Izifundazwe zaseKivu, ezisempumalanga yeDemocratic Republic of the Congo, zaziyisizinda sezimpi ezingenakubalwa phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ahlomile asekelwa omakhelwane bezwe abahlukene baseCongo. Ukushushumbiswa kwamaminerali okwalandela kwaholela empini yokuzisekela ngokwezimali. Imibhalo eminingi nemibiko ebhalwe kahle iye yahlanganiswa mayelana nokushushumbiswa kwezimbiwa eCongo phakathi neMpi Yesibili YaseCongo (2-1998), futhi ngeke ngiphinde ngizibale ngaphandle kokuthi kusukela ngo-2003-1998, i-coltan yayiyimaminerali efiswa kakhulu I-Congo. Lapho kuqala iMpi Yesibili YaseCongo ngo-2001, i-coltan yayibiza u-$2 (U.S.) ngephawundi ngalinye. Ekupheleni kuka-1998, lase libiza ngaphezu kuka-$20 (U.S.) ngopondo.2000
Izintengo zenyuka ngenxa yesidingo esikhuphukayo esivela ezimbonini zikagesi, ezokuvikela, nezomkhathi. Kusukela ngo-1998-2001, i-U.S. yayiyi-coltan ehamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele. I-China, igqugquzelwa indima yayo ekukhiqizeni izingxenye zemboni ye-elekthronikhi, yaba umthengi omkhulu we-coltan ngo-2002.2 I-Coltan yacutshungulwa yaba izingxenye zayo ezimbili zamaminerali (i-columbite ne-tantalite) futhi yasetshenziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi kwethulwa i-Sony Playstation kanye nasembonini echumayo yamaselula. . Muva nje, la maminerali asetshenziswa kubadlali be-mp3 abaphathekayo njengama-IPod namakhompyutha.
Inani lika-Coltan lehla ngokushesha ngasekupheleni kuka-2001. Okuxakayo ukuthi i-U.S. yaba necala ngokwengxenye ekwehleni kwentengo ngesikhathi i-Pentagon's Defence Logistics Agency (DLA) ikhipha isitokwe sayo esalayo esikhulayo emakethe evulekile ukuze sithengwe ngoDisemba 2000. Ukwenyuka okungazelelwe nokumangalisayo etholakalayo ithumele intengo yemakethe yehla.3
Njengoba ukumba i-coltan akusazuzisi inzuzo, i-cassiterite isiphenduke imbiwa efiseleka kakhulu e-Kivus kanti i-Congo iqukethe ingxenye yesithathu yezinqolobane zomhlaba.4 I-Cassiterite ivamise ukutholakala ezindaweni zezimayini njenge-coltan futhi ukubaluleka kwayo kuyiqiniso. ukuthi ikhiphe ithini ngemva kokuncibilika. Imithetho emisha yezemvelo eyashaywa e-Japan kanye ne-European Union (E.U.) ngo-2004 yaphoqelela wonke ama-solder asekelwe kumthofu ukuthi ashintshwe amathini ngokushesha okukhulu, okwandisa isidingo sawo kakhulu ngoba i-solder isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-electronics. I-Cassiterite nayo inezinhlelo zokusebenza embonini yezimoto futhi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokumboza insimbi ukuvimbela ukugqwala. Ukukhula okunamandla kweChina emkhakheni womnotho wezimboni nakho kube nomthelela ekufuneni okukhulu kwemakethe ye-cassterite.
Izimayini ezinkulu ze-cassiterite e-Congo zitholakala eduze kwaseKasese naseKalima esifundazweni saseManiema, eduze nedolobhana laseWalikale esifundazweni saseNyakatho Kivu, kanye neKamituga esifundazweni saseNingizimu Kivu. I-cassiterite ore etholakala eduze ne-Walikale ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba iboshwe ngamakhemikhali kuhlobo lwensimbi yezinga eliphezulu elingahlukaniswa futhi lithengiswe ngokuhlukana ngabahwebi ukuze bathole inzuzo eyengeziwe. Imayini ebaluleke kakhulu e-Walikale Territory ise-Bisie, esenyakatho yedolobha i-Walikale. I-Bisie iqukethe amadayimane, i-uranium, i-cobalt, i-cassiterite, nediphozithi ye-bauxite. Kukhona indlela engamakhilomitha angama-45 ukusuka edolobheni laseWalikale ukuya eHlathini laseKakalo lapho imayini itholakala khona futhi ngokuvamile kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukufika lapho ngezinyawo. Ngemva kokumba amaminerali e-Bisie, abahwebi bahlangana nabavukuzi basesigodini sase-Mubi ukuze bahlaziye inani lokumba ngamunye.
Insimbi ithengwa abathengi abazimele noma ama-comtoirs anelayisensi. I-comtoir yibhizinisi elithenga amaminerali aluhlaza akhishwa ezimayini ngaphambi kokuba asetshenzwe. Bona-ke bawadayisela izinkampani ezikhiqiza izimbiwa. Ikhompiyutha ngayinye ivamise ukusebenza ngokukhethekileyo kumaminerali athile noma amabili futhi abanikazi abaningi emadolobheni bangabokufika, imvamisa bangabaseLebanon noma basePakistan. Abashushumbisi abangenawo amalayisense okuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe bavame ukuthenga amaminerali bese benyonyoba banqamule umngcele waseRwanda ngezinyawo ngaphansi kobumnyama.
Kusuka eMubi, abathengi bengcebo kanye nabanikazi bama-comtoir amaminerali athunyelwa ngezindiza ezincane eziqashiwe ukuya e-Goma noma e-Kigali ukuze kucwengwe futhi/noma kuthunyelwe ezimbonini zamazwe ngamazwe.5 I-Mubi inesikhumulo sezindiza esisebenzayo kuphela endaweni ngaphandle kwaseNzovu. Yayisetshenziswa njengendawo yendiza yesikhashana phakathi neMpi Yesibili YaseCongo ukuthumela amasosha ekujuleni kweWalikale Territory. Inkundla yezindiza iMubi ekuqaleni ibiwumgwaqo ohlanganisa iMubi, idolobha iWalikale, neKisangani, kodwa yonakala kakhulu phakathi neminyaka engumongameli uJoseph Mobutu, izimoto azisakwazi ukuhamba kuyo ngokuphepha. Umgwaqo unetiyela, kodwa ugcwele izimbobo eziningi futhi yizindiza ezincane kuphela eziqashiwe noma ezithwala impahla ezingahlala lapho ngempumelelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nezingozi eziningi zezindiza emgwaqeni. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwalo mgwaqo kuyinto ehamba phambili yokuphatha kukaMongameli Joseph Kabila ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela ezimayini.
