Namuhla uhulumeni waseSweden waqaphela iPalestine. Lokhu ukuhunyushwa kwesiNgisi kwe-op-ed eshicilelwe ephepheni elikhulu kunawo wonke le-Swedish ekuseni, i-Dagens Nyheter, ngo-Okthoba 20, elisekela lesi sinqumo. (http://www.dn.se/debatt/ett-erkannande-av-palestina-har-stod-av-var-tids-folkratt/). Okuqukethwe kwalokhu nokunye okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi ngamalungu e-SCILJ kuqukethe imibono eyimfihlo yababhali futhi akubonisi inqubomgomo yesikhungo ye-SCILJ noma yaseStockholm University.
Esitatimendeni senqubomgomo kahulumeni (3 Okthoba), uNdunankulu omusha waseSweden, uStefan Lรถfven, uthe ukungqubuzana phakathi kuka-Israyeli nePalestine kungaxazululwa kuphela ngesixazululo sezizwe ezimbili, "okuxoxiswane ngokuhambisana nemigomo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. ,โ nokuthi iSweden โizosiqaphela iSifundazwe SasePalestine.โ
Kusho ukuthini lokhu ngokombono womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe? Ingabe iSweden ingayibona iPalestine? Kusho ukuthini โngokuhambisana nezimiso zomthetho wamazwe ngamazweโ?
ISweden isivele inobudlelwane obude nePalestine. Ukubambisana kwentuthuko nePalestine Authority kwenziwa ngesivumelwano ne-PLO. I-Palestine inomsebenzi e-Stockholm, ofakwe ohlwini lwezikhulu e-Stockholm futhi eholwa yinxusa. ISweden ivotele yebo lapho iPalestine, ngoNovemba 29, 2012, ithola isimo โsombuso ongelona ilungu elibukayoโ ku-UN, okubonakala ngokunengqondo kusho ukuthi iSweden ngaleso sikhathi yabe ibheka ukuthi iPalestine iyizwe. Ngakho-ke ukuqaphela ngokusemthethweni iPalestine ngeke kube yisinyathelo esikhulu, nakuba sibalulekile.
Ukuqashelwa kuyisenzo sezombusazwe, esinemiphumela ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kusho ukuthi izwe eliqaphelayo kufanele emva kwalokhu liphathe ibhizinisi eliqashelwayo njengombuso. Umbuso ungaqaphela ibhizinisi elisha njengombuso, ngaphandle uma lokho kuqashelwa kwephula amalungelo omunye umbuso; ukuqashelwa okungenabulungiswa kungase kudale ukungenelela ezindabeni zangaphakathi zomunye umbuso kanye nelungelo lawo lobuqotho bendawo, uma umbuso omusha wawuyingxenye yalowo Mbuso ngaphambilini. (Ngokwesibonelo, yilokhu okushiwo yi-Serbia mayelana nokuqashelwa kwe-Kosovo yiSweden nezinye izifundazwe.)
Ngaphambi kokubona izwe elisha, umuntu uzobheka ngokujwayelekile ukuthi izindlela ezintathu zendawo echazwe kakhudlwana noma kancane, inani labantu kanye nohulumeni ophumelelayo ziyahlangatshezwa yini (umgomo wokusebenza ngempumelelo). Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kuye kwavela isimiso esihlukile, okungukuthi โisenzo esingekho emthethweni asikwazi ukukhiqiza amalungelo angokomthetho โ (ex injuria jus non oritur) - esingase sikubize ngomgomo wobulungisa. Lesi simiso, esingase sinqobe umgomo wokusebenza ngempumelelo, sisho ukuthi umbuso awukwazi ukuqashelwa uma wephule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, isib. ngempi noma ngenqubomgomo yobandlululo. Lesi simiso siphinde saqinisekisa ukuqashelwa kwezifunda ezintsha ezingazange zibe nokulawula okuphelele, uma lokhu kuntuleka kokulawula kube ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngomunye umbuso, njengokuthatha noma ukuphika ukuzikhethela. ISweden yaqaphela iCroatia ngo-1992 ngokubhekisela kulo mgomo. Uhulumeni waseCroatia wabe esehluleka ukulawula ngokugcwele indawo yawo ngenxa yemisebenzi yezempi yebutho laseYugoslavia.
Lezi zimiso zisebenza kanjani endabeni yasePalestina? Kuzo zombili iWest Bank kanye neGaza kukhona ukuphatha okusebenzayo (i-PA ne-Hamas, ngokulandelana), futhi i-Hamas ne-Fatah manje bayaxoxisana ukuze balethe uhulumeni obumbene wasePalestine. Kodwa-ke, i-PA ayinakho ukulawula kwezempi phezu kweWest Bank, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakwa-Israyeli, kuhlanganise noDonga kanye nemikhawulo eminingi. Kulapho umgomo wobulungiswa ungena khona.
