Ngethemba ukuthi ngeke ukhathazeke uma ngibeka inkundla ngamaqiniso ambalwa. Akuzona neze izindaba ezijabulisayo ukuthi siphila ezweni elinezingxabano nezingxabano. Kunobukhulu nobunzima obuningi, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, imigqa idwetshwe ngokucijile. Ukwenza kube lula kakhulu, kodwa hhayi kakhulu, omunye wabahlanganyeli kule ngxabano uyizikhungo zamandla ezigxilile, zombuso nezizimele, ezixhumene kakhulu. Esinye isibalo sabantu, emhlabeni wonke. Ngamagama ayisidala, bekuzobizwa ngokuthi "impi yezinga."
Amandla agxilile aphishekela impi ngokungaphezi, futhi ngokuzicabangela yena. Imibhalo kahulumeni kanye nokushicilelwa kwebhizinisi lembula ukuthi iningi labo lingama-Marx anenhlamba, anezimiso ezihlehlisiwe. Babuye bethukile - emuva ekhulwini le-17 eNgilandi eqinisweni. Bayaqaphela ukuthi isimiso sokubusa sintekenteke, sincike ekukhuzeni abantu ngenye indlela. Kunokufunwa kanzima izindlela ezinjalo: eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubuKhomanisi, ubugebengu, izidakamizwa, ubuphekula, nezinye. Izaba ziyashintsha, izinqubomgomo zihlala zizinzile. Kwesinye isikhathi ukushintshwa kwezaba kanye nokuqhubeka kwenqubomgomo kuyamangaza futhi kuthatha umzamo wangempela wokuphuthelwa: ngokushesha ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR, isibonelo. Ngokwemvelo babamba wonke amathuba okucindezela i-ajenda yabo phambili: 9-11 yisimo esijwayelekile. Izinkinga zenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa ukwesaba nokukhathazeka ukufuna ukuthi isitha sizithobe, silalele, sithule, siphazamiseke, kuyilapho abanamandla besebenzisa ithuba lethuba ukuze baphishekele izinhlelo zabo abazithandayo ngomfutho omkhulu nakakhulu. Lezi zinhlelo ziyehluka, kuye ngomphakathi: ezifundeni ezinonya kakhulu, ukwanda kwengcindezelo kanye nokwesaba; emiphakathini lapho inani labantu lizuze inkululeko eyengeziwe, izinyathelo zokubeka isiyalo ngenkathi behambisa ingcebo namandla ngisho nangokwengeziwe ezandleni zabo. Kulula ukubhala izibonelo emhlabeni wonke ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule.
Izisulu zabo kufanele nakanjani zimelane nokuxhashazwa okubikezelwayo kwenhlekelele, futhi kufanele bagxile emizamweni yabo, ngokungakhathali, ezindabeni ezisasele njengoba zazinjalo ngaphambili: phakathi kwazo, ukwanda kwezempi, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nokufinyelela kude. ukuhlaselwa kwentando yeningi nenkululeko, umnyombo wezinhlelo โze-neoliberalโ.
Ukungqubuzana okuqhubekayo kufanekiselwa khona manje yi-World Social Forum lapha kanye ne-World Economic Forum eNew York. I-WEF - ukucaphuna abezindaba baseMelika kuzwelonke - iqoqo "labashukumisayo nabashaqisayo," "abacebile nabadumile," "abathakathi abavela emhlabeni wonke," "abaholi bakahulumeni nezikhulu zezinkampani, ongqongqoshe bezwe noNkulunkulu, osopolitiki. nezaziโ ezizo โcabanga imicabango ejulileโ futhi zixazulule โizinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene nesintu.โ Kunikezwe izibonelo ezimbalwa, isibonelo, โuzifaka kanjani izindinganiso zokuziphatha kulokho esikwenzayo?โ Noma iqembu elinesihloko esithi โTell Me What You Eat,โ eliholwa โinkosana ebusayo ye-gastronomic scene yaseNew York,โ ezindawo zayo zokudlela zikanokusho โezizohujwa abahlanganyeli benkundla.โ Kuphinde kukhulunywe nge-"anti-forum" eBrazil lapho kulindeleke khona abantu abangu-50,000. Laba โbayizinja ezibuthana ukuze ziphikise imihlangano ye-World Trade Organization.โ Umuntu angafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinto ezingavamile esithombeni somfana obukeka e-scruffy, efihle ubuso, ebhala "ababulali bomhlaba" odongeni.
โEmkhosiniโ wabo, njengoba kuchazwa, ama-freaks ajikijela amatshe, abhala ama-graffiti, adansa futhi acula ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene eziyisicefe ezingashiwongo, okungenani e-US: ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukuhweba, ukwakhiwa kwezimali, amalungelo abantu, intando yeningi. , ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme, ubudlelwano be-Brazilian-Afrika, i-GATS, nezinye izindaba ezisematheni. Abayona โimicabango ejulileโ โngezinkinga ezinkuluโ; lokho kusele kubathakathi baseDavos eNew York.
Inkulumo yezingane ezincane, ngiyacabanga, iwuphawu lokungavikeleki okufanele.
Izinhlanga eziku-"anti-forum" lapha zichazwa ngokuthi "ziphikisana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke," isikhali senkulumo-ze okufanele sisenqabe ngokudelela. โUkuhwebelana kwembulunga yonkeโ kusho ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe. Akekho umuntu ohluzekile โomelene nembulunga yonke.โ Lokho kufanele kube sobala ikakhulukazi ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi kanye kwesokunxele; igama elithi โomhlaba wonkeโ alaziwa kahle emlandweni wabo. Eqinisweni, i-WSF iwukufezeka okujabulisa kakhulu nokuthembisayo kwamathemba ezinhlangano ezingakwesokunxele nezithandwayo ezivela emvelaphi yazo yesimanje ukuze kube nezwe langempela, elizophishekela uhlelo lokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke oluphathelene nezidingo nezintshisakalo zabantu, esikhundleni sokungena emthethweni. ukugxila kwamandla. Laba, vele, bafuna ukusebenzisa igama elithi โukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke,โ ukuze bakukhawulele enguqulweni _yabo_ engavamile yokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe, okuphathelene nezithakazelo zabo siqu, lezo zabantu okwenzeka ngengozi. Ngaleli gama elihlekisayo elikhona, labo abafuna uhlobo oluhlakaniphile nolunobulungisa lokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke bangabizwa ngokuthi โanti-globalization,โ bahlekwe ngokuthi ama-primitivist abafuna ukubuyela enkathini yamatshe, ukulimaza abampofu, kanye neminye imibandela yokuhlukumeza abayisebenzisayo. sijwayelene.
Abathakathi baseDavos ngokuzithoba bazibiza ngokuthi โumphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe,โ kodwa mina ngokwami โโngithanda igama elisetshenziswa umagazini webhizinisi ohamba phambili emhlabeni, i-Financial Times_: โabaphathi bomkhathi.โ Njengoba ongcweti bethi bathanda u-Adam Smith, singase silindele ukuthi balandele ukulandisa kwakhe ngokuziphatha kwabo, nakuba ababiza ngokuthi โizingcweti zesintuโ - lokho kwakungaphambi kwenkathi yasemkhathini.
