Qaphela: Imemo engezansi iyimpendulo yami kumhleli wenhlangano yezindaba yase-US obecela impendulo ukuze kubuyekezwe ukufakwa kwenhlangano kwezindaba zemvelo. Ngokombono oqinile, leli gumbi lezindaba liyingxenye "yemithombo yezindaba ekhululekile." Umgomo wami kumemo bekuwukuhlehla kuleyo lebula ekha phezulu, ehlukile futhi ngihlole ukuzibophezela okujulile kwemibono okulolonge izindaba ezivamile.
Ukuhlolwa kokusakazwa kwesikhungo sezindaba ngesihloko kuvame ukugxila ekuhlaziyeni ukuthi izindaba zixoxwa kanjani, iziphakamiso zokuthi izindaba zingathuthukiswa kanjani, kanye nemibono yezindaba ezingaxoxwa manje. Ukuhlola okunjalo kokufakwa kwemvelo kwe-XYZ kungaba usizo, kodwa futhi kubalulekile ukucabangela eminye imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nohlaka lwemibono lapho ukusabalala kuya phambili.
Ukukhuluma ngemibono yobuntatheli ngokuvamile kuhlangabezana nokuphikiswa, njengoba izintatheli zivamise ukugomela ukuthi aziwona umqondo. Uma “inkolelo-mbono” ichazwa njengokuqina, ngisho nokushiseka ngokweqile, ukuzinikela eqoqweni lemibono kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bubuphi ubufakazi, khona-ke kuyinto enhle ukuba izintatheli (nabo bonke abanye) bagweme imibono. Kodwa uma umbono uqondwa njengesethi yesimo sengqondo senhlalo, izinkolelo zezombangazwe, nezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezilolonga indlela umuntu achaza ngayo umhlaba, khona-ke wonke umuntu usebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lwemibono, kuhlanganise nezintatheli. Khona-ke umsebenzi uwukuqonda imibono ephikisanayo, kuhlanganise neyakho, hhayi ukucabanga ukuthi noma ubani, nanoma yisiphi isikhungo, sidlula imibono.
Kunezici ezintathu ezibalulekile embonweni ovelele we-United States yangaleso sikhathi—ezihlanganisa izindaba zomhlaba, ezomnotho, kanye ne-ecology—ezingaqondwa kangcono njengezinhlobo zobufandamentali. Ukudlulela ngale kwezimpande zenkolo zaleli gama, singaqonda ubufandamentali njenganoma yisiphi isikhundla sobuhlakani, sezombusazwe, noma sokuziphatha esigomela isiqiniseko eqinisweni kanye/noma ukulunga kwesistimu yenkolelo. Ngalowo mqondo, i-United States iyizwe eligxile kakhulu.
Okokuqala yi-National fundamentalism, ukholo enzuzweni yokubonisa amandla e-United States emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela kulesi sikhundla sobufundamentali, i-United States yenza izithakazelo zayo kodwa njalo ukuze ithuthukise umgomo omkhulu wokudala umhlaba onobulungiswa nokuthula. Ngisho noma kukhona ukuvumelana kokuthi inqubomgomo yase-US yehlulekile, njengaseVietnam noma e-Iraq, umcabango ongangabazeki ukuthi izinhloso ze-United States zazinhle futhi izenzo zazifanelekile ngokokuziphatha. Uma izintatheli zingakwazi ukuhlehla ukuze zihlole lezi zimangalo, ama-akhawunti azo omhlaba agcizelela ngokungenakugwenywa ubufandamentali, nanoma leyo mibiko igxeka ezinye zezindlela ezithile inqubomgomo yase-US esetshenziswa ngayo.
Okwesibili yi-fandamentalism yezomnotho, inkolelo eqinile ezimangalweni zokuziphatha zonxiwankulu kanye nezimangalo ezisebenza kahle zenhlangano. Kusukela kulesi sikhundla sobufandamentali, ubunxiwankulu bezinkampani abuyona nje kuphela engcono kakhulu, kodwa ukuphela kwendlela esebenzayo, yokuhlela umsebenzi wezomnotho. Ngisho nalapho uhlelo lwehluleka ukufeza isithembiso salo sokuchuma okwabiwe kanye nokuhluzeka kwengqondo, okuwukuphela kwezimpendulo ezitholakalayo kucatshangwa ukuthi amashifu amancane ekwengameleni okulinganiselwe kukahulumeni. Lapho izintatheli zingakwazi ukuhlehla ukuze zihlaziye lezi zimangalo, ama-akhawunti azo omnotho agcizelela ngokungenakugwenywa ubufandamentali, ngisho nalapho leyo mibiko igqamisa ukwehluleka kwezimakethe kanye nemvelo eyonakalisayo yomcebo ogxilile.