Kukhona amadiphozithi amancane e-cassiterite eduze kwaseLuwowo eMasisi Territory, kodwa ingqalasizinda imbi kakhulu, ingasetshenzwa kuphela abavukuzi bezandla njengamanje. I-Mataba Hill, nayo etholakala e-Masisi Territory, ine-coltan deposits kanye nenani elincane le-cassiterite. Njengamanje iningi laleli gquma lingeka-Edouard Mwangachuchu, owasungula inkampani yokuthumela izimbiwa ngaphandle ebizwa nge-MHI. Ngo-1996, uMnu. Mwangachuchu wayengumbaleki wezepolitiki e-U.S. ngemuva kokubalekela ukuhlasela kwe-Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL-CZ) kanye neRwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). Lapho ebuyela e-Congo, wasungula i-MHI ngo-1998 nomlingani wakhe webhizinisi; udokotela waseMelika waseBaltimore ogama lakhe linguRobert Sussman. Bathenge amalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba eMataba Hill kuRally for Congolese Democracy’s (RCD)6 Mining Department, bedlula uMnyango Wezimayini waseCongo. Base beqhubeka nokuqasha onogada abahlomile ukuze bavikele imali yabo.7
Imayini yomgodi ovulekile iMumba/Bibatama ngaseNgungu nayo ihalelwa kakhulu. Kukhona ukugxila okwengeziwe kwe-cassterite e-Punia, Kalima, naseLugushwa. Enyakatho ekude e-Lubero Territory, Munguredjipa kanye ne-Muhinga nazo zinama-ores asezingeni eliphezulu. Isifundazwe saseNingizimu Kivu sinezimayini ezincane ze-cassiterite okwamanje ezilawulwa yi-Forces Combattantes Abacunguzi (FOCA),8 i-Rasta, i-9 kanye ne-Mai-Mai10 enqabile ukuhlanganisa nebutho lesizwe lase-Congo (FARDC).
I-Rwanda ifuna ukulawula izimayini zase-Walikale ngokusebenzisa amabhizinisi ahlangene eCongo. Ngo-2004, amadoda aphakathi nendawo ayethenga i-cassiterite eyebiwe neyambiwa ngokungemthetho eWalikale Territory futhi ayiyisa eRwanda edlula eGoma. Idolobha lasemngceleni wase-Rwanda i-Gisenyi, ngaphesheya nje komngcele osuka e-Goma, linendawo yokuncibilikisa i-cassiterite ne-tantalum esetshenziswa yi-South African Metal Processing Association (MPA). Ngo-2004, i-MPA yathengisa iningi le-cassiterite yabo ecolisisiwe ku-Metmar Trading. IMetmar yayinenkontileka ezuzisayo ne-ISCOR (Iron and Steel Association of South Africa), inkampani eyagcina ithengwe ngabakwaMittal Steel. I-MPA iphinde yaba nesivumelwano ne-Société Aurifère et Industrielle du Kivu et du Maniema (SAKIMA) SARL ngezivumelwano zezimayini ezingama-37
I-MPA yasungulwa nguBruce Stride noBrian Christophers. I-MPA ihlotshaniswa noTibere Rujigiro, umsekeli omkhulu wezezimali weqembu laseRwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). UMnu. Rujigiro ungumlingani kwezamabhizinisi noNick Watson waseNingizimu Afrika, umphathi omkhulu we-MPA. I-MPA iyinkampani engumzali ye-Mining Processing Congo (MPC), umthengi ohamba phambili we-cassiterite kanye nomthumeli kwamanye amazwe e-Goma.12 I-phonebook yango-2005 yaseDemocratic Republic of the Congo ibala imenenja ye-Mining Processing Congo SPRL njengo-Norbert Friedrich.
E-Goma, i-MPA inenkampani engaphansi ebizwa nge-Metal Processing Congo. I-Metal Processing Congo ingelinye lama-ejenti okuthenga amakhulu e-coltan ne-cassiterite e-Kivus. Ibuye ifushaniswe njenge-MPC, okungaholela ekudidekeni phakathi kwe-Metal Processing Congo kanye ne-Mining Processing Congo. Incwadi yezingcingo yango-2005 evela eDemocratic Republic of the Congo ibala umphathi we-Metal Processing Congo njengo-Ivo Blauwers.
Njengamanje, i-MPC kanye nenkampani ebizwa nge-Bangandula Mining Group basembangweni wezomthetho mayelana nelungelo lokumba i-Bisie. I-MPC inemvume yokuhlola evela kwa-Land Registry e-Kinshasa, kodwa i-Bangandula inesivumelwano sokuqashisa semvume ne-SAKIMA SARL. I-MPC igcizelela ukuthi u-Bisie akayona ingxenye yemvume eqashiswa yi-Bangandula. U-Chantal Bashizi, uMqondisi werejista yomhlaba yezimayini, uvumelane ne-MPC kodwa i-mwami (induna) yendawo ayizange icheme nanoma iyiphi inkampani, okusho ukuthi imithetho yesiko yamalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba ayikashaywa. Isimo saba sibi kangangokuthi kwabulawa isisebenzi se-MPC ekamu lenkampani ngomhla zingama-29 kuMfumfu wezi-2006.13.