USmith wayebhekisele โkubakhi benqubomgomo abakhuluโ bosuku lwakhe, abathengisi nabakhiqizi baseNgilandi, ababeqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo zabo โzinakwa kakhuluโ kodwa โzibiโ umthelela kwabanye, kuhlanganise nabantu baseNgilandi. . Ekhaya nasemazweni angaphandle, baphishekela โisisho esibi samakhosi esintuโ: โkonke sikwenzela thina futhi asilutho kwabanye abantu.โ Akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi abaphathi banamuhla bahlonipha โisisho esibiโ esifanayo. Okungenani bayazama, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi bevinjelwa ama-freaks - "isilo esikhulu," ukuboleka igama elisetshenziswa Obaba Abasunguli bentando yeningi yaseMelika ukubhekisela kubantu abangalawuleki ababengaqondi ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko kahulumeni " ukuze kuvikelwe idlanzana labantu abadla izambane likapondo kwabaningi,โ njengoba uMhleli ophambili woMthethosisekelo echaza ezingxoxweni zeSivumelwano SoMthethosisekelo.
Ngizobuyela kulezi zindaba, kodwa okokuqala amazwi ambalwa mayelana nesihloko esiseduze sale seshini, esihlobene eduze: โizwe elingenayo impi.โ Asikwazi ukusho okuningi ngezindaba zabantu ngokuzethemba, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka. Singaqiniseka, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi kuzoba khona umhlaba ongenayo impi noma ngeke ube khona umhlaba - okungenani, umhlaba owakhiwe izidalwa ngaphandle kwamagciwane namabhungane, okuhlakazeka kwamanye. Isizathu sijwayelekile: abantu sebezakhele izindlela zokuzicekela phansi, nokunye okuningi, futhi sebesondele ngokuyingozi ukuzisebenzisa isigamu sekhulu leminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaholi bomhlaba ophucuzekile manje sebezinikele ekuthuthukiseni lezi zingozi ukuze baphile, beqaphela ngokugcwele abakwenzayo, okungenani uma befunda imibiko yezikhungo zabo zezobunhloli kanye nabahlaziyi bamasu abahlonishwayo, kuhlanganise nabaningi abathanda kakhulu uhlanga oluya ekubhujisweni. Okushaqisayo nakakhulu, izinhlelo ziyathuthukiswa futhi zisetshenziswe ngezizathu ezinengqondo ngaphakathi kohlaka olubusayo lwemibono nezimiso, ezibeka ukuphila ngaphansi โkwezinga eliphezulu,โ umgomo olandelwa abameli balezi zinhlelo, njengoba bephikelela ngokungananazi.
Izimpi phezu kwamanzi, amandla kanye nezinye izinsiza azenzeki esikhathini esizayo, nemiphumela engase ibe yingozi. Nokho, ingxenye enkulu, izimpi ziye zahlobene nokuphoqelelwa kwesimiso sezizwe-zizwe, ukwakheka komphakathi okungekona okwemvelo okufanele kuqaliswe ubudlova. Lesi yisizathu esiyinhloko esenza ukuthi iYurophu ibe yingxenye yomhlaba enonya futhi enonya amakhulu eminyaka, kuyilapho inqoba ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba. Imizamo yaseYurophu yokuphoqelela izinhlelo zombuso ezindaweni ezinqotshiwe iwumthombo wezingxabano eziningi eziqhubekayo njengamanje, ngemva kokuwa kwesimiso sobukoloni esisemthethweni. Umdlalo owawuthandwa kakhulu eYurophu wokubulalana kwadingeka uhoxiswe ngo-1945, lapho kuqashelwa ukuthi ngokulandelayo lo mdlalo wawuzoba owokugcina. Esinye isibikezelo esingasenza ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ngeke kube khona impi phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu; isizathu siwukuthi uma ukubikezela kuvela ukuthi akulungile, ngeke kube khona ozosinakekela ozositshela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubushoshovu obudumile phakathi kwemiphakathi ecebile nenamandla bube nomphumela ophucuzekile. โAbanyakazi nabanyakazayoโ ngeke besakwazi ukwenza izinhlobo zobudlova besikhathi eside abebengakhetha kuzo ngaphambili, njengalapho i-US ihlasela iNingizimu Vietnam eminyakeni engu-40 edlule, yaphihliza ingxenye enkulu yayo yaba izicucu ngaphambi kokuba kuthuthukiswe umbhikisho odumile. Phakathi kwemiphumela eminingi yempucuko yokuvutshelwa kweminyaka yawo-1960 kwaba ukuphikiswa okubanzi kobudlova nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, okwahlelwa kabusha ohlelweni lwemibono njengokungazimisele ukwamukela abalimala phakathi kwamabutho ahlomile ("i-Vietnam syndrome"). Kungakho amaReaganite kwadingeka aphendukele ebuphekulani bamazwe ngamazwe esikhundleni sokuhlasela iMelika Ephakathi ngokuqondile, ngemodeli kaKennedy-Johnson, empini yabo yokunqoba imfundiso yenkolo yenkululeko, njengoba iSikole Samazwe AseMelika sichaza impumelelo ngokuziqhenya. Izinguquko ezifanayo zichaza ukubuyekezwa kwezobunhloli kwabaphathi abangenayo bakaBush-I ngo-1989, bexwayisa ngokuthi ezingxabanweni ezimelene โnezitha ezibuthakathaka kakhuluโ - okuwukuphela kohlobo okunengqondo ukubhekana nalo - i-US kumele "ibanqobe ngokushesha nangokushesha," noma umkhankaso uzolahlekelwa โukwesekwa kwezombusazwe,โ okuqondwe ukuthi mncane. Izimpi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ziye zagcina kulelo phethini, futhi izinga lokubhikisha nokuphikisana liye landa kancane kancane. Ngakho kukhona izinguquko, zemvelo exubile.
Lapho izaba zishabalala, kufanele kuqanjwe ezintsha ukuze kulawulwe isilo esikhulu kuyilapho kuqhutshekwa nemigomo yendabuko, ivumelane nezimo ezintsha. Lokho kwase kucaca eminyakeni engu-20 edlule. Kwakunzima ukungaqapheli ukuthi isitha saseSoviet sasibhekene nezinkinga zangaphakathi futhi sasingase singabi usongo oluthembekile isikhathi eside. Lokho kuyingxenye yesizathu esenza ukuthi abaphathi bakwaReagan, eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, bamemezele ukuthi "impi yobushokobezi" izogxila kakhulu kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, ikakhulukazi eMelika Ephakathi naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, umthombo oyinhloko wenhlupho esakazwa " abaphikisi abonakele bempucuko ngokwayoโ โekubuyeleni ebuqabani enkathini yanamuhla,โ njengoba uGeorge Shultz olinganiselayo kwezokuphatha echaza, futhi exwayisa ngokuthi ikhambi ubudlova, ukugwema โizindlela ezizimele, ezingokomthetho njengokulamula kwangaphandle, iNkantolo Yomhlaba, kanye ne-United. Izizwe.โ Akumele sibambezeleke ukuthi impi yaliwa kanjani kulezo zifunda ezimbili, nakwezinye izindawo, ngohleloxhumano olungajwayelekile lwezifundazwe ezibambile kanye nama-mercenaries - "i-eksisi yobubi," ukuboleka isikhathi esesikamuva.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinyangeni selokhu impi imenyezelwe kabusha, ngezinkulumo ezifanayo, ngemuva kwe-9-11, konke lokhu sekuqedwe ngokuphelele, ngisho neqiniso lokuthi i-US yalahlwa ubuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe nguMhlaba. INkantolo kanye noMkhandlu Wezokuphepha (ivinjiwe) futhi yaphendula ngokubhebhethekisa ukuhlasela kwamaphekula eyayalelwa ukuba kuqedwe; noma iqiniso lokuthi bona kanye abantu abaqondisa izingxenye zezempi nezamanxusa empi ephinde yamenyezelwa impi yobushokobezi babeyizibalo ezihamba phambili ekusebenziseni unya lwamaphekula eMelika Ephakathi naseMpumalanga Ephakathi phakathi nesigaba sokuqala sempi. Ukuthula ngalezi zindaba kuwukuhlonipha ngempela ukuziphatha kahle nokulalela kwezigaba ezifundile emiphakathini ekhululekile neyentando yeningi.