Okwesithathu isisekelo sobuchwepheshe, ukucabangela okungangabazeki kokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu / ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kuhlale kuyinto enhle nokuthi noma yiziphi izinkinga ezibangelwa imiphumela engahlosiwe yobuchwepheshe obunjalo zingalungiswa ngobuchwepheshe obuningi. Kusukela kulesi sikhundla sobufundamentali, imodeli yezimboni ayinakuphikiswa futhi noma yiziphi izixazululo ezihlongozwayo zezinkinga zemvelo kufanele zihambisane naleyo modeli. Ngisho noma lezo zixazululo ziqhubeka nokudala izinkinga ezengeziwe, ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe kumamodeli ahlukene azamukeleki. Lapho izintatheli zingakwazi ukuhlehla ukuze zihlaziye lezi zimangalo, ukulandisa kwazo ngezinkinga nezisombululo ezingaba khona kuqinisa ubufandamentali, ngisho nalapho leyo mibiko yethula idatha esikisela ukuthi izixazululo azanele noma azizuzisi nhlobo.
Lawa ma-fundamentalism amathathu, yiqiniso, ahlobene. Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US enolaka emhlabeni jikelele ijwayele ukusiza izifiso zezomnotho zenani elincane labantu; ukukhula konxiwankulu kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho evamile ibukela phansi impilo yendawo ezungezile; isenzo sezempi siyithuluzi lokubhekana nokungqubuzana okuvela, noma okuqiniswa, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nokushoda kwezinsiza emhlabeni jikelele.
Yomithathu le mibono nayo isenkingeni, njengoba ukubusa kwangemva kweWWII kwezinhlelo zezomnotho ezinqunyelwe yi-US kuguguleka kanye nokuntengantenga kwezinhlelo kuba sobala kakhulu. Esimeni ngasinye, singabuza ukuthi ingabe noma iyiphi inkinga yamanje imane iwumjikelezo noma ihlelekile kakhulu. Ingabe amasistimu azinzile adlula ekulungisweni ngezikhathi ezithile okungagwemeki, noma amasistimu ngokwawo ayaphela? Uma inkinga kunoma iyiphi yalezi zinhlelo ihlelekile, yikuphi ukuqagela kwethu okuhle ngesikhathi senqubo yoshintsho lwesistimu (ezohlelwa noma ibe nesiphithiphithi, kuye ngezinqumo zethu)?
Uma kubhekwa imingcele yobuhlakani bomuntu, kuwubuwula ukwenza izimangalo eziqondile mayelana, noma ukunikeza amathayimithebula anembayo, imibuzo nezinqubo ezinjalo. Kodwa ukungakwazi kwethu ukwazi ngokuqondile nangokunembile akusikhululi esibophweni sethu sokwahlulela okungcono kakhulu esingakwenza, njengoba izinqumo zenqubomgomo yomphakathi kufanele zisekelwe ekulandiseni okuthile kwalokho esikulindele ukuthi kuzokwenzeka. Akekho ongabikezela ikusasa, kodwa wonke umuntu unesibopho ngezenzo zethu ezidala ikusasa.
Ngokusobala, abantu abanengqondo bangaphikisana nale mibuzo, futhi ohlelweni lwezepolitiki olunempilo olulwela ukuxoxisana ngentando yeningi unolwazi, kubalulekile ukuthi izakhamizi zivezwe kuyo yonke imibono efanele. Umsebenzi wezintatheli awukona ukuxazulula le mibuzo kodwa kunalokho ukusiza ukusabalalisa imibono, ukuzama ukuhlonza nokukhulisa imibono ephikisanayo efanele. Igama eliyisihluthulelo kuleyo misho emibili lithi "lifanele." Uma izintatheli zivaleleke ngaphakathi kwemibono ezivimbela ekuboneni uhla oluphelele lwemibono efanele, zizohluleka emsebenzini wazo oyinhloko.
