senza izahlulelo mayelana nolwazi esiluthathayo, futhi umqondo wokucabangela, oqondwa kahle, ungumhlahlandlela omuhle walezo zahlulelo. Inhloso ngalowo mqondo akwethuli ukuchema kodwa iwukulungisa ukuchema okungaba khona okungena kalula ekucabangeni kwethu.
Lezi zinhlobo zokugomela ngobumhlophe zilula futhi azizuzisi. Ngenxa yokuthi kulula kakhulu ukwenza i-caricature, osopolitiki abaphikisayo bawasebenzisela ukubukela phansi umzabalazo wokucindezela iMelika emhlophe ukuthi ivumelane nobandlululo oluhlelekile noluhlelekile. Akukho okuzuzwayo ngokunciphisa umlando oyinkimbinkimbi ekugomeleni okunengqondo kokuhle (zonke izinto ezingezona ezimhlophe) nokubi (noma yini ehlobene nokumhlophe). Lokho empeleni kuwuhlobo lokucabanga kanambambili izishoshovu eziqhubekayo ezisitshela, ngokufanelekile, ukuthi sikugweme.
Ukugwema ezinye izindlela ezingamanga
Izishoshovu ezimelene nokucwasa ngokwebala zigcizelela isidingo sokungagxili nje ekuguquleni abantu abacwasa ngokwebala, kodwa ezinhlelweni nasezicini zesakhiwo ezishumeka ukucwasa ngokwebala esikweni. Kulungile ngokwanele, kodwa zombili zixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa. Izenzo eziqoqiwe zokushintsha kabusha noma ukushintsha uhlelo zidinga amandla ezepolitiki ukwenza ushintsho olukhulu. Ukuze izinhlangano zigomele lolo hlobo lwamandla epolitiki, kumele zibe zinkulu ngokwanele ukuthi zenze izimfuno osopolitiki abazithathela phezulu, okusho ukunxenxa abantu abaningi ukuthi bamukele ipolitiki emelene nokucwasa ngokwebala.
Kudingani konke lokhu kithi? Thina esizikholelwayo ukuthi simelana nokucwasa ngokwebala sidinga ukugwetshwa ukuze sihlale sizibophezele kushintsho olukhulu sibe sizigxeka. Abantu abakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi ubulungisa bezinhlanga buye bafezwa kudingeka babone isidingo soshintsho olujulile. Futhi abantu ababambelele emibonweni nasezenzweni zokucwasa ngokwedlulele kufanele kuphikiswe. Yonke le mizamo ibalulekile.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ayidingi ukuvumelana komphakathi ukuze yenze ushintsho olusebenzayo, kodwa izinhlangano zobulungisa bezinhlanga zidinga abantu abaningi ebhodini. Ukushintsha izinhliziyo nezingqondo zabantu kuyingxenye yenqubo yoshintsho lwesistimu nesakhiwo, futhi kudinga izingxoxo ezicatshangelwe kahle ezingathinta abantu abajwayelekile, hhayi i-jargon nemfundiso yenkolo.
Ukuhlangana
I-Groupthink iwusongo lwangempela kunoma iyiphi iphrojekthi yabantu, futhi ukunyakaza komphakathi okuthuthukayo akugonyiwe ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwangaphakathi olwenza abantu bangaphandle bazizwe bekhishwa inyumbazane noma bedelelekile. Isibonelo umkhondo we "intersectionality".
Ukuhlangana kwaqala njengetemu eliwusizo ukuchaza imikhawulo ye umthetho wokulwa nokucwasa, okwenze kwaba nzima ukuletha izimangalo eziphathelene nokucwasa ngokobulili nokucwasa. Kusukela lapho, leli gama ngokujwayelekile laqala ukusetshenziselwa ukusikhumbuza ukuthi izinhlelo eziningi zokubusa zidlala kanjani ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ikakhulukazi izigaba zobuhlanga, ubulili, kanye nesigaba. Igama lisibekela inselelo yokuthi sijule. Kodwa uma isiba i-jargon, ingaphinda ivimbele ukuzicabangela okubucayi.