Kuwukuqagela okulungile ukuthi โimpi yobushokobeziโ izophinde isebenze njengezaba zokungenelela kanye nezenzo zonya eminyakeni ezayo, hhayi nje yi-US; I-Chechnya ingesinye sezibonelo ezimbalwa. ELatin America, asikho isidingo sokulibala ngalokho okushiwo lokho; ngokuqinisekile hhayi e-Brazil, okuhlosiwe kokuqala kwegagasi lengcindezelo elakhukhula i-Latin America ngemva kokuphatha kuka-Kennedy, ngesinqumo esibalulekile emlandweni, wasusa umgomo wamasosha aseLatin America wasuka โekuvikeleni kwe-hemisphericโ waya โekuvikelekeni kwangaphakathiโ - i-euphemism. ngokwesabeka kombuso okubhekiswe kubantu basekhaya. Lokho kusaqhubeka, ngezinga elikhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Colombia, ehamba phambili ekuhlukunyezweni kwamalungelo abantu enkabeni yezwe ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nomamukeli ohamba phambili wezikhali nokuqeqeshwa kwezempi e-US, ngokuhambisana nephethini engaguquki ebhalwe phansi ngisho nasezindaweni ezijwayelekile. umfundaze.
"Impi yobushokobezi" ibilokhu igxile ezincwadini ezinkulu, phakathi nesigaba sokuqala ngawo-'80s futhi kusukela yamenyezelwa kabusha ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Isici esisodwa esithakazelisayo sezamcolo yokuhlaziya, ngaleso sikhathi namanje, ukuthi asitshelwa ukuthi "ukwesaba" kuyini. Esikuzwayo, kunalokho, ukuthi lo ngumbuzo okhathazayo futhi oyinkimbinkimbi. Kuyathakazelisa lokho: kunezincazelo eziqondile kumadokhumenti asemthethweni ase-US. Okulula kuthatha ukwesaba โukubalwa kokusetshenziswa kobudlova noma usongo lodlame ukuze kufinyelelwe izinhloso ezingokwepolitiki, ezenkolo, noma ezingokwengqondo ngokwemveloโฆโ Lokho kubonakala kufanele ngokwanele, kodwa angeke kusetshenziswe, ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili ezinhle. Enye ukuthi iphinde ichaze inqubomgomo esemthethweni, ebizwa ngokuthi โcounterinsurgencyโ noma โingxabano ephansi kakhulu.โ Okunye ukuthi iveza zonke izimpendulo ezingalungile, amaqiniso asobala kakhulu ukuthi angabuyekezwa nakuba ecindezelwe ngokusebenza kahle okumangalisayo.
Inkinga yokuthola incazelo yegama elithi "ukwesaba" ezokhipha amacala avelele kakhulu iyakhathaza futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa ngenhlanhla, kunesixazululo esilula: chaza โukwesabaโ njengokwesaba _abakwenzayo ngokumelene nathi_. Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zezazi ezikhuluma ngokwesaba, abezindaba, namajenali obuhlakani kuzobonisa ukuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kusondele kokukhethekile, nokuthi noma yikuphi ukusuka kukho kuletha ukucasuka okumangazayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhuba cishe ungowomhlaba wonke: ojenene baseNingizimu Melika babevikela abantu โekwesabeni okwakuqondiswe ngaphandle,โ njengoba nje amaJapane ayeseManchuria namaNazi eYurophu eyayiphethwe. Uma kukhona okuhlukile, angikakakutholi.
Masibuyele โekuhwebeni kwembulunga yonke,โ kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwakho nosongo lwempi, mhlawumbe impi ebulalayo.
Inguqulo "yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke" eklanywe izingcweti zendawo yonke inokusekelwa okubanzi kakhulu kwe-elite, akumangazi, njengoba kwenza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala" - lokho i-_Wall Street Journal_, ngokweqiniso, ekubize ngokuthi "izivumelwano zokutshala izimali zamahhala. โ Kuncane kakhulu okubikwayo mayelana nalezi zindaba, futhi ulwazi olubalulekile lumane lucindezelwe; isibonelo, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, isikhundla senhlangano yezabasebenzi yase-US ku-NAFTA, kanye neziphetho ezivumelanayo zeCongress's own Research Bureau (Ihhovisi Lokuhlola Ubuchwepheshe, i-OTA), kusazobikwa ngaphandle kwemithombo ephikisayo. Futhi izindaba azikho ohlwini lwepolitiki yokhetho. Kunezizathu ezinhle. Ongoti bazi kahle ukuthi umphakathi uzophikiswa uma ulwazi lutholakala. Nokho, zivuleleka lapho zikhuluma zodwa. Ngakho-ke eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yomphakathi, iCongress yenqaba umthetho โwokusheshisaโ onikeza uMongameli igunya lokumisa izinhlelo zezomnotho zamazwe ngamazwe neCongress evunyelwe ukuvota โYeboโ (noma, ngokwembono, โCha) ngaphandle kwengxoxo, futhi umphakathi awunalo ulwazi. Njengeminye imikhakha yemibono yabantu abaphezulu, i-_WSJ_ yayikhungathekile ngokwehluleka ukubukela phansi intando yeningi. Kodwa yachaza inkinga: abamelene nalezi zinyathelo zesitayela se-Stalinist "banesikhali esiphezulu," inani labantu jikelele, okumele ligcinwe ebumnyameni. Lokho kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emphakathini wentando yeningi kakhulu, lapho abaphikisayo bengeke bavele baboshwe noma babulawe, njengakwabamukeli abahamba phambili bosizo lwezempi lwase-US, njenge-El Salvador, iTurkey, ne-Colombia, ukuze ubhale uhlu lwakamuva kanye nomhlaba wamanje. ompetha (i-Israel-Egypt eceleni).
Omunye angase abuze ukuthi kungani ukuphikiswa komphakathi โkwembulunga yonkeโ kuye kwaba phezulu kangaka iminyaka eminingi. Lokho kubonakala kuyinqaba, esikhathini lapho kuholele ekuchumeni okungakaze kubonwe, ngakho-ke saziswa njalo, ikakhulukazi e-US, โngomnotho wayo wezinganekwane.โ Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1990, i-US ijabulele โukuchuma okukhulu kwezomnotho emlandweni waseMelika - kanye nasemhlabeni,โ u-Anthony Lewis wabhala ku-New York Times_ ngonyaka odlule, ephinda ukugodla okujwayelekile okuvela ekugcineni kwesobunxele kwe-spectrum eyamukelekayo. Kuyavunywa ukuthi akhona amaphutha: abanye basala emuva ngesimangaliso somnotho, futhi thina bantu abanezinhliziyo ezinhle kumele senze okuthile ngalokho. Amaphutha abonisa inkinga ejulile nekhathazayo: ukukhula okusheshayo nokuchuma okulethwa "imbulunga yonke" kunokungalingani okukhulayo okuhambisanayo, njengoba abanye bengenawo amakhono okujabulela izipho ezimangalisayo namathuba.