Lapho sibhekene nokugxekwa okunjalo, indlela yokuzivikela eguquguqukayo yobuntatheli—“Bheka, abantu abavamile bayasizonda futhi abakhululekile bayasizonda, ngakho-ke kufanele ngabe senza okuthile okulungile”—kuyimpendulo engajulile futhi enganele. Indlela ewusizo kakhulu kungaba yizintatheli ukuthi zizihlaziyele zona ngokwazo ekuqageleni kwemibono echaza ukubika kwazo (njengokungabikho kokugxeka okuyisisekelo kobuzwe nobungxiwankulu) kanye nendlela imikhuba yazo yobungcweti (njengokuthembela kakhulu emithonjeni esemthethweni) umkhawulo. ikhono lobuntatheli obujwayelekile lokuba nesandla kungxoxo yentando yeningi.
Imithelela yalokhu kuhlaziya ekuhlanganisweni kwezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe nezomnotho idinga ukuphikisana okucophelelayo, nakuba uhlaka olubanzi lucace kahle (ukufakwa okuqinile kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ka-2003 kanye nezingxoxo ze-NAFTA zasekuqaleni kwawo-1990 kunikeza izibonelo ezicacile). Iqhaza lobufandamentali bezobuchwepheshe kubuntatheli, okungazange kuxoxwe ngakho kabanzi, lidinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe. Ngizokhuluma ngezici ezintathu—indlela izindaba zemvelo ezibikwa ngayo, isidingo sokugxila ezisombululweni, kanye nohlobo lwezixazululo ezithandwayo.
Ubuntatheli besimanje kudala buthwala kanzima ukubika ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi nezihlukene ezingahlangene nemicimbi ethile. Izimpi nokhetho kulula uma kuqhathaniswa; ukunyakaza komphakathi okuthuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye neqiniso lansuku zonke lokucindezelwa kwezikhungo kunzima. Kodwa isinyathelo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni lokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “izinkinga zemvelo” ukuqonda ukuthi noma iyiphi inkinga eyodwa iyingxenye eyodwa yezinkinga eziningi, eziwohlokayo zemvelo umhlaba obhekene nazo.
Ubuningi—izinkinga—zibalulekile. Bheka noma yisiphi isilinganiso sempilo yendawo ezungezile—ukuncipha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, ukwanda kobuthi emizimbeni yethu, inani nobukhulu bezindawo ezifile ezilwandle, okusheshisa ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuncipha kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo—kanye. buza umbuzo olula: Sibhekephi? Khumbula futhi ukuthi siphila ezweni elisekelwe kuwoyela eliqeda ngokushesha uwoyela oshibhile futhi otholakala kalula, okusho ukuthi sibhekene nokulungiswa kabusha kwengqalasizinda esekela impilo yesimanjemanje. Khonamanjalo, intshiseko yokugwema lokho kulungiswa kabusha kusifikise enkathini “yamandla amakhulu” kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuyingozi futhi obubhubhisayo (i-hydrofracturing, ukubhoboza kwamanzi ajulile, ukususwa kwentaba, ukukhishwa kwezihlabathi zetiyela). Futhi-ke, masingakhohlwa ukufudumala komhlaba/ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu.
Noma ngabe yikuphi ukuhlola esikwenzayo ngendaba ethile, ukubalwa okuthembekile kwesimo sendawo ezungezile kufanele kusishiye sisaba. Ososayensi kulezi zinsuku bakhuluma ngamaphuzu okuqinisekisa[1] kanye nemingcele yamaplanethi,[2] mayelana nendlela umsebenzi womuntu ophushela ngayo iplanethi ngaphezu kwemingcele yayo. Inkinga akubona nje labo abaphika ukuvumelana kwesayensi okucishe kube yimbulunga yonke mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa ukuphika okubanzi nokujulile mayelana nesimo esintekenteke sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile ukuphila kwethu kuncike kukho. Ukubika nganoma iyiphi inkinga yezemvelo kufanele kubeke noma iyiphi indaba ethile kulo mongo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu bamelana kanjani nalokhu kubalwa kwezimali okubuthuntu.
