Izikhulu eziphezulu ekuphathweni kukaBush zivame ukukhononda ngokuthi ukusakazwa kwezindaba kwe-Iraq kugxile kakhulu ezenzakalweni ezingezinhle futhi ziyehluleka ukunaka ngokwanele intuthuko enhle. Nokho i-White House ayikaze ikhethe ukulwa ngqo nemithombo yezindaba yaseMelika phakathi nale mpi. Engxenyeni enkulu, uMongameli Bush ukushiyela abanye ukuba badle abezindaba.
Isu le-spin lika-Karl Rove lincike kakhulu kwabasebenza omunye. Bangase bakhulise imizamo yokusola abezindaba njengoba kuqhubeka lo nyaka.
Umzuzu ovezwayo - odlala indima ephikisana nempi - wafika ngoMashi 22, ngesikhathi uBush ebonakala kuthelevishini kuzwelonke eWheeling, eWest Virginia. Uma ubheka phezulu, ifomethi yayifana nehholo ledolobha, kodwa iqembu lomculo laliseduze nomhlangano wempi. (Ngokusho kokhulumela i-White House uScott McClellan, i-Chamber of Commerce yendawo yayisabalalise amathikithi angu-2,000 100 kuyilapho iphephandaba emphakathini likhipha angu-XNUMX.) Kwawela kowesifazane ozibize ngokuthi ungowaseColumbus, e-Ohio, ukunikeza umcimbi we-Wheeling. i-anti-media jolt.
Umyeni wakhe - owayeyisikhulu sezempi e-Iraq, lapho "umsebenzi wakhe ngenkathi esebenza njengentatheli esakaza" - “ubuyile ohambweni lwezinyanga eziyi-13 eTikrit,†esho. Kwabe sekufika i-punch ye-populist:
“Ubuye nama-DVD amaningana agcwele izithombe ezinhle kakhulu zokwakha kabusha, izinto zezokwelapha eziqhubekayo. Futhi ngikucela lokhu kusuka ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yami ngesixazululo salokhu, ngoba kubonakala sengathi amanethiwekhi wethu amakhulu wemidiya awafuni ukuveza okuhle.
She added: “They just want to focus … on another car bomb or they just want to focus on some more bloodshed or they just want to focus on how they don’t agree with you and what you’re doing, when they don’t even probably know how you’re doing what you’re doing anyway. But what can we do to get that footage on CNN, on Fox, to get it on Headline News, to get it on the local news?… It portrays the good. And if people could see that, if the American people could see it, there would never be another negative word about this conflict.â€
Izithameli ziphawule isitatimende sowesifazane ngokushaya ihlombe okunamandla kanye nokuphakamisa izandla. Kodwa esikhundleni sokunqwabelana, uBush wamukela umoya wokuzibamba.
“Kumele ngiqhubeke nokukhuluma,†weluleka. “Izwi lomlomo, kunamabhulogi, kune-inthanethi, kukhona zonke izinhlobo zezindlela zokuxhumana, okushintsha ngokoqobo indlela abantu abathola ngayo ulwazi lwabo. Futhi-ke uma ukhathazekile, ngingaphakamisa ukuthi ufinyelele kwamanye amaqembu asekela amasosha, athole izingosi ze-inthanethi, futhi ugcine igama lihamba. Futhi leyo yindlela eyodwa yokubhekana nenkinga ngaphandle kokucindezela umshini wamahhala. Asisoze sakwenza lokho eMelika.â€
Empeleni uBush uphethe ijazi lalabo abalandela abezindaba egameni lakhe. Amazwi amaningi asekela impi ahlala esola abezindaba ngokumelene nempi nokumelene noBush - ngezinsolo ezivame ukukhuliswa kuma-multimedia media echo chambers. Ukukhuphula ivolumu izitolo ezinamandla njengeFox News, ikhasi lomhleli we-Wall Street Journal, i-New York Post, i-Washington Times, i-Weekly Standard, ibutho lezazi ezithembekile ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kanye namakhulukhulu abathuli bohlelo lwezingxoxo emsakazweni kulo lonke. izwe elinemibono yezepolitiki efana nekaRush Limbaugh.