Isithombe sijwayelekile kangangokuthi kungase kube nzima ukubona ukuthi kuncane kangakanani ukufana okukhona neqiniso, amaqiniso aziwa kakhulu ngesimangaliso. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwama-90s booomlet (okwakucishe kunxephezele ukuma kwangaphambilini noma ukwehla kubantu abaningi), ukukhula komuntu ngamunye โngawo-90sโ kwakucishe kufane nawo wonke umhlaba wezimboni, ngaphansi kakhulu kunangeminyaka engu-25 yokuqala. iminyaka yangemva kwempi ngaphambi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi โukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke,โ futhi kuphansi kakhulu kuneminyaka yempi, ukuchuma okukhulu kwezomnotho emlandweni waseMelika, ngaphansi komnotho we-semi-command. Kungenzeka kanjani-ke ukuthi isithombe esijwayelekile sehluke kakhulu emaqinisweni angephikiswe? Impendulo iwukuba lula ngokwako. Engxenyeni encane yomphakathi, ama-'90s ayeyintuthuko enkulu yezomnotho. Lo mkhakha uhlanganisa nalabo abatshela abanye izindaba ezijabulisayo. Futhi abanakusolwa ngokungathembeki. Abanasizathu sokungabaza abakushoyo. Bayifunda ngaso sonke isikhathi emaphephandabeni abawabhalelayo, futhi kuvumelana nolwazi lwabo siqu: kuyiqiniso ngabantu abahlangana nabo emahhovisi abahleli, emaqenjini obuhlakani, ezingqungqutheleni eziphakeme njengalena abathakathi abaya kuyo manje, kanye izindawo zokudlela zikanokusho lapho zidlela khona. Yizwe kuphela elihlukile.
Ake sibheke ngokushesha irekhodi esikhathini eside. Ukuhlanganiswa komnotho wamazwe ngamazwe - ingxenye eyodwa "yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke," ngomqondo ongathathi hlangothi waleli gama - kwanda ngokushesha ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, eyama noma yehla phakathi neminyaka yezimpi, futhi kwaqala kabusha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, manje efinyelela emazingeni eminyaka eyikhulu edlule ngokubi kakhulu. izinyathelo; isakhiwo esihle siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngezinyathelo ezithile, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwakukhulu ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I: omunye umfanekiso โukusakazwa kwabasebenzi mahhala,โ isisekelo sokuhwebelana ngokukhululekile kuka-Adam Smith, nakuba kwakungebona abathandwayo besikhathi sakhe. Ngezinye izindlela, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kukhulu kakhulu manje: isibonelo esisodwa esimangalisayo - akusona sodwa - ukuhamba kwemali eqagelayo yesikhathi esifushane, ukwedlula noma iyiphi inkomba. Umehluko ubonisa izici ezithile eziyinhloko zenguqulo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ekhethwa izingcweti zendawo yonke: ngokwezinga elingaphezu kwalokho okujwayelekile, imali eyinhloko ibalulekile, abantu bayazenzakalela.
Umngcele waseMexico uyisibonelo esithakazelisayo. Kungokwenziwa, umphumela wokunqoba, njengemingcele eminingi, futhi bekunezimbobo kuzo zombili izinkomba ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene zenhlalakahle yezomnotho. Yafakwa impi ngemuva kwe-NAFTA nguClinton ukuze kuvinjwe "ukusakazwa kwamahhala kwabasebenzi." Lokho kwakudingeka ngenxa yemiphumela eyayilindelwe ye-NAFTA eMexico: โisimangaliso sezomnotho,โ esasiyoba inhlekelele kubantu abaningi, ababezofuna ukuphunyuka. Eminyakeni efanayo, ukugeleza kwezimali, kakade kukhululekile kakhulu, kwasheshiswa ngokuqhubekayo, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhweba," cishe i-2/3 yayo manje ephethwe yisikhungo esiphakathi kobushiqela obuyimfihlo, kusukela engxenyeni ngaphambi kwe-NAFTA. Lokho โkuwukuhwebaโ kuphela ngesinqumo semfundiso. Imiphumela ye-NAFTA ekuhwebeni kwangempela ayizange ihlolwe, ngokwazi kwami.
Isilinganiso esithe xaxa sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke siwukuhlangana kwemakethe yomhlaba wonke, ngentengo eyodwa kanye neholo. Lokho akukenzeki. Ngokuphathelene nemali engenayo okungenani, okuphambene kungenzeka ukuthi kuyiqiniso. Nakuba okuningi kuncike ekutheni kukalwa kanjani, kunesizathu esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi ukungalingani kuye kwanda ngaphakathi nakuwo wonke amazwe. Lokho kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubeke. Izikhungo zezobunhloli zase-US, ngokubamba iqhaza kochwepheshe abavela emkhakheni wezemfundo kanye nezinkampani ezizimele, zisanda kukhipha umbiko mayelana nokulindelwe ku-2015. Balindele ukuthi "ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke" kuqhubekele phambili: "Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuzoba ngamatshe, okuphawulwa ukuntengantenga kwezimali okungapheli kanye ukwehlukana kwezomnotho okwandayo.โ Lokho kusho ukuhlangana okuncane, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ngomqondo wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ngomqondo okhethwayo ngokwemfundiso. Ukuntengantenga kwezimali kusho ukukhula kancane kanye nezinkinga eziningi nobubha.
Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa khona ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi โkwembulunga yonkeโ ngomqondo wamakhosi omhlaba kanye namathuba akhulayo empi. Abahleli bezempi bamukela ukuqagela okufanayo, futhi baye bachaza, ngokungananazi, ukuthi lokhu okulindelekile kungemuva kokwanda okukhulu kwamandla ezempi. Ngisho nangaphambi kukaSepthemba. 11, izindleko zempi zase-US zedlula ezabalingani kanye nabamelene nazo zihlangene. Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kusetshenziswe kabi ukuze kwandiswe uxhaso ngokushesha, okujabulisa izici ezibalulekile zomnotho wangasese. Uhlelo olubi kakhulu ukulwela indawo, futhi lunwetshwa ngaphansi kwezaba โlokulwa nokwesaba.โ
Isizathu salezi zinhlelo sichazwa esidlangalaleni kumadokhumenti enkathi kaClinton. Isizathu esiyinhloko igebe elikhulayo phakathi โkwabangenakhoโ kanye โnabangenakho,โ okulindeleke ukuthi liqhubeke, ngokuphambene nenkolelo-mbono yezomnotho kodwa ehambisana namaqiniso. "Abangenakho" - "isilo esikhulu" somhlaba - singase siphazamise, futhi kufanele silawulwe, ngokwezintshisekelo zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuzinza" ku-jargon yobuchwepheshe, okusho ukuthobela okushiwo amakhosi. Lokho kudinga izindlela zobudlova, futhi โngokuzicabangela, ngenxa yobugovu, umthwalo wemfanelo wenhlalakahle yesimiso sobunxiwankulu bomhlaba,โ i-US kumelwe ibe phambili kakhulu; Ngicaphuna isazi-mlando senxusa uGerald Haines, futhi isazi-mlando esiphezulu se-CIA, echaza ukuhlela kwe-US ngeminyaka yawo-1940 ocwaningweni lwezazi. Ukubusa okweqile emandleni avamile kanye nezikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu akwanele. Kudingekile ukudlulela emngceleni omusha: ukulwa nendawo, kubukela phansi iSivumelwano Sendawo Yangaphandle sika-1967, esiphawuliwe kuze kube manje. Iqaphela inhloso, i-UN General Assembly isiqinisekisile izikhathi eziningana iSivumelwano; i-US yenqabile ukujoyina, ngokuhlukaniswa okubonakalayo. Futhi iWashington ivimbe izingxoxo eNgqungqutheleni ye-UN Yokuhoxiswa Kwezikhali ngonyaka odlule ngalolu daba - konke kubikwe kancane, ngenxa yezizathu ezijwayelekile. Akukhona ukuhlakanipha ukuvumela izakhamuzi zazi ngamapulani angase aqedele ukuhlola okuwukuphela kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo โngobuhlakani obuphakeme.โ
Njengoba kubonwa kabanzi, lezi zinhlelo zizuzisa imboni yezempi, kodwa kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi leli gama liyadukisa. Kuwo wonke umlando wanamuhla, kodwa ngokwanda okumangalisayo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, isimiso sezempi siye sasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokudlelana nezindleko nobungozi kuyilapho lenza inzuzo. โUmnotho omushaโ ngokwezinga elikhulu uwukukhula komkhakha wezwe oguquguqukayo nomusha womnotho wase-US. Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza imali yomphakathi kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo ikhule ngokushesha ukuthi abaphiko lwesokudla abahlakaniphile bayaqonda ukuthi umkhawulo womnotho uncike kulezi zinhlelo zomphakathi. Ukwenyuka okukhulu kuhlelwe ngaphansi kwezaba elithi "bioterror," njengoba nje umphakathi wakhohliswa ukuthi ukhokhele umnotho omusha ngaphansi kwesizathu sokuthi amaRussia ayeza - noma ngemuva kokuwa, ngenxa yosongo "lobuchwephesha bezobuchwepheshe" besithathu. amazwe omhlaba njengoba i-Party Line yashintsha ngo-1990, ngaso leso sikhathi, ngaphandle kokuphuthelwa ngisho nakancane futhi kungekho nezwi lokuphawula. Leso futhi isizathu sokuthi kungani ukukhululwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke kufanele kube yingxenye yezivumelwano zomnotho zamazwe ngamazwe: akusizi iHaiti, kodwa kuvumela umnotho wase-US ukuthi ukhule ngaphansi komgomo ovamile wokuqondiswa kwezimakethe eziqinile kwabampofu kanye nezwe elinakekela abacebile. - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-neoliberalism," nakuba kungelona igama elihle kakhulu: imfundiso indala amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ingahlambalaza abakhululekile bakudala.