Impendulo evamile kulokhu kuhlaziya ithi “siyazazi izinkinga, ngakho-ke asigxile ezisombululweni.” Kuyaxaka lokho, ngoba kusobala ukuthi “asizazi” izinkinga. Amandla wendawo ezungezile okusekela ukuphila, okuhlanganisa nemiphakathi emikhulu yabantu, awumphumela wokusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi—phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, naphakathi kwezwe eliphilayo nelingaphili—esikwazi kancane ngalo ngokumangalisayo. Lokhu kuphuthuma kwezixazululo okusekelwe ekuqageleni okuyiphutha kokujula kokuqonda kwethu kwezemvelo kungesinye isici salokhu kuphikwa. Sazi okuningi ngesayensi, kodwa ososayensi bangabokuqala ukubona ukuthi kungakanani ukusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi komhlaba okungaziwa.
Isiphetho esisodwa esiphusile ukuthi izixazululo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo nezisebenzayo kulezi zinkinga ziqala ngokuncipha ngokushesha kokusetshenziswa kwabantu, ikakhulukazi amandla nezinsiza ezingavuseleleki. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi endaweni ethile phakathi kwekota nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu bomhlaba manje kudla okuncane kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila okuhloniphekile, lokho kusho isibopho sokunciphisa siwela emikhakheni yabacebile emhlabeni, okusho izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni yokuphila e-United States kanye ne-United States. imiphakathi ephila ngendlela efanayo. Uma kubhekwa ukusebenza kahle okulinganiselwe kwesenzo somuntu ngamunye kanye nezindlela zemakethe, kunesidingo esisheshayo sokuxoxisana ngemikhawulo okufanele iphoqelelwe ukuphoqelela okuhlangene (okungukuthi, isenzo esihlangene ngolunye uhlobo lukahulumeni). Kodwa esikhundleni sokufaka lokhu engxoxweni yezisombululo—ingxoxo enzima kunoma iyiphi isistimu kodwa ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lonxiwankulu babathengi besimanje—abenzi benqubomgomo, kanye nesiko ngokuvamile, bakushaya indiva lo mbono.
Ngenxa yalokho, ubufandamentali bezobuchwepheshe buchaza imingcele yenkulumo-mpikiswano. Ubuchwepheshe kufanele busisindise, futhi imiphumela ebingahlosiwe yobuchwepheshe, uma ibhekwa nhlobo, yehliselwa embhalweni waphansi. Isibonelo, ezolimo zezimboni zehlise kakhulu inani kanye nokuvunda kwenhlabathi engaphezulu, kanti nokho ingxoxo enkulu ngezolimo igxile ekuqiniseni indlela yezimboni. Kubuntatheli obujwayelekile, sithola izindaba ezimayelana nokuthuthuka kwakamuva komthamo webhethri noma ukusungulwa kwephaneli yelanga. Kodwa izindaba ezimayelana nesidingo sokuthi izinhlobo zabantu zehlise ngokushesha nangokumangalisayo lokhu kuncipha kwemithombo yeplanethi engavuseleleki—kanye nezinguquko zokuziphatha, ezombusazwe, nezomnotho ezingadingeka kule nqubo—azivamile.
Izintatheli zingase zesabe ukuthi ukulandela izindaba ezifuze lezi kuzozivulela ithuba lokugxekwa ngokuthi zichemile. Ngomqondo othile waleli gama, lokho kuyiqiniso—izindaba ezinjalo zibonisa ukuchema ekuthatheni ngokungathi sína idatha etholakala kalula. Kodwa-ke, ukungasingathwanga kwalezi zinkinga nakho kuwukuchema, ekunqatshelweni kwedatha. Futhi, abantu abanengqondo bangaphikisa, kodwa namuhla ubuntatheli obuvamile bayehluleka ukubandakanya yonke imibono efanele mayelana nesimo sendawo ezungezile.