Njengoba impi yamanje ingadumile kakhulu kunangaphambili, akukaze kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abasekeli bempi basole abezindaba.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule yeMpi YaseVietnam, abaphathi bakwaNixon baphumela obala ngendlela enzima kakhulu, bethumela iPhini likaMongameli uSpiro Agnew ukuthi enze uchungechunge lwezinkulumo ezigxeka ukusakazwa kwezindaba ezibucayi.
Ngo-1969, u-Agnew waqala ngokuqhumisa amanethiwekhi e-TV aseMelika (ayengabalwa esandleni esisodwa ngaleso sikhathi). Uthe izindaba zikamabonakude ziphuma “iqembu elincane nelivaliwe lamadoda anelungelo.
Khona-ke isekela likamongameli laphendulela intukuthelo yakhe emaphephandabeni athile, ikakhulukazi i-New York Times neWashington Post. Uxwayise mayelana “nomkhuba wokuqolwa kwezimoto ezinkulu zolwazi lomphakathi kanye nokunqwabelana kwamandla phezu kwemibono yomphakathi ezandleni ezimbalwa nezimbalwa.” Kodwa u-Agnew wayengenalutho olubi angalusho ngamaketanga amakhulu amaphephandaba asekela u-Nixon njenge-Hearst ne-Newhouse. . Futhi akazange akhononde ngomagazini abasakazwa kakhulu i-Parade ne-Reader’s Digest, ababelokhu bejabulela umzamo wempi.
Ngokuvamile esebenzisa ulimi oluvumelanayo, u-Agnew wadida izintatheli ezazibika amaqiniso angehli kahle nababhikishi ababezama ukumisa impi. Uthe “bahlambalaza abantu abanegativism,†“amasosha anamandla angenangqondo— kanye “abantu abangenathemba, abanomlando omude— - bonke bafanelwe ulaka oluvela kubaphathi abazimisele ukuqhubeka nempi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-populism ehlanganisa impi, njengohlobo lwemizwa eboniswa ngesikhathi sikaMongameli Bush wokuhambela ezinsukwini zakamuva, njalo kuguqula amaqiniso amandla. Ngenkathi umongameli kanye nabasekeli bakhe bezinkampani besebenzisa amandla amakhulu emithombo yezindaba, bazenza abangaphansi abanesibindi nabavinjezelwe.
Ngokungafani nabagxeki bemithombo yezindaba abaqhubekayo, abangenawo amandla okubambelela emithonjeni yezindaba evamile, ilungelo lezepolitiki linezinyawo zombili ezigxilile ngaphakathi kwezinhlaka zezindaba zenkampani.
Inganekwane yemithombo yezindaba ekhululekile iyisambulela esivikela inganekwane ehambisana nezindaba zokulwa nempi. Kusukela ngesikhathi i-New York Times isakaza izindaba mayelana nezikhali zokubhujiswa kwe-Iraqi emakhasini angaphambili ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq, ingxenye ye-US.
abezindaba basalokhu bengemuva kwejika lokho okungabikwa ngokukholakala mayelana nezimbobo ezivulekile ezimangalweni ze-White House. Kodwa ngisho ne-lapdog press corps iyakwazi ukuqala ukugquma lapho iqanjwe amanga izikhathi eziningi.
Ngezinqubomgomo zayo zempi eziyembulwa e-Iraq - nasezinkundleni zepolitiki zasekhaya zase-United States - abaphathi bangaqhubeka nokugwema ukuhlasela ngqo abezindaba. Kepha, ngokucwayiza nokunqekuzisa ikhanda okuvela e-White House, abanye babasekeli bakamongameli bazobe bemagange ukusola abezindaba ngobunzima beRiphabhulikhi njengoba ukhetho lwengqungquthela lwamaphakathi nonyaka lusondela kakhulu.
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Incwadi yakamuva ka-Norman Solomon ithi “War Made Easy: How Presidents and Pundits keeps spin us to death.†Ukuze uthole ulwazi, vakashela ku: www.WarMadeEasy.com
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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