Omunye angase aphikise ngokuthi lezi zindleko zomphakathi zazivame ukuba nenzuzo. Mhlawumbe, mhlawumbe akunjalo. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi amakhosi ayesaba ukuvumela ukukhetha kwentando yeningi. Konke lokhu kufihliwe emphakathini jikelele, nakuba abahlanganyeli bekuqonda kahle kakhulu.
Amacebo okuwela umngcele wokugcina wodlame ngokwenza impi emkhathini aguqulwa โnjengokuvikela imicibisholo,โ kodwa noma ubani onaka umlando uyazi ukuthi lapho sizwa igama elithi โukuzivikela,โ kufanele sicabange โicala.โ Icala lamanje alihlukile. Umgomo ushiwo ngokungagunci: ukuqinisekisa โukubusa komhlaba wonke,โ โi-hegemony.โ Amadokhumenti asemthethweni agcizelela kakhulu ukuthi umgomo โukuvikela izinto ezithandwa yi-US kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali,โ kanye nokulawula โabangenakho.โ Namuhla lokho kudinga ukubusa indawo, njengoba nje ezikhathini zangaphambili amazwe anamandla adala amabutho nemikhumbi yempi โukuze avikele futhi athuthukise izithakazelo zawo zezentengiselwano.โ Kuyaqashelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ezintsha, lapho i-US ihamba phambili khona, ziwusongo olukhulu ekusindeni. Futhi kuyaqondakala ukuthi zingavinjelwa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa njengoba ngike ngasho, i-hegemony iyinani eliphakeme kunokusinda, ukubala kokuziphatha okuye kwanqoba phakathi kwabanamandla kuwo wonke umlando. Okushintshile ukuthi izibalo ziphezulu kakhulu, ngendlela emangalisayo.
Iphuzu elifanele lapha ukuthi impumelelo elindelekile โyokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonkeโ ngomqondo wemfundiso iyisizathu esiyinhloko esinikezwe izinhlelo zokusebenzisa indawo yezikhali ezihlaselayo zokucekela phansi okukhulu ngokushesha.
Ake sibuyele โekuhwebeni kwembulunga yonke,โ kanye โnentuthuko enkulu yezomnotho emlandweni waseMelika โ kanye nasemhlabeniโ ngeminyaka yawo-1990.
Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, umnotho wamazwe ngamazwe usudlule ezigabeni ezimbili: isigaba se-Bretton Woods kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-'70s, kanye nenkathi kusukela lapho, ngokuhlakazwa kohlelo lwe-Bretton Woods lwamazinga okushintshaniswa alawulwayo kanye nokulawulwa kokuhamba kwezimali. Kuyisigaba sesibili esibizwa ngokuthi โimbulunga yonke,โ ehambisana nezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal โzesivumelwano saseWashington.โ Lezi zigaba ezimbili zihluke kakhulu. Esokuqala sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi โinkathi yegolideโ (yesifunda) yobunxiwankulu. Isigaba sesibili sihambisane nokuwohloka okuphawulekayo kwezinyathelo ezijwayelekile zomnotho omkhulu: izinga lokukhula komnotho, ukukhiqiza, ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu, ngisho nohwebo lomhlaba; amanani enzalo aphezulu kakhulu (okulimaza umnotho); ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwezimali ezigciniwe ezingakhiqizi ukuze kuvikelwe izimali; ukwanda kokuntengantenga kwezimali; kanye neminye imiphumela eyingozi. Kwakukhona okuhlukile, ikakhulukazi amazwe aseMpumalanga Asia ayengayilandeli imithetho: ayengayikhulekeli โinkoloโ โizimakethe ezazi kakhulu,โ njengoba uJoseph Stiglitz abhala encwadini yocwaningo yeBhange Lomhlaba ngaphambi nje kokuba aqokwe njengosomnotho omkhulu, kamuva. isusiwe (futhi iwina umklomelo kaNobel). Ngokuphambene, imiphumela emibi kakhulu yatholakala lapho imithetho yayisetshenziswa ngokuqinile, njengaseLatin America, amaqiniso avunywa kabanzi, phakathi kwabanye, nguJose' Antonio Ocampo, umqondisi weKhomishini Yezomnotho yaseLatin America naseCaribbean (ECLAC), ku ikheli ngaphambi kwe-American Economic Association ngonyaka odlule. โIzwe lesithembiso liwudaka,โ ephawula; ukukhula ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kwakungaphansi kakhulu kwalokho kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka โentuthuko eholwa nguhulumeniโ eSigabeni I. Uphinde waphawula ukuthi ukuhlobana phakathi kokulandela imithetho nemiphumela yezomnotho kubambe emhlabeni wonke.
Ake sibuyele-ke enkingeni enkulu nekhathazayo: ukukhula ngesivinini nokuchuma okukhulu okulethwe ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kulethe ukungalingani ngoba abanye abanamakhono. Ayikho inkinga, ngoba ukukhula ngokushesha nokuchuma kuyinganekwane.
Osomnotho abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe babheka ukukhululeka kwezimali njengengxenye ebalulekile emiphumeleni empofu yesigaba II. Kepha umnotho uyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi, engaqondakali kahle kangangoba umuntu kufanele aqaphe mayelana nokuxhumana okuyimbangela. Kodwa umphumela owodwa wokukhululeka komnotho ucacile: wehlisa intando yeningi. Lokho kwaqondwa ngabasunguli be-Bretton Woods: esinye sezizathu ezenza izivumelwano zisekelwe ekulawuleni imali enkulu kwakuwukuvumela ohulumeni ukuthi benze izinqubomgomo zentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle, ezazisekelwe kakhulu. Ukunyakaza kwezimali zamahhala kudala lokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi "iSenethi elibonakalayo" elinamandla "e-veto" ezinqumweni zikahulumeni, okukhawulela kakhulu izinketho zenqubomgomo. Ohulumeni babhekene โnezifunda ezimbiliโ: abavoti, nabaqageli, โabaqhuba amareferendamu esikhashana nesikhashanaโ ngezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni (becaphuna izifundo zobuchwepheshe zohlelo lwezezimali). Ngisho nasemazweni acebile, isifunda esizimele sikhona.