Ngenkathi i-MPC ibhekene nokushona kwesisebenzi, u-Bangandula uzame ukwenza isivumelwano sibe mnandi ngokuthembisa ukuthi uzovumela abavukuzi bezandla kulesi sivumelwano, kodwa ukubheka ngemuva kwe-Bangandula kwembula umlando okhathazayo. Ngo-2005, i-Bandagula Association ka-Babuni Motokotoko, u-Fikiri Mayani, kanye no-Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka bathola imvume yezimayini kuNgqongqoshe wezezimayini esifundazweni saseNorth Kivu, u-Emmanuel Ndimubanzi Ngoroba. NgoJuni 2005, bakha i-Bangandula Company SPRL futhi ngokushesha bathumela abameleli babo e-Walikale Territory ukuze bathole inkontileka yezimayini emndenini wakwa-Bassa. Inkontileka yabavumela ukuthi bathumele amaminerali akhishwe ku-Bisie kuma-ejenti okuthenga e-Goma, okuhlanganisa i-MPC kanye ne-Sodexmines, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi izimbangi zabo.14
Ngemuva kokusayinwa kwenkontileka, iBangandula Mining Group yasungulwa ngokubambisana phakathi kweBangandula Company SPRL, Modeste Makabuza's15 Saphyr Society, Mapatano, kanye nabatshalizimali abazimele abangu-10, okuhlanganisa no-Alexis Makabuza, umfowabo kaModeste. Ungumnikazi wamasheya oyinhloko kanye nomlawuli wedili. I-SAKIMA (eholwa ngu-Amisi Mudjanahery), ngokwesekwa nguNgqongqoshe Wezezimali kanye (ngaleso sikhathi) owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezomnotho we-RCD-G, basayine isivumelwano ne-Bangandula mayelana nemvumelwano e-Walikale Territory, futhi yeqa uMnyango Wezimayini waseCongo. UMnu. Makabuza ngokushesha wamisa imigoqo esuka edolobheni laseWakale kuya eHombo futhi waphoqa abavukuzi bezandla ukuba bakhokhe intela yokumba izimbiwa. Kwaze kwabikwa ukuthi uMnu. Makabuza unecala ngokufa komsebenzi we-MPC ngenxa yokuthi i-Mining Group isebenza ngokubambisana ne-FARDC engahlangene ne-85th Brigade ukulawula ukungena emayini, ukunikeza isibonelo ngamadlelandawonye aseRwanda kanye nabathembekile baseKablia bazimisele sebenzani ndawonye lapho umkhawulo wenzuzo uphezulu ngokwanele. Amasosha avela ku-85th Brigade ayenecala ngokufa komsebenzi we-MPC ngomhla zingama-29 kuMfumfu wezi-2006.16.
I-85th Battalion inabalweli beMai-Mai abalwa noGeneral Nkundabatware, umkhuzi waseRwanda osekelwa iqembu lamasosha amaTutsi eNorth Kivu. I-85th Brigade iyaqhubeka nokulawula ukufinyelela endaweni yezimayini. Amasosha antshontshe inqwaba ye-bauxite kwabanye abavukuzi endaweni, asabisa abahwebi abayizimbangi endaweni, avala izivimbamgwaqo, akhokhisa intela ngokungemthetho abavukuzi bendawo, abadlwengula abesifazane, futhi ahlukumeza abayeni bezisulu zokudlwengulwa uma benqaba. Baphinde baphoqe abantu bendawo ukuthi babambile. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokuthi i-Walikale Territorial Administrator u-Dieudonné Tshishiku kanye noMqondisi Wezimayini Wesifundazwe saseNyakatho Kivu u-Emmanuel Ndimubaze bamemezele le ndawo njengengaphephile futhi ayifaneleki ukumba imayini.17 Imayini egugile isengozini enkulu yokuwa.
Ukwengeza, amasosha asabisa abadayisi abahambayo abasuka eBukavu. Amasosha e-85th Battalion aze alwa wodwa ukuze alawule indawo yezimayini kanye nohlelo lwayo lwentela olungekho emthethweni.18 Umkhuzi wama-85th Battalion, uColonel Samy Matumo, uyakuphika konke ukwenza okubi naphezu kokuvunyelwa kukaColonel Delphin Kahimbi, (ngaleso sikhathi) iPhini likaMkhuzi we 8th Military Region (North Kivu Province).19 UMongameli uJoseph Kabila kanye neNhloko Yezabasebenzi ye-FARDC, uJenene Kisempia Sungila Lombe, abenzanga lutho ukuhlanganisa la madoda ku-FARDC, futhi abakaze bazame ngokujulile ukumisa ukuhlukumeza kwamalungelo abantu okudlangile. Okuwukuphela kwezinyathelo eziqoshiwe zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe ukuboshwa kwesosha le-85th Brigade ngokubulala isakhamuzi edolobheni laseWalikale.20
Nakuba iyigugu njengemayini ese-Bisie, imayini yase-Lueshe etholakala e-Rutshuru Territory (Isifundazwe saseNyakatho Kivu) ingaba yigugu nakakhulu. Imayini iqukethe idiphozi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-pyrochlore. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ale nsimbi kuhluke kakhulu; izincwadi eziningi zereferensi yekhemistry ziyinikeza igama layo: "Lueshite."21 Enye indawo kuphela i-pyrochlore engakhishwa kuyo kuse-Araxá, Brazil. Idolobhana litholakala endaweni yemvume yezimayini ephethwe yi-Société Minière du Kivu (SOMIKIVU). Kunenqwaba yezindawo zokuhlala ezakhiwe endaweni okwakuhlala izisebenzi zale ndawo ekuqaleni.22
I-Pyrochlore iyinhlanganisela ye-radioactive ehlanganiswe nenhlanganisela ye-niobium eboshwe ohlotsheni lwe-tantalum olubizwa ngokuthi i-microlite. I-niobium (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-columbium) okwamanje ithandeka kakhulu kunengxenye yodadewabo. Ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-alloys ensimbi angavimbeli ukushisa asetshenziswa ezintweni zokwakha ezihlukahlukene. Ama-alloys ensimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukwakha amapayipi kawoyela kanti ama-alloys engilazi asetshenziswa kumalensi okulungisa ezingilazi zamehlo. I-Niobium iphinde isetshenziswe kuma-reactors enuzi, amafreyimu omoya, ubucwebe, amathuluzi okucubungula amakhemikhali, imishini ye-magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) kanye nozibuthe abakhulu. Uma i-niobium ihlanganiswa nensimbi, kwakheka i-super-alloy ferronobium, esetshenziswa ezinjinini zejethi, ukuhlanganiswa kwamarokhethi, izingxenye zesithando somlilo, imizimba yezimoto namaloli, amathrekhi kaloliwe, izikebhe zemikhumbi, nezinjini zomoya kuye ngephesenti lokubunjwa kwe-niobium.