Ukubuyela embuzweni wokuqala: Ngabe i-XYZ ihlanganisa kanjani izindaba zemvelo? Impendulo yami: Kubi, kodwa akukubi kakhulu kuneminye imithombo yezindaba eyamukela imikhawulo yemibono kanye nemikhuba yobungcweti yobuntatheli obujwayelekile. Isiphakamiso sami soshintsho sizoqala ngokuzihlola ngokwemibono ngabaphathi nezintatheli ezisebenzayo, ezingeni lomuntu siqu nelesikhungo. Imiphi imibono mayelana nendlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo eqondisa ukubika kwe-XYZ? Ingabe leyo mibono ilulaza ukumbozwa okuphelele ngezindlela ezilulaza noma ezisusa imibuzo nemibono ebalulekile?
Ukusuka lapho, izintatheli zingaqala inqubo yokubumba izinhloso zenethiwekhi, hhayi nje ohlelweni olulandelayo noma ngonyaka olandelayo, kodwa emashumini eminyaka ezayo, lapho cishe sizobhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu kakhulu zokufeza ubulungiswa bezenhlalo kanye nemvelo. ukusimama, okwenza le mibuzo ibe namandla.
Umcabango wokugcina: Uma ngethula lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya, ngezinye izikhathi ngitshelwa ukuthi, “Lokho kuwukugxeka okunengqondo, kodwa inkinga ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukukusingatha.” Noma nini lapho othile engitshela ukuthi abantu (kucatshangwa ukuthi lelo gama libhekisela kubantu “abavamile” abangeyona ingxenye yenhlangano yezobuntatheli/yobuhlakani) abakwazi ukukusingatha, ngikuhumusha njengokusho ukuthi umuntu engikhuluma naye akakwazi. iphathe futhi ikuthole kulula ukususa lokho kwesaba kuyise emphakathini ongacacile.
Kuyaqondakala lokho kusabela. Lezi zinkinga eziningi, ezihlasimulisayo ziningi okumele zisingathwe, mhlawumbe zingaphezu kwabantu abahlomele ukuzithwala. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lowo mthwalo ungalungile kangakanani, ukuphika ubufakazi nokunganaki imiphumela yobufakazi akulona isu lokuwina.
URobert Jensen unguprofesa eSikoleni Sobuntatheli eNyuvesi yaseTexas e-Austin futhi uyilungu lebhodi leThird Coast Activist Resource Center e-Austin. Ungumbhali we I-Plain Radical: Ukuphila, Ukuthanda, Nokufunda Ukushiya Iplanethi Ngomusa (I-Counterpoint/I-Soft Skull, ikwindla ezayo ka-2015). Ezinye izincwadi zikaJensen zihlanganisa Ukulwela Izimpilo Zethu: Inkomba yomsebenzisi yezingxoxo ezakhayo (Izibani Zedolobha, 2013); Wonke Amathambo Ami Ayazamazama: Ukufuna Indlela Eqhubekayo Ezwini Lesiprofetho, (I-Soft Skull Press, 2009); Ukuphuma: Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile kanye Nokuphela Kwamasilisa (South End Press, 2007); Inhliziyo Yobumhlophe: Ukubhekana Nohlanga, Ubuhlanga kanye Nelungelo Labamhlophe (Izibani Zedolobha, 2005); Izakhamizi Zombuso: Umzabalazo Wokufuna Ubuntu Bethu (City Lights, 2004); futhi Ukwehluka Kokubhala: Ukuthatha Imibono Eqinile Isuka Emaphethelweni iye Kweyejwayelekile (Peter Lang, 2002). UJensen uphinde abe ngumdidiyeli wefilimu eyidokhumentari ethi “Abe Osheroff: One Foot in the Grave, the Other Still Dancing” (Media Education Foundation, 2009), elandisa ngempilo nefilosofi yesishoshovu sesikhathi eside.
UJensen angafinyelelwa ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe] futhi izihloko zakhe zingatholakala ku-inthanethi ku- http://robertwjensen.org/.
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1 Amazwana
Ngabe labo abaqasha izintatheli (amaphephandaba, izinsiza zezingcingo, ama-periodical, umsakazo kanye ne-TV,…) bazokwazi ukusekela labo ababhala ngezimo zengqondo enixoxa ngazo, okungukuthi, ukugxeka nokungabaza izimfundiso zakho eziyisisekelo? Ingabe izikole zobuntatheli zizimisele ukujabulisa abafundi bazo? Ingabe lokhu akuwona umnyombo wenkinga emphakathini wethu wase-US?