Ezinye izingxenye โzokwenziwa kwembulunga yonkeโ kwamalungelo abatshalizimali zinemiphumela efanayo. Izinqumo zenhlalakahle yezomnotho ziya ngokuya zishintshelwa ekugxilweni kwamandla okungaphenduki, isici esibalulekile "sezinguquko" ze-neoliberal (igama lenkulumo-ze, hhayi incazelo). Ukwelulwa kokuhlaselwa kwentando yeningi kuyahlelwa, ngaphandle kokuxoxisana nomphakathi, ezingxoxweni zeSivumelwano Jikelele Sezinkonzo Zohwebo (GATS). Igama elithi โizinkonzo,โ njengoba wazi, lisho cishe noma yini engase iwele endaweni yokuzikhethela kwentando yeningi: ezempilo, imfundo, inhlalakahle, iposi nokunye ukuxhumana, amanzi nezinye izinsiza, njll. Awukho umqondo ophusile lapho ukudlulisela lezi zinsizakalo ezandleni zangasese โkuwukuhweba,โ kodwa leli gama liye lancishwa incazelo kangangokuthi lingase linwetshelwe nakulokhu kukhahlamezeka.
Imibhikisho emikhulu yomphakathi eQuebec ngo-Ephreli odlule eNgqungqutheleni Yamazwe aseMelika, eyaqhutshwa yizigelekeqe ePorto Alegre ngonyaka odlule, ingxenye yayiqondiswe emzamweni wokuphoqelela imigomo ye-GATS ngasese ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhwebelana ehleliwe ye-Free Trade Area. Amazwe aseMelika (FTAA). Leyo mibhikisho ihlanganise isifunda esibanzi kakhulu, eNyakatho naseNingizimu, konke okuphambene kakhulu nalokho okuhleliwe ongqongqoshe bezohwebo kanye nabaphathi bezinkampani ngaphandle kweminyango evaliwe.
Imibhikisho ithole ukusabalala, kohlobo olujwayelekile: ama-freaks ajikijela amatshe futhi aphazamisa abathakathi becabanga ngezinkinga ezinkulu. Ukungabonakali kokukhathazeka kwabo kwangempela kuphawuleka kakhulu. Isibonelo, umlobeli wezomnotho we-_NYT_ u-Anthony DePalma ubhala ukuthi isivumelwano se-GATS โasidalanga neyodwa impikiswano yomphakathi eye yaqubuka mayelana nemizamo [ye-WTO] yokukhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwempahla,โ ngisho nangemva kwe-Seattle. Eqinisweni, bekulokhu kuwukukhathazeka okuyinhloko iminyaka. Njengakwezinye izimo, lokhu akuyona inkohliso. Ulwazi lukaDePalma mayelana nezinto ezidabukisayo ngokuqinisekile lulinganiselwe kulokho okudlula esihlungini sabezindaba, futhi kuwumthetho wensimbi wobuntatheli ukuthi ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezishoshovu kumele kuvinjelwe ngokuqinile, kuvune othile ojikijela itshe, mhlawumbe umshoshozeli wamaphoyisa.
Ukubaluleka kokuvikela umphakathi olwazini kuvezwe kakhulu eNgqungqutheleni ka-April. Ihhovisi ngalinye labahleli e-US linezifundo ezimbili ezibalulekile etafuleni lalo, ezibekelwe ukukhishwa ngaphambi nje kweNgqungquthela. Omunye wawuvela ku-Human Rights Watch, owesibili we-Economic Policy Institute eWashington; ayikho inhlangano engaqondakali kahle. Zombili izifundo zaphenya ngokujulile imiphumela ye-NAFTA, eyadunyiswa eNgqungqutheleni njengokunqoba okukhulu kanye nemodeli ye-FTAA, enezihloko ezishaya icilongo izindumiso zikaGeorge Bush nabanye abaholi, bonke bamukelwa njengeQiniso leVangeli. Zombili izifundo zicindezelwe cishe ngokuvumelana okuphelele. Kulula ukubona ukuthi kungani. I-HRW yahlaziya imiphumela ye-NAFTA kumalungelo abasebenzi, eyathola ukuthi ilinyazwa kuwo womathathu amazwe abambe iqhaza. Umbiko we-EPI wawubanzi kakhulu: wawuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwemiphumela ye-NAFTA kubantu abasebenzayo, ebhalwe ngochwepheshe kulawa mazwe amathathu. Isiphetho siwukuthi lesi ngesinye sezivumelwano ezingavamile esiye salimaza iningi labantu kuwo wonke amazwe abambe iqhaza.
Imiphumela eMexico yayinzima kakhulu, futhi ibaluleke kakhulu eNingizimu. Amaholo aye ehle kakhulu ngokubekwa kwezinhlelo ze-neoliberal ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Lokho kwaqhubeka ngemva kokuba i-NAFTA, ngokuncipha kwama-24% emalini engenayo yabasebenzi abaholayo, kanye no-40% kwabazisebenzayo, umphumela owakhuliswa ukwanda okusheshayo kwabasebenzi abangaholi. Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kwakhula, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele kwehlile, njengoba umnotho wadluliselwa ezandleni zezinkampani zangaphandle. Iholo elincane lilahlekelwe ngama-50% wamandla ayo okuthenga. Ukukhiqiza kunqatshiwe, futhi intuthuko imile noma kungenzeka ukuthi ihlehlile. Umkhakha omncane waba ocebile kakhulu, futhi abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe baphumelela.
Lezi zifundo ziqinisekisa lokho obekubikwe emaphephandabeni ebhizinisi nasezifundweni zemfundo. I-_WSJ_ ibike ukuthi nakuba umnotho waseMexico wawukhula ngokushesha ngasekupheleni kwawo-90 ngemva kokwehla okubukhali kwe-post-NAFTA, abathengi babhekana nokwehla kwamandla okuthenga ngo-40%, inani labantu abaphila ngobumpofu obukhulu lakhula ngokuphindwe kabili kunenani labantu, futhi ngisho nalabo abasebenza ezindaweni zokuhlanganisa eziphethwe kwamanye amazwe baphelelwa amandla okuthenga. Iziphetho ezifanayo zafinyelelwa ocwaningweni lwengxenye yaseLatin America ye-Woodrow Wilson Center, ephinde yathola ukuthi amandla ezomnotho ayegxile kakhulu njengoba izinkampani ezincane zaseMexico zingakwazi ukuthola imali, abasebenzi bezindawo zokulima ezivamile, kanye nemikhakha edinga abasebenzi abaningi (ezolimo, imboni elula. ) ayikwazi ukuncintisana namazwe ngamazwe nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ibhizinisi elikhululekile" ohlelweni lwezimfundiso. Ezolimo zahlupheka ngenxa yezizathu ezijwayelekile: abalimi abasafufusa abakwazi ukuncintisana nebhizinisi lezolimo lase-US elixhaswe kakhulu, okunemiphumela ejwayelekile emhlabeni wonke.