Ucwaningo lwecala engilwazi kakhulu luthinta imboni yezithombe ezingcolile. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, bengiyingxenye ye- i-radical feminist anti-pornography movement ethi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuzona nje izithombe ezingenangozi zocansi kodwa enye indlela isiko elivusa ngayo ukubusa nokuzithoba - ikakhulukazi ukubusa kwabesilisa nokuzithoba kwabesifazane. Amadoda ajwayele ukushaya indlwabu ngezithombe ezihlanganisa ukucekelwa phansi kwabantu besifazane ngokocansi. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziwuhlobo lwemidiya olucwasa ngokwebala kakhulu emhlabeni, kusetshenziswa yonke inkolelo yobandlululo ongayicabanga ukuze kwandiswe injabulo yobulili yamadoda ngokwengeza lolo hlobo lokubusa/lokuzithoba encwadini yokudlala yezithombe ezingcolile. Lokhu kukhiqizwa kwezithombe ezingapheli zemizimba yabesifazane engafanele eyethulwa ngokuyinhloko ngenjongo yokuzijabulisa kwabesilisa ngokobulili kugqugquzelwa unxiwankulu, uhlelo lwezomnotho olunethonya elihle olwazisa inzuzo kuphela. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zikhiqiza umkhiqizo wemakethe, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngemiphumela kwabesifazane abasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, abesifazane abasetshenziswa ngokumelene nabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekuphoqeleleni ubulili, noma ukubunjwa okukhulu kwezimo zengqondo zomphakathi mayelana namandla nobulili.
Umuntu angase acabange ukuthi noma ubani onokuhlaziywa kwe-intersectional angaphikisa imboni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi abekele inselele izithombe ezibonisa isihluku socansi kubantu besifazane futhi ezivusa ubuhlanga. Kodwa abantu abaningi abazibheka njengabesifazane abahlukene bayakwenqaba lokhu kuhlaziya futhi banqabe ukugxeka imboni noma baze bamukele njengendawo yenkululeko yocansi. Ngike ngakhuluma nabantu abaphakamisa ukugxeka kwabesifazane njengokuyisidala futhi osekuphelelwe yisikhathi ngokuthi, โNgingumuntu wesifazane ohlukanisa izigabaโ. Laba bantu ngokuvamile bavikela isikhundla sabo ngesimangalo sokuthi bamele abesifazane abasetshenziswa ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile, besebenzisa igama le-neoliberal elithi "abathengisa ngocansi", beqamba amanga ukuthi abagxeki bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile basola abesifazane abasetshenziswa embonini futhi ngokukhohlisa esikisela lokho ukuxhashazwa ngokocansi kufana nanoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi.
Kungani abantu abahlonza njengabesifazane be-intersectional benganaki ukuhlaziywa kwe-intersectional yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokunye izimboni zokuxhashazwa ngokocansi njengokudayisa ngomzimba nokukhumula? Kungani abantu abangashesha ukugxeka izethulo zokucwasa ngokobulili nokucwasa emithonjeni yezindaba evamile befulathela ukucwasa ngobulili okushubile nokucwasa ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile? Ngiye ebhalwe ngalokho kwenye indawo, kodwa lapha kuzoveza kuphela ukuthi umqondo obalulekile ofana nokuhlangana kwemigwaqo owusizo kakhulu ekuphenduleni imibuzo enzima ungase ube ijagoni abantu abayisebenzisela ukuphambukisa ukunaka emibuzweni enzima.
Ukwamukela ububi bomlando wethu
Kudingeka sifune ukucaca mayelana nobunkimbinkimbi, ngokucophelela. Izwe liyinkimbinkimbi ngokungenakulinganiswa, lingaphezu kwamandla omuntu ukuba aliqonde ngokugcwele. Ngakho, senza lula. Sakha izigaba ukuze sihlele okungokoqobo, ukuze usisize sibhekane nalolo bunzima. Lokho kuyingxenye yokuba ngumuntu, kodwa kudinga ukuqapha kwaphakade ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi asiqali ukukholelwa ukuthi ukwenza kwethu izinto zibe lula okungokoqobo kungokoqobo ngokwako. Umlando mubi kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi inkolelo-mbono yomuntu.
Nasi isifinyezo sami salokho konakala: Uma sifuna ukudala umhlaba onobulungisa futhi ozinzile, kungcono sigcine izinto ezimbili engqondweni mayelana nokucwasa ngokwebala - okokuqala, i-United States ayinalo ubandlululo oluncane kunangaphambili; okwesibili, i-United States ayisoze yakunqoba ukubusa kwabamhlophe.