I-tantalum isetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-electronic capacitor asetshenziswa kumaselula (amaselula), amakhompyutha aphathwayo, amasistimu egeyimu yevidiyo, izixhumi zenhliziyo, izinsimbi zokuhlinza, ama-pager, ugesi wezimoto, amalensi ekhamera, amakhamera edijithali, amalensi ekhamera, izinhlelo zokubeka indawo emhlabeni jikelele (GPS), i-elekthronikhi. ama-capacitor, amabhethri e-lithium ion, ama-prosthetics, izimila zokuhlinzwa, kanye ne-fiber optics. Ingase futhi ihlanganiswe nezinye izinsimbi ukuze idale izinhlanganisela ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinjinini zejethi, ama-reactors enuzi, kanye nezingxenye ezicitshwayo ezihlukahlukene.
Ukubaluleka kwemayini yaseLueshe akuyona into entsha etholakele. Omunye owayeyisisebenzi se-NGO engaxoxa naye wazithela emayini yaseLueshe emuva ngo-1986 ngesikhathi ezulazula e-Rutshuru Territory efuna umfundisi wendawo. Ungitshele ukuthi ubengazi ukuthi imayini ikhona. Enelukuluku lokufunda okwengeziwe ngale ndawo yezimayini engaqondakali, uvumele uchwepheshe wezimayini waseBelgium ukuthi amvakashele le ndawo. Lo chwepheshe wachaza ukuthi i-pyrochlore yayimbiwa i-niobium yayo, eyayisetshenziselwa ukwakha amathayili angakwazi ukumelana nokushisa kumikhumbi-mkhathi ye-National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA). Wamemezela ngokuziqhenya ukuthi inkundla yezindiza eseduze emasimini ekhofi isebenze njengendawo yokuhlala yesikhulu sezempi seNorth American Treaty Organization (NATO) esasivakashela imayini ngezikhathi ezithile. Isisebenzi saseBelgium siphinde sachaza ngokunganaki ukuthi amanzi endawo afakwe ubuthi be-arsenic ngesikhathi sokumba.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1980, isisebenzi se-NGO engaxoxa naye sasibambe iqhaza kumaphrojekthi wokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda engapheli e-Goma, eyayicishe yangenakulungiswa ngokuphelele ngenxa yombuso kaMongameli Mobutu we-kleptocratic. Idolobha lalivame ukungabi nagesi. Njengokulindelekile, wajabula lapho ezwa ukuthi kwakhiwa intambo kagesi ukusuka eBukavu kuze kuyofika eGoma. Bekujabulisa kakhulu ngoba bekuyivelakancane ukubona uMengameli uMobutu echitha imali kwingqalasizinda. Ngokusobala, lentambo kagesi yayinokubaluleka okukhulu kuye. Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthola ukuthi kwakuyini. Kungakabiphi kuqalwe ukwakhiwa, izakhamuzi zaseGoma ezilusizi zatshelwa ukuthi umsebenzi ubambezeleke unomphela. Kuvele ukuthi uhulumeni waseZairian watshela osonkontileka ukuthi bachezukise intambo kagesi isuke eGoma bese beyixhuma endaweni yezimayini yaseLueshe.
I-Lueshe itholakala kumvumelwano yezimayini yangaphambili ye-SOMIKIVU eyayiphethwe yiqembu labanikazi bamasheya baseJalimane ababehlanganisa nowayengumphathi we-SOMIKIVU, u-Karl Heinz Albers.23 Ngenxa yesivumelwano sokuthembana, abanikazi bamasheya baseJalimane baqhubeka nokulawula imisebenzi ye-SOMIKIVU. Ngo-1982, i-SOMIKIVU yasungulwa njengebhizinisi elihlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-Gesellschaft für Elektrometallurgie (GfE) yase-Nuremburg kanye noHulumeni wase-Zairian. I-GfE yayiyingxenye ye-Metalurg Incorporated, inkampani ekomkhulu eNew York. UMnu. Albers uqale wathola amalungelo obunikazi obuningi bokumba isiza sase-Lueshe ngokubambisana phakathi kwe-Metalurg Incorporated kanye ne-SOMIKIVU, enikeze u-70% wamasheya ku-SOMIKIVU ku-GfE kuyilapho u-20% bekungekaHulumeni wase-Zaire. Amabhokisi, kanye ne-Sobaki (ezinze eBrussels). UMnu. Albers wazitholela yena mathupha ukulawula kweningi emayini yaseLueshe ngo-24 lapho enye yezinkampani zaseJalimane ayezisebenzela, i-GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH, imnika amasheya abo kulo msebenzi. UMnu. Albers uzakwethu webhizinisi (kanye nelungu Lebhodi Labaqondisi) ku-GfE wayenguNgqongqoshe Wezezimali (ngaleso sikhathi) we-RCD, u-Emmanuel Kamanzi.1993
Ngesikhathi uLaurent Kabila exosha uJoseph Mobutu ethatha izintambo zombuso, wahlakaza iSOMIKIVU nokuyinto eyacasula abalandeli bamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa-ke, uMnumzane u-Albers wakwazi ukuqhubeka nokumba izimayini kule ndawo ngokubhekana ngqo nokuphathwa kukahulumeni ofanayo we-RCD owavulwa ngo-1998 ngosizo lukaHulumeni waseRwanda. UMnu. Albers weqe ngempumelelo uMnyango Wezimayini waseCongo ngokukhokhela i-RCD yamalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba ukumba i-Lueshe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uphiko lwabo oluhlomile, i-Congolese National Army (ANC). I-RCD yayinentshisekelo yokwenza ibhizinisi noMnu. Albers ngoba wayengumhwebi omkhulu we-coltan e-Goma ngaleso sikhathi futhi wayekwazi ukufinyelela cishe okungenamkhawulo emakethe yokuthekelisa yaseRwanda, okwakusho imali yezindleko zempi zabaphathi bamavukelambuso. I-RCD yasusa i-coltan yabo ebimbiwe ngokungemthetho isuka e-Congo ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi ebhizinisi lakhe ukuze icolise futhi ikhiphe insimbi ngenkathi ithola inzuzo ngokungekho emthethweni. Lolu hlelo lwasebenza kahle kakhulu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, i-RCD yaze yamboleka amasosha e-ANC ukuthi aqaphe inkontileka yaseLueshe.