Okuningi kwalokhu kwabikezelwa abagxeki be-NAFTA, okuhlanganisa ne-OTA ecindezelwe kanye nezifundo zokunyakaza kwabasebenzi. Abagxeki babenephutha ngandlela thize, nokho-ke Iningi lalilindele ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lezindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni, njengoba amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabalimi baxoshwa emhlabeni. Akwenzekanga lokho. Isizathu, kubukeka sengathi, ukuthi izimo zaba zimbi kakhulu emadolobheni kangangoba kwaba nendiza enkulu esuka kuwo kanye eya e-US. Labo abasinda lapho bewela - abaningi abasebenzi - basebenzela amaholo aphansi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezinzuzo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Umphumela uwukucekela phansi izimpilo nemiphakathi yaseMexico kanye nokwenza ngcono umnotho wase-US, lapho โukusetshenziswa kwesigaba esiphakathi emadolobheni kuqhubeka kuxhaswa ubumpofu bezisebenzi zasemapulazini e-United States naseMexico,โ amaphuzu ocwaningo e-Woodrow Wilson Center. ngaphandle.
Lezi ziphakathi kwezindleko ze-NAFTA, kanye ne-neoliberal globalization ngokuvamile, izazi zezomnotho ngokuvamile ezikhetha ukungazilinganisi. Kodwa nangezinyathelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izindleko bezinzima.
Akukho kulokhu okuvunyelwe ukungcolisa umgubho we-NAFTA kanye ne-FTAA eNgqungqutheleni. Ngaphandle uma bexhunywe ezinhlanganweni zezishoshovu, abantu abaningi bazi ngalezi zindaba ezimpilweni zabo kuphela. Futhi evikelwe ngokucophelela emaqinisweni yiFree Press, abaningi bazibheka njengezehluleki ngandlela thize, abangakwazi ukuba nengxenye ekugubheni ukuchuma okukhulu komnotho emlandweni.
Idatha evela ezweni elicebe kakhulu emhlabeni iyakhanyisa, kodwa ngizokweqa imininingwane. Isithombe senziwa ngokujwayelekile, ngokuhlukahluka okuthile, futhi okuhlukile kohlobo oseluphawuliwe. Isithombe sibi kakhulu uma sisuka ezindleleni zezomnotho ezijwayelekile. Enye yezindleko iwusongo lokusinda ngokusobala ekucabangeni kwabahleli bezempi, osekuchaziwe kakade. Baningi abanye. Okokuqala, i-ILO yabika โubhubhane lomhlaba wonkeโ olukhulayo lwezinkinga ezingathi sรญna zempilo yengqondo, ngokuvamile ezihlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka emsebenzini, nezindleko zezimali ezinkulu kakhulu emazweni anezimboni. Isici esikhulu, baphetha ngokuthi, โukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke,โ okuletha โukuhwamuka kokuvikeleka kwemisebenzi,โ ingcindezi kubasebenzi, nomsebenzi omningi, ikakhulukazi e-US. Ingabe lokhu kuyindleko โyokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonkeโ? Ngokombono owodwa, ingenye yezici zayo ezikhangayo kakhulu. Lapho encoma ukusebenza komnotho wase-US โnjengokungavamile,โ u-Alan Greenspan wagcizelela ikakhulukazi umuzwa okhulayo wokungavikeleki emsebenzini, okuholela ekwehleni kwezindleko zabaqashi. IBhange Lomhlaba liyavuma. Iyabona ukuthi โukuguquguquka kwemakethe yezabasebenziโ sekuthole โigama elibiโฆnjengegama elibi lokwehlisa amaholo abasebenzi,โ kodwa nokho, โkubalulekile kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlabaโฆ Izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu zibandakanya ukususwa kwezithiyo ukuhamba kwabasebenzi kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zamaholo, kanye nokunqamula izibopho phakathi kwezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle nezinkontileka zabasebenzi.โ
Ngamafuphi, ukuxosha abasebenzi, ukwehlisa amaholo, ukubukela phansi imihlomulo konke kuyigalelo elibalulekile empilweni yezomnotho, ngokusho kwemibono ekhona.
Ukuhweba okungalawulwa kunezinye izinzuzo zezinkampani. Okuningi, mhlawumbe okuningi, "ukuhweba" kulawulwa endaweni emaphakathi ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene: ukudluliselwa kwenkampani yezinkampani, izivumelwano zamasu, ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, nokunye. Izindawo zokuhweba ezibanzi zizuzisa izinkampani ngokuzenza zingaphenduli emiphakathini yasendaweni neyezwe. Lokhu kuthuthukisa imiphumela yezinhlelo ze-neoliberal, ezivame ukunciphisa ingxenye yemali engenayo yabasebenzi. E-US, iminyaka yama-'90s kwaba yisikhathi sokuqala sangemva kwempi lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwemali engenayo kwashintsha kakhulu kubanikazi bemali, kude nezisebenzi. Ukuhweba kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindleko ezingakaliwe: ukuxhasa amandla, ukuncipha kwezinsiza, nokunye okungaphandle okungabalwa. Kuletha nezinzuzo, nakuba nalapha kudingeka ukuqapha okuthile. Okudunyiswa kakhulu ukuthi ezohwebo zikhulisa ubungcweti - okunciphisa ukukhetha, okuhlanganisa ukukhetha ukulungisa inzuzo yokuqhathanisa, eyaziwa ngokuthi "intuthuko." Ukuzikhethela nokuthuthuka kuyizindinganiso ngokwako: ukuzibukela phansi kuyizindleko ezinkulu. Ukube amakoloni aseMelika ayephoqelekile ukwamukela umbuso we-WTO eminyakeni engu-200 edlule, i-New England izobe iphishekela inzuzo yayo yokuqhathanisa ekuthumeleni izinhlanzi kwamanye amazwe, ngokuqinisekile ingakhiqizi izindwangu, ezazisinda kuphela ngezindleko ezimba eqolo zokuvimba imikhiqizo yaseBrithani (ifanisa ukuphathwa kweBrithani eNdiya) . Kwakunjalo nangensimbi nezinye izimboni, kuze kube manje, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni ye-Reagan evikela kakhulu - ngisho nokubeka eceleni umkhakha wezomnotho. Kuningi ongakusho ngakho konke lokhu. Indaba eningi ifihliwe ngezindlela ezikhethiwe zokulinganisa umnotho, nakuba yaziwa kahle kosomlando wezomnotho nosomlando wobuchwepheshe.
Njengoba wonke umuntu lapha azi, imithetho yomdlalo kungenzeka ithuthukise imiphumela eyingozi kwabampofu. Imithetho ye-WTO ivimbela izindlela ezisetshenziswa yilelo nalelozwe elicebile ukufinyelela isimo salo sokuthuthuka, kuyilapho futhi ihlinzeka ngamazinga angakaze abonwe okuvikela abacebile, okuhlanganisa nombuso welungelo lobunikazi ovimbela ukusungulwa nokukhula ngezindlela ezintsha, futhi uvumela izinhlangano zezinkampani ukuthi qongelela inzuzo enkulu ngokubeka amanani entengo emikhiqizo evamise ukuthuthukiswa ngokunikela okukhulu komphakathi.