Ukuthi siyizwe elinokucwasa kancane kungaboniswa ngombuzo olula: Ingabe ukhona ongathanda ukubuyela ezinhlangeni isimo sezwe samanje ngo-1958, unyaka engazalwa ngawo? Ngaleso sikhathi, i-United States yayiwumphakathi wobandlululo, ngokusekelwe ekwenqabeni ubuzwe kubantu abaningi abangewona abelungu. Ukucatshangelwa kwamasiko okucwasa kwakuyinsakavukela kulo lonke izwe, futhi ukugomela ngobudlova kokuthi abamhlophe banamandla kwakuvamile ezindaweni ezithile. Isikhathi sokubuyela emuva ku-1958? Cha ngiyabonga. Kuthiwani ngo-1968, lapho izinhlangano zomphakathi zazizabalaza ukuqeda ubandlululo? Ngisho nango-2008, lapho i-United States ikhetha umongameli omnyama, sasiyizwe elincane elicwasa ngokwebala? Ingabe kube khona isikhathi emlandweni wase-US esasinobandlululo oluncane kunanamuhla? Uma kunjalo, kwakunini lokho? Kubalulekile ukwazisa le nqubekelaphambili uma sifuna ukuphumelela kwezombusazwe, futhi sihloniphe abantu abaningi ababezabalaza, bahlupheka, bazifaka engozini, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bafa ukuze kuqedwe ubandlululo lwaseMelika.
Impikiswano yokuthi i-United States ayisoze yanqoba ukubusa kwabamhlophe ayibonakali kangako. Angisho ukuthi ipolitiki enenqubekela phambili ngeke iphumelele, kodwa ngithi uma umphakathi wabamhlophe ungadedela ukubusa kwabamhlophe kukho konke okubonakala ngakho, ngabe siyizwe elihluke kakhulu.
Isizinda somhlaba kanye nengcebo emangalisayo yase-United States kusekelwe kulokhu: cishe ukuqedwa okuphelele kwabantu bomdabu ukuze kudaleke izwe; Ubugqila base-Afrika ukudala ingcebo eyaqhubezela izwe enkathini yezimboni; kanye nokuxhashazwa kweGlobal South kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili, kuvame ukuphoqelelwa ngamandla ezempi anonya. Lezi ezintathu zokuqothulwa kwezizwe benze leli lizwe laba elicebe kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba. Wonke lawo macala asezingeni lokuqothulwa kwesizwe - ahilela izigidi zokufa, ukuhlupheka okungenakulinganiswa, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemiphakathi yonke - ayegqugquzelwa ukuhaha kodwa alungisiswa, futhi enziwa abe nokwenzeka kwezombusazwe ngenxa yobukhulu obumhlophe. Ngeke seqe ubukhosi babamhlophe size sikhulume iqiniso ngokuhlanganyela ngalobo bugebengu. Umphakathi ongake ufike kuleyo ndawo, ngiyasola, uhluke kakhulu ezweni esiphila kulo kangangokuthi ngeke kube yizwe elifanayo.
Sithathe izinyathelo ezibalulekile maqondana nobulungiswa bezinhlanga, futhi uhambo olude luseza. Zombili izinto ziyiqiniso futhi zombili lezi zinto zibalulekile ekuzameni ukuqonda izwe eliyinkimbinkimbi.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi eziphonsela inselelo ukungabi nabulungisa okugxilile kufanele zithembeke ngobunzima balowo mzabalazo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, lezo zinhlangano kufanele zisize abantu bacabange ukuthi kungenzeka ushintsho olukhulu ezinhlelweni ezingenabulungiswa. Abahleli benza amasu neziqubulo ezigcizelela ukuthi โsรญ, se puedeโ (isiqubulo se-United Farmworkers, esivame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi โyebo, singakwaziโ) noma ngabe impumelelo ingenzeki, okungenani esikhathini esifushane.
Amaqhinga neziqubulo eziklanyelwe ukukhuthaza abantu, ikakhulukazi ukuthi bahlale bezinikele isikhathi eside, zibalulekile. Kodwa lawo masu kufanele asekelwe ekuhloleni ngokucophelela izinga loshintsho oludingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo kanye nezithiyo zalolo shintsho. Lokho kuhlaziya kusizwa ukucaca ezincazelweni, okudingekayo ukuze kuliwe nokuthambekela kwe-jargon nenkolelo-mbono edala umuzwa wokuba phakathi kweqembu.
URobert W. Jensen unguSolwazi Osafufusa eSikoleni Sobuntatheli Nezindaba eNyuvesi yaseTexas e-Austin. Izincwadi zakhe zakamuva zithi The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson: Searching for Sustainability and The End of Patriarchy: Radical Feminism for Men. Ungumdidiyeli wePodcast ovela ePrairie no-Wes Jackson, futhi ongumdidiyeli wefilimu ezayo ye-documentary, "Prairie Prophecy: The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson."
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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