Ngemuva kuka-1997, omunye wabalingani bebhizinisi likaMnu. Albers kwakunguDkt. Mis Tshaba Mulombu III, owayengumeluleki kamongameli kaMongameli L. Kabila kanye nowayeyiNhloko Yophiko Lwezimfihlo lwaseRwanda eGoma. yabona inkontileka ye-GfE. Esikhundleni salokho, uHulumeni waseCongo wathengisa amalungelo okumba i-Lueshe enkampanini eyayisanda kumiswa ebizwa ngokuthi u-Edith Krall Métal Congo SCCARL (ephethwe nguMichael Krall wase-Austrian) ngo-27. UMnu. Krall wayenemboni ye-copper/cobalt eJinja, e-Uganda futhi wayefuna ukwandisa imisebenzi yakhe. Imayini yaseLueshe yavulwa kabusha ngokusemthethweni ekuqaleni kuka-1999.
UMnu. Krall wathumela ithimba ukuthi liyohlola indawo yaseLueshe ekuqaleni kuka-2000. Lapho befika, babingelelwa amasosha e-RPA kanye ne-ANC ayeqaphe imayini. Abasebenzi bahlehla baya eGoma, lapho baboshwa khona ngokushesha ngamaphoyisa e-RCD abokufika. UMnu. Albers, owayehlala eKigali ngaleso sikhathi, waziswa ngokuboshwa. Kuthiwa wayalela amaphoyisa ukuthi abulale wonke amalungu ethimba. Umphathi Wezinkonzo Eziyimfihlo we-RCD wenqabile lo myalo futhi wabakhulula bonke. Abasebenzi kamuva bathintwa amasosha e-ANC athi azomvumela u-Edith Krall ukuthi ambe umhlaba, kodwa kuphela uma inkampani ibathengele izikhali. . UMnu. Krall ubelokhu esembangweni wezomthetho kaLueshe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.28
Ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yakhe yamabhizinisi, uMnu. Albers wajabulela ukuba yedwa phezu kokuthunyelwa kwe-coltan. UMnu. Albers ubuye abe ngumnikazi we-GBC, umthumeli omkhulu we-coltan waseGoma ngesikhathi se-coltan boom ka-2000. I-GBC yayingumdayisi oyinhloko we-tantalum engacutshungulwanga ku-H.C. I-STARCK, Inkampani enkulu yokusebenza kwamaminerali ephethwe yi-Bayer Group A.G okungenani ngo-2002.30 UMnu Alters waphinde waqhuba ibhizinisi nge-COPIMAR (ukusebenzisana ngokuthumela izinto ezithengiswayo eziphethwe yi-RPA Major Dan Nzaremba, kanye nokunye Amafemu aseRwanda afana noGodefrey Bayoli Stones, iGeneral Business Company Rwanda, kanye neGreat Lakes Trader Kigali.31
UMnu. Albers United Nations (U.N) -inkampani efakwe ohlwini lwabamnyama iMasingiro bekuyinkampani engumzali we-GBC. IMasingoro kwakuyinkampani ehweba ngezimbiwa kamuva eyahlanganiswa neKarl Heinz Albers Holding International (KHA). UMasingoro wathumela i-pyrochlore esuka eLueshe ukuze ihlolwe ukuthi ihlanzekile yini yinkampani yaseBrithani ebizwa ngokuthi i-Alfred Knight Holdings (AKH). I-AKH yayinegatsha e-Kigali futhi babenenkampani ephethwe e-Congo's Katanga Province eyavalwa ngo-2005. I-AKH iqedele ukuhlolwa kwelebhu eminingi yokuthunyelwa kwe-pyrochlore kaMnu. Albers kusukela ngo-2002-2004 futhi yaphinde yathumela ngaphandle kwe-cassterite ne-coltan. Okuwukuphela kwe-pyrochlore endaweni itholakala emayini yase-Lueshe, ngakho-ke mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi u-AKH wayengazi ukuthi amaminerali abawahlolile aphuma kuwo.32 Ukusuka lapho, i-pyrochlore yathunyelwa eYurophu, ikakhulukazi edolobheni eliyitheku laseRotterdam. , Holland.
Enye inkampani engaphansi kwe-KHA yiNiobium Mining Company (NMC) Limited ezinze eLondon. I-NMC Metallurgy SARL yavulwa eKigali njengengxenye ye-NMC. I-NMC Metallurgy ithole isitshalo sokuncibilikisa i-Karuruma kuHulumeni waseRwanda njengengxenye yohlelo olukhulu lokwenziwa kwangasese kweRwanda lokuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe kanye nokwenza imali eyengeziwe "yemizamo" yempi yaseRwanda eCongo. Ukwakhiwa kwefekthri i-Karuruma kuxhaswe kancane ngezimali yi-Rwandese Commercial Bank, eyayiphethwe ngu-John Madder, umninimasheya we-KHA. Ngaphambili leli bhange bekungelawakwa-Régie des Mines du Rwanda (REDEMI) yaseRwanda.33 I-REDEMI yasungulwa ngo-1988 isuka ku-Société des Mines du Rwanda (SOMIRWA). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-REDIMI yaqhuba imboni yokucubungula i-coltan e-Gatumba ngo-2004, ngawo lowo nyaka ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ekamu le-United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) e-Gatumba. I-REDEMI iphinde yaqhuba imboni yokugaya i-cassiterite e-Rutongo, eRwanda.34
Inkampani yaseBrithani ebizwa ngokuthi i-A&M Minerals Limited, inkampani engaphansi kwe-The A&M Group, nayo yangena kulesi senzo. UmJalimane ogama lakhe linguMichael Herzfeld (Umphathi wamahhovisi e-A&M eNew York naseBrussels) wafaka imali kuMnu. Albers ngentambo ukuze athole ikhono lokucubungula i-pyrochlore ayeyimba eLueshe. UMnu. Herzfeld uphinde wanikeza umphathi we-SOMIKIVU u-Modeste Makabuza ngamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukucwenga i-pyrochlore evela e-Lueshe, okungenzeka ukuthi uMnu. Makabuza wayisebenzisa ngokubambisana nesitolo sokuthenga i-cassiterite anaso.35