Ngaphansi kwezinguqulo zesimanje zezinqubo zendabuko, uhhafu wabantu emhlabeni bamukela ngempumelelo, izinqubomgomo zabo zomnotho eziphethwe ochwepheshe base-Washington. Kodwa ngisho nasemazweni acebile intando yeningi ihlaselwa ngenxa yokugudluzwa kwamandla okuthatha izinqumo kohulumeni, okungenzeka ukuthi baphendule ngokwengxenye emphakathini, embusweni wangasese, ongenawo amaphutha anjalo. Iziqubulo ezikhohlisayo ezinjengokuthi โthemba abantuโ noma โnciphisa umbusoโ azisho, ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje, ukuba kukhuliswe ukulawula okuthandwayo. Bashintsha izinqumo zisuka kohulumeni ziye kwezinye izandla, kodwa hhayi โabantuโ: kunalokho, ukuphathwa kwezinhlangano ezingokomthetho eziqoqekile, ikakhulukazi ezingaphenduli emphakathini, futhi zisebenza ngobushiqela ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi, njengoba nje ama-Conservatives akhokhisa ikhulu leminyaka edlule lapho ephikisana โnokuhlanganiswa kwezinkampani. yaseMelika.โ
Ochwepheshe baseLatin America nezinhlangano zokuvota baye baqaphela iminyaka ethile ukuthi ukwandiswa kwentando yeningi esemthethweni eLatin America kuhambisana nokudumala okwandayo ngentando yeningi, โizindlela ezishaqisayo,โ eziqhubekayo, abahlaziyi baye baqaphela, bephawula ukuxhumana phakathi โkwenhlanhla yezomnotho ewohlokayoโ kanye โukuntula ukholoโ ezikhungweni zentando yeningi (_Financial Times_). Njengoba u-Atilio Boron asho eminyakeni ethile edlule, igagasi elisha lokubusa ngentando yeningi eLatin America laqondana โnezinguqukoโ zezomnotho ze-neoliberal ezibukela phansi intando yeningi ephumelelayo, into esabalele emhlabeni wonke, ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
E-US futhi. Kube nenhlokomo eminingi emphakathini mayelana โnokhetho oluntshontshiweโ lukaNovemba 2000, futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi umphakathi ubonakala ungenandaba. Izizathu okungenzeka ziphakanyiswe ucwaningo lwemibono yomphakathi, oluveza ukuthi ngobusuku bangaphambi kokhetho, abantu abangu-3/4 babheka le nqubo njengenkohliso: umdlalo odlalwa abanikeli bezezimali, abaholi bamaqembu, kanye nemboni yezoBudlelwane Bomphakathi. bakhe abantu abazongenela ukhetho ukuthi basho โcishe noma yini ukuze bazikhetheleโ ukuze umuntu akholwe okuncane abakushoyo ngisho nalapho kuqondakala. Ezindabeni eziningi, izakhamizi azikwazanga ukuhlonza izitendi zabazongenela ukhetho, hhayi ngoba beyiziphukuphuku noma bengazami, kodwa ngenxa yemizamo eqotho yemboni ye-PR. Umklamo waseYunivesithi yaseHarvard oqapha izimo zengqondo zezombangazwe wathola ukuthi โumuzwa wokungabi namandla usufinyelele izinga elimangalisayo,โ abangaphezu kwengxenye bethi abantu abafana nabo banethonya elincane noma abanalo nhlobo kulokho uhulumeni akwenzayo, ukwanda okukhulu phakathi nenkathi ye-neoliberal.
Izindaba lapho umphakathi uhluka khona kwabakhethekile (ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, ezongqondongqondo) azikho ezinhlelweni zohlelo, ikakhulukazi imibuzo yenqubomgomo yezomnotho. Izwe lamabhizinisi, akumangazi ukuthi, livumelana kakhulu โnokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke,โ โizivumelwano zokutshala izimali zamahhalaโ ezibizwa ngokuthi โizivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala,โ i-NAFTA kanye ne-FTAA, GATS, namanye amathuluzi agxilisa ingcebo namandla ezandleni ezingaphenduliwe. emphakathini. Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi isilo esikhulu ngokuvamile siyaphikiswa, cishe ngokomzwelo wemvelo, nangaphandle kokwazi amaqiniso abalulekile esivikelwe kuwo ngokucophelela. Lokhu kulandela ukuthi lezi zindaba aziyilungele imikhankaso yezepolitiki, futhi azizange zivele okhethweni lwangoLwezi wezi-2000. Omunye bekungaba nzima, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola ingxoxo yeNgqungquthela Yamazwe AseMelika ezayo kanye ne-FTAA, nezinye izihloko ezibandakanya izindaba ezikhathaza kakhulu umphakathi. Abavoti baqondiswe kulokho imboni ye-PR ekubiza ngokuthi "izimfanelo zomuntu siqu," hhayi "izingqinamba." Phakathi kwengxenye yabantu abavotayo, echezuke kakhulu kwabacebile, labo ababona ukuthi izimfuno zabo zesigaba zisengozini bavotela lezo zintshisekelo: kakhulu, ngenxa yokusabela okwengeziwe kwamaqembu amabili ebhizinisi. Kodwa umphakathi jikelele uhlukanisa ivoti lawo ngezinye izindlela, okuholela ebudlelwaneni bezibalo. Phakathi kwabantu abasebenzayo, izingqinamba ezingezona ezomnotho ezinjengobunikazi bezibhamu kanye โnenkoloโ kwakuyizici eziyinhloko, kangangokuthi abantu babevame ukuvota ngokumelene nezithakazelo zabo eziyinhloko - ngokusobala becabanga ukuthi akukho okunye ababengakwenza.
Okusele ngentando yeningi kumele kuthathwe njengelungelo lokukhetha phakathi kwempahla. Sekuyisikhathi eside abaholi bezamabhizinisi bechaza isidingo sokuphoqelela kubantu โifilosofi yobuzeโ kanye โnokuntuleka kwenjongo ekuphileni,โ โsokugxilisa ukunakekela komuntu ezintweni ezikha phezulu ezihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwasemfashinini. Bekhunjuzwa inkulumo-ze enjalo kusukela beseyizinsana, abantu bangase bamukele ukuphila kwabo okungenanjongo nokuphansi futhi bakhohlwe imibono engenangqondo ngokuphatha izindaba zabo. Bangase bashiye isiphetho sabo kubathakathi, futhi endaweni yezombangazwe, kwabazibiza ngokuthi "abancane abahlakaniphile" abakhonza futhi baphethe amandla.
>Ngokwalo mbono, ngokwejwayelekile emibonweni yabantu abakhethekile ikakhulukazi phakathi nekhulunyaka elidlule, ukhetho lwangoNovemba 2000 aluvezi iphutha lentando yeningi yase-US, kodwa kunalokho ukunqoba kwayo. Futhi ukwenza ngokujwayelekile, kulungile ukuhalalisela ukunqoba kwentando yeningi kuwo wonke umhlaba, nakwezinye izindawo, nakuba abantu ngandlela thize bengakuboni ngaleyo ndlela.
Umzabalazo wokuphoqelela lowo mbuso uthatha izindlela eziningi, kodwa awupheli, futhi awusoze waphela inqobo nje uma ukugxila okuphezulu kwamandla okuthatha izinqumo kusekhona. Kunengqondo ukulindela ukuthi ongcweti basebenzise noma yiliphi ithuba elivelayo - okwamanje, ukwesaba nosizi lwabantu lapho bebhekene nokuhlasela kwamaphekula, okuyindaba engathi sรญna emazweni aseNtshonalanga manje njengoba, ngobuchwepheshe obusha obukhona, bukhona. ilahlekelwe udlame, igcine udlame olukhulu.
Kodwa asikho isidingo sokwamukela le mithetho, futhi labo abakhathazeke ngesiphetho sezwe nabantu balo ngokuqinisekile bazolandela inkambo ehluke kakhulu. Imizabalazo edumile emelene namalungelo abatshali-zimali "imbulunga yonke," ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, ibe nomthelela ekukhulumeni, futhi ngokwezinga elithile imikhuba, yongcweti bomhlaba wonke, abakhathazekile nabavikelayo. Le nhlangano edumile ayikaze ibonwe ngesilinganiso, ngokwehlukana kwezifunda, kanye nobumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe; imihlangano lapha ingumfanekiso obaluleke kakhulu. Ikusasa ngokwezinga elikhulu lisezandleni zabo. Kunzima ukucabangela ngokweqile lokho okusengozini.
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