Omunye wabalingani bebhizinisi bakaMnu. Albers, u-Johanna König,36 usize ukuthengwa kwamaminerali akhishwe e-Lueshe ngenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamabhizinisi aseJalimane. Uphinde wenza nesitifiketi sobuqiniso ukuze afihle ukuthi amaminerali ashushumbiswa esuka eCongo. Lo msebenzi ngokusobala waba nesibusiso soMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseJalimane kwaze kwaba okungenani ngo-2002. Inhloko-dolobha yalokhu kuthengiswa yanikeza i-RCD kanye noHulumeni waseRwanda imali engenayo ababengayisebenzisela ukusetshenziswa kwezempi ukuze bandise impi yokubusa. 37 Ekuqaleni kuka-2004, lapho kucaca ukuthi umbuso kaMnu. Albers wawuwohloka, wazivakashela mathupha imayini no-Modeste no-Alexis Makabuza. Wamemezela kubantu bendawo baseCongo abasebenza lapho ukuthi imayini manje isingeye-German Republic futhi wabayala ukuthi baqhubeke nokusebenza ngaphandle kwenkokhelo ngaphansi komyalo we-RPA.38
Omunye umlingani webhizinisi kaMnu. Albers kwakunguDkt. Johannes Wontka, umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe weSOMIKIVU ngaphambi kokuba ichithwe. Kubikwa ukuthi utshele isikhulu saseRwanda ukuthi sibulale noma yibaphi ozakwabo bakwa-Krall abazame ukungena emayini. Iphoyisa linqabile ukwenza lokho elikuthumelile kunalokho latshela amaphoyisa. Umshushisi omkhulu waseNyakatho Kivu ucele uDkt. Wontka ukuthi eze eGoma futhi anikeze ubufakazi belungelo le-GfE lokumba i-Lueshe. UDkt. Wontka waboshwa emngceleni ezama ukubalekela eRwanda. Waboshwa futhi izitolo zamaminerali ze-GfE eGoma zaboshwa. UDoretta Loschelder, iNxusa laseJalimane eCongo, umemezele ngokushesha ukuthi iJalimane izohoxisa konke ukutshalwa kwezimali kwayo eCongo ngaphandle kokuthi uDkt. Wontka akhululwe. UNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa wavuma futhi wamkhulula. Ngokushesha wabalekela eRwanda.39
Ngo-2004, ngemva kwezicelo eziningi ezaziya ku-Interpol ukuze ziphenywe ngebhizinisi lakhe, uMnu. Albers wafaka isicelo sokuqothuka futhi wavalelwa endlini eGoma. UMnu. Albers wesula eSOMIKIVU wabeka isizalwane saseFrance okuthiwa uJulien Boillot esikhundleni. UMnu. Boillot wayengumlawuli we-NMC. UMnu. Boillot wagcina eguqule iSOMIKIVU kuModeste Makabuza ngo-April 2004. 40 ] * * - * * * *************************************
Cishe ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili uNkk. Koenig evakashele e-Lueshe, e-Rwanda benza umnyakazo wabo wokuthola ukulawula ngokomzimba ezindaweni zezimayini e-Walikale Territory nase-Lueshe. Ngohlelo olucatshangelwe kahle lokudukisa, iqeqebana lamasosha e-ANC aphikisayo (eliholwa uJenene Laurent Nkundabatware) 42 lathatha iBukavu, idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eNingizimu Kivu, ngosizo lweRwandan Defence Force (RDF).43 UBukavu uphoqe iMishini yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene eDemocratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) kanye neFARDC ukuthi balethe inqwaba yokuqinisa ukuze kulawulwe lesi simo. Idlanzana lala masosha lehlisiwe lisuka eNyakatho Kivu. Lapho isibalo samasosha sesinciphile eNyakatho Kivu, elinye iqembu le-RDF lahlasela iCongo laxosha iMai-Mai neFOCA ngaphandle kweWalikale Territory kanye nomngcele waseLueshe. Base beqhubeka nokuthumela amaminerali asuka kulezi zindawo zezimayini abuyela eRwanda ngezindiza zezimpahla nasemhlabeni.44
Ngaphambi kokuthi kuthathwe uBukavu, uGeneral Nkundabatware ubesebenzisa uLueshe njengesizinda samasosha akhe ngemuva. UJenene Nkundabatware uqhubekile nokusebenzisa lezi zindlu zangaphambili zabasebenzi njengesizinda esingemuva kanye nemayini uqobo njengendlela yokuthola imali yamadoda akhe kusukela okungenani uMasingana 2004, lapho amadoda akhe abonakala okokuqala eqapha imayini.45 Abasebenzi be-Edith Krall Consulting (Krall MÃ Inkampani engumzali we-©tal Congo), i-SOMIKIVU, kanye ne-MONUC bonke babike ukuthi uJenene Nkundabatware wahlala endaweni yezimayini izikhathi eziningana ngehlobo lika-2004 ngemva kwenhlekelele yaseBukavu.46
Esinye sezici ezikhathazayo kakhulu zalezi zambulo ukuthi ukuvakasha kukaNkk König kwaqondana nokuhlala kwakhe eLueshe. UGeneral Nkundabatware ugcine ehlulekile ukulawula imayini eWalikale Territory, kodwa wakwazi ukuqhubeka nokulawula uLueshe. I-UN yathola imibiko eminingi ngamasosha akhe ahlala emayini yaseLueshe ehlobo lika-2006.47 Ngaleso sikhathi, uJenene Nkundabatware wayehlala futhi eqeqesha amadoda akhe eKiloliwe, eMasisi Territory. Ngo-August 2006, uJenene Nkundabatware wamemezela ukusungulwa kweqembu lakhe lezepolitiki, iNational Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP). Indlunkulu yayo isedolobheni laseKitchanga eMasisi Territory. I-Kitchanga inefektri yokucubungula i-pyrochlore ne-niobium engasetshenziswa ukucwenga amaminerali akhishwe emayini yaseLueshe.48
I-pyrochlore eluhlaza engena emakethe yaseYurophu cishe ngokuzenzakalelayo kucatshangwa ukuthi ivela e-Congo ngoba i-Lueshe ukuphela kwesizinda sezimayini se-pyrochlore esikhulu endaweni ehlobene. Njengoba i-Lueshe isendaweni elawulwa amavukela-mbuso, futhi imayini yaseLueshe ivaliwe ngokusemthethweni, noma yimuphi umthengi ongase abe nomthengi we-pyrochlore angaba nezindaba ezibucayi ezingokomthetho nezokuziphatha okufanele aziphendulele uma ethenge ngempela. Ngakho-ke, uma iRwanda iyithumela ngaphandle, kufanele kuphakanyiswe ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngoba iRwanda ayinawo umthombo wangaphakathi we-pyrochlore. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pyrochlore ingahlolwa ngamakhemikhali futhi ifaniswe nezitayela zokwakheka kwamaminerali e-Lueshe ore, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlonzwe umsuka wayo. Kodwa-ke, uma abazwelana noGeneral Nkundabatware bethatha i-pyrochlore, bese beyiphatha ngamakhemikhali ukuze ikhiqize i-niobium, bese iRwanda ithumela i-niobium phesheya, izinsolo ziyancipha ngoba kunezimayini eziningana endaweni ecociswa i-niobium engaphuma. Njengesibonelo esingenangqondo, yithi ngokuqagela izwe linenani elincane lezindawo zalo zokumba i-coltan, i-niobium, ne-cassiterite. Lelo zwe lingathi izimbiwa ezizithumelayo ziphuma kwenye yalezi zindawo futhi zalashwa endaweni yokuncibilikisa ezweni elifanayo. Okudingekayo lapho isitifikedi somgunyathi semvelaphi kanye nomthengi ongeke abuze imibuzo. Empeleni, lena ikhophi yekhabhoni yerakhethi yokushushumbiswa kwedayimane uCharles Taylor ayegijima eLiberia. Umphumela uba ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukukhomba i-tantalum niobium ethunyelwa ngaphandle njengevela emayini yaseLueshe. Ukwengeza, kulesi sikhathi samanje, ayikho ikhomishini ezimele futhi engachemile eqinisekisa noma yimaphi amaminerali ashiwo ngenhla njengokuthi "akunangxabano."
Ezinyangeni zonke zasehlobo zika-2006, uJenene Nkundabatware waqinisa ibutho lakhe ngokubuthela ngenkani izingane ezivela eCongo naseRwanda, nangokuhlanganisa amasosha e-RDF ayesehlehlisiwe namadoda akhe. Lamasosha angena eCongo abuthana eVirunga National Park. NgoLwezi (November), iphoyisa laseCongo (CNP) ladubula isihlobo saseRwanda sikaGeneral Nkundabatware u-Eric Musafiri Mayugi, ukaputeni osanda kukhishwa esikhundleni ku-RDF. abuyele eRwanda ngemuva kokuthi amadoda akhe elahlekelwe yibutho elihlangene le-FARDC ne-MONUC.
Ukulwa kwagcina kudambile phakathi kukaJanuwari, ngemva kokuba uGeneral Nkundabatware ecele usizo lweRwanda ukuze kuxoxiswane ngesivumelwano sokuthula. Bakhipha isivumelwano sokuthi "baxube" amasosha kaGeneral Nkundabatware nalabo ababengamasosha e-Mai-Mai kanye nababengamasosha e-Local Defence Force (LDF) bawathumele eNorth Kivu. Akuphelanga sikhathi esingakanani amasosha asanda kuhlanganiswa athembeke kuGeneral Nkundabatware aqhuba owawo umsebenzi. Bahlasela izikhundla zeFOCA eNyakatho Kivu futhi babulala abantu abambalwa abangamaHutu namaHunde ababebasola ngokusebenzisana nesitha sabo eNyamilima, Buramba, Katwiguru.50
Omunye wemiphumela yalokhu kuhlasela kwaba ukufuduka kwamasosha e-FOCA kanye ne-Mai-Mai aye endaweni yasemngceleni wase-Uganda eduze kwaseNyakakoma, i-Vitshumbi, ne-Virunga National Park ngasentshonalanga. Imayini yaseLueshe, esemgwaqweni osuka eVitshumbi uya edolobheni laseRutshuru, ayiqhelile kulezi zindawo zokucasha. Ukusondela kwala maqembu ezihlubuki emayini yaseLueshe kanye nezindlela ezitholakala eningizimu yeGoma naseningizimu-mpumalanga emngceleni waseRwanda kanye neVolcanoes National Park kwakuwusongo oluqondile kuJenene Nkundabatware nabasekeli bakhe baseRwanda, ababeyidinga kakhulu iholo ngokudayisa itshe lensimbi. . Ukuhlasela kwe-FOCA kanye noMai-Mai eVirunga nakho kwaba yingozi ngoba amasosha e-RDF axoshiwe kanye nezakhamuzi zaseRwanda ezazithunyelwe ukuyolwela uGeneral Nkundabatware babesawelela eCongo futhi babuthana eVirunga National Park. La masosha ayephinde athumba izingane zaseRwanda naseCongo futhi aziqeqeshele ehlathini. 51
Ekupheleni kukaMashi, ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezazijwayeleke ngendlela emangalisayo kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2004, izikhulu zaseRwanda zabika ukuthi i-FOCA idubule izibhamu ngaphesheya komngcele futhi yabulala izakhamuzi zaseRwanda. Alukho uphenyo oluzimele olwake lwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe noma kuphikiswe lezi zimangalo. UMengameli waseRwanda uPaul Kagame washeshe wahlangana noMengameli waseCongo uJ. Kabila kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle uMbusa Nyamwisi wabatshela ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo ngokushesha zokulungisa lesi simo. Isimo sibe sibi kakhulu ngesikhathi amasosha eFARDC athembeke kuJenene Nkundabatware edubula indiza enophephela emhlane ye-MONUC.
NgoMbasa, amasosha e-FARDC athembeke kuGeneral Nkundabatware ahlasela iFOCA kanye neMai-Mai enyakatho neLueshe. Ama-elementi e-FOCA ahlaselwe edolobheni lase-Rutshuru, anqamula umgwaqo okwesikhashana eningizimu ye-Lueshe. Baxoshwa futhi iFOCA yahlehlela eNyabiondo ukuze ihlele enye into embi. Ngemva kokudamba kwempi, uJenene Nkundabatware wesabise ngokuthi uzohoxisa abantu bakhe kumaqembu axubile, ethi ukuxubana kwehlulekile. UMbusi waseNyakatho Kivu, uJulien Paluku, ubeke imigoqo emisha eGoma ukusiza ukuvimbela ukushushumbiswa kwezimbiwa eRwanda.52 Isikhulu se-RDF uJames Kabarebe ubizwe ukuba azolamula phakathi kukaGeneral Nkundabatware noHulumeni waseCongo.53
UGeneral Nkundabatware nabalandeli bakhe baseRwanda bazokwenza konke okusemandleni ukugcina uLueshe engaphansi kwabo futhi bangase bathathe isinyathelo sokuphinde balawule i-Walikale Territory esikhathini esizayo. Ingqalasizinda yaseRwanda yaqedwa phakathi neMpi YaseRwanda kanye nokuqothulwa kohlanga okwathatha kusukela ngo-1990-1994. I-Rwanda ayinayo imboni eminingi yezimayini futhi ukwehla kwamanani entengo yekhofi ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 kwashiya i-Rwanda namathemba amancane omnotho ophumelelayo. I-Rwanda ayikwazi ukusekela zonke izindleko zayo iyodwa. I-Rwanda izamile ukukhiqiza imali ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese, kodwa lelisu alizange libanike imali eyanele yokuvumela ukuzimela kwezomnotho. Yingakho amaminerali aseCongo ebaluleke kakhulu eRwanda futhi kungani ukuhweba "kwamaminerali egazi" kuqhubeka namuhla e-Afrika Ephakathi.
UDavid Barouski ungumcwaningi Wezindaba Zase-Afrika kanye nomfundi Wesayensi Yezepolitiki eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Oshkosh. Ungundabamlonyeni njalo weZNet/ZMagazine. Umsebenzi wakhe uvele kuWaheen Online, iSomaliland Times, iGolis News, iCongo Vision, neCongo Panorama. Uphinde abe ngumbhali wencwadi ethi, “Laurent Nkundabatware, his Rwandan Allies, and the ex-ANC Mutiny: Chronic Barriers to Lasting Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” ayivakashele eDemocratic Republic of the Congo naseRwanda. ukucwaninga. Angafinyelelwa ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe] or http://www.africannewsanalysis.blogspot.com.
1 "I-Vital Ore Ixhasa Impi YaseCongo," uKarl Vick. IWashington Post. 19 March 2000.
2 "Impi, Ukubulala, Ukudlwengula... Konke Ngomakhalekhukhwini Wakho," uStan Cox. Enye inethiwekhi. 15 Septhemba 2006. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2006/0915cellphone.htm.
3 "Umkhuba WakwaColtan: Indlela Amaminerali Ayivelakancane Ayiguqule Ngayo Impilo Yabantu Abahlukunyezwe Yizimpi Esifundazweni SaseNyakatho Kivu eMpumalanga yeDemocratic Republic of the Congo." Dominic Johnson, Mikolo Sofia, Aloys Tegera. Pole Institute. 2001. p. 8.
4 "Impi, Ukubulala, Ukudlwengula... Konke Ngomakhalekhukhwini Wakho," uStan Cox. Enye inethiwekhi. 16 Septhemba 2006. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2006/0915cellphone.htm.
5 "Ukujula Kakhulu: Indlela Inqubomgomo Yezimayini Yase-DR Congo Ilehlula Ngayo Izwe." Dominic Johnson, Aloys Tegerea. Pole Institute. N?15. Disemba 2005. p. 45-46.
6 Qaphela: Ngenkathi iRwanda, iBurundi, amavukelambuso aseSudan kanye ne-Uganda behlasela iCongo ukuze kwehlise uMongameli L. Kabila, iqembu lamavukelambuso elibizwa ngeCongolese Rally for Democracy (RCD) kanye nophiko lwayo oluhlomile, iCongolese National Army (ANC) eyasungulwa ngosizo lwe IPhini likaMongameli waseRwanda (ngaleso sikhathi) uPaul Kagame. Umeme iqembu labantu elikhethwe ngokucophelela e-Kigali ngoJulayi ka-1998 futhi basungula iqembu lokuqala le-RCD.
Abaqokiwe bahlanganisa u-Azarias Ruberwa, u-Bizima Karaha, u-Eugene Serufuli, u-Deogratias Bugera (umdwebi wamapulani wakwaMunyarwanda waseMasisi Territory owayenguNobhala Jikelele we-AFDL-CZ kanye nomsunguli wakhe.), UDkt. Emile Ilunga (ongumKatangan waseSifundazweni SaseKasai. inhloko yomnyango wezobunhloli bezempi (G2) kaMongameli Mobutu kanye nowayeyinhloko yophiko lwezepolitiki lwe-Katangan Tigers e-Angola), u-Ernest Wambia dia Wambia (Uthisha Wezomlando eTanzania; . Uqede isikole sakhe sasekolishi e-U.S. Unemvelaphi yobuzwe baseBokongo.), u-Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma (Ummeli wamalungelo abantu owaphikisa bobabili uMongameli L. Kabila kanye noMongameli Mobutu. WayenguMongameli weqembu le-Forces du Futur futhi owake waba Isisebenzi se-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) eZaire. Udabuka eSifundazweni saseManiema.), uMbusa Nyamwisi (Usomabhizinisi waseNande owabalekela e-Uganda ngemva kokubulawa kukamfowabo, owayephikisana noMongameli Mobutu, e maphakathi nawo-1990.), u-Emmanuel Kamanzi (umxhumanisi we-AFDL-CZ ne-U.N. kanye Nezinhlangano Ezingezona Zikahulumeni (NGO) kanye nomeluleki wezepolitiki kaMongameli L. Kabila.) kanye no-Adolphe Onusumba Yemba (owaba nguNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela kuHulumeni Wenguquko waseCongo. ).
Ekuqaleni, leli qembu lalinabaholi bamaHutu namaTutsi abavela ezifundazweni zaseKivu eCongo, abaholi bendawo abadumile, kanye nababengabasekeli bakaMongameli Mobutu ababephikisana kakhulu noMongameli L. Kabila. I-Rwanda yayifuna ukuthi i-RCD yenze a
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