AmaPalestine anelungelo lokuzibusa, futhi lokhu kungaholela ekwakhekeni kombuso ozimele. NGO-1974, i-UN General Assembly yamemezela ngokujulile โamalungelo abantu basePalestine angenakugwenywaโ, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokuzibusa, ukuzimela kwezwe kanye nobukhosi. Leli lungelo liye laqashelwa cishe yiwo wonke amazwe, futhi laqinisekiswa yiNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe ngo-2004. Ngokusekelwe kuleli lungelo, abantu basePalestina bafuna ukuqashelwa njengezwe labo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yango-1967, okuyiGaza, eNtshonalanga. Ibhange kanye ne-East Jerusalem; kodwa-ke, bazimisele ukushintshanisa izindawo ukuze bavumele ezinye izindawo zokuhlala zakwa-Israel ukuthi ziphelele kwa-Israel.
Ingabe u-Israyeli unelungelo elingqubuzanayo kulezi zindawo? I-East Jerusalem yathathwa ngo-1980 futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngokomthetho wakwa-Israel, iyingxenye ye-Israel, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamenyezelwa ukuthi akukho emthethweni nguMkhandlu Wezokuphepha (isinqumo 478) futhi asaziwa yinoma yimuphi omunye umbuso. Ezinye izingxenye zeWest Bank kanye neGaza azifakiwe, nakuba u-Israel ekushilo ngokucacile ukuthi ufisa ukufaka okungenani ingxenye yeWest Bank, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezingaphansi kweJerusalema, kanye nezingxenye zesigodi saseJordani.
U-Israyeli akanalo ilungelo kunoma iyiphi yalezi zindawo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iMpi Yezinsuku Eziyisithupha ka-1967 yayiyimpi yokuzivikela yakwa-Israyeli noma cha, indawo ingase ingafakwa ngokusebenzisa amandla. Lokhu kuye kwacaciswa eSimemezelweni Sobungane Sobungani esaziwayo se-UN sango-1970, kanye naseSinqumweni SoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN we-UN mayelana neMpumalanga Ephakathi ngo-242.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Israyeli akanalo ilungelo lokuthatha lezi zindawo. Ngesikhathi nangemva kwengxabano yezikhali, uMbuso ungathatha indawo okwesikhashana. Nokho, angeke iguqule indawo okuhlalwa kuyo, isb ngokwethula abantu bayo. Ngisho nemisebenzi esemthethweni - efana ne-Allied occupation of Germany ngo-1945 - kumele iphele ngolunye usuku, ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Uma iMpi Yezinsuku Eziyisithupha ngo-1967 kwakuyimpi yokuzivikela ka-Israyeli - futhi akudingeki sixazulule leyo nkinga lapha - umsebenzi owalandela wawusemthethweni isikhathi esithile. Kodwa singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi umsebenzi awukho emthethweni namuhla, nokuthi sekungamashumi eminyaka kunjalo. Ukwandiswa okunwabuzelayo kuka-Israyeli ngokusebenzisa izindawo zokuhlala ezikhula njalo kanye noDonga/umgoqo kwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu.
Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlonishwa kumele kulinde kuze kube sekuxoxiswane ngesivumelwano phakathi kwezinhlangothi. Kodwa-ke, ukusekela ukuthula nokusekela izingxoxo, akusho lutho uma umuntu engayicacisi imibandela yokuthula. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile, njengoba kushiwo esimemezelweni sikahulumeni waseSweden, ukuthi isixazululo semibuso emibili kufanele kuxoxiswane โngokuhambisana nezimiso zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.โ Njengoba i-Israel ingenalo ilungelo lezindawo ezathathwa ngo-1967, lezi zindawo kumele zikhishwe. Noma yiziphi izinguquko kule mingcele - njengokushintshaniswa komhlaba - kufanele zenziwe ngokuzithandela ngokugcwele ngamaPalestina. Ithimba lasePalestine eligcizelela emingceleni ye-1967 kungenzeka libekwe icala lokungaqondi ngokugcwele amaqiniso ezempi nezombusazwe esifundeni, kodwa alikwazi ukusolwa ngokungazimisele ukuxoxisana, ngoba linokusekelwa okuhle emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe. U-Israyeli, ngokuphambene, ufuna ukugcina iJerusalema lihlanganisa izindawo ezingaphansi kweWest Bank kanye nezinye izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezindawo ezisesigodini saseJordani. I-Israel ifuna ukuthula kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezingenangqondo ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Abanye abahlaziyi bathi imizamo yokusungula ngokusemthethweni izwe lasePalestine iphambene neSivumelwano sase-Oslo. Zombili izinhlangothi zephule lezi zivumelwano ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi i-Israel ikwenze konke lokhu, ngenqubomgomo yayo engaguquki futhi eqhubekayo yokuxazulula, okwenza ukuxoxisana kwesivumelwano kube nzima kakhulu ngosuku.
Konke lokhu kuveza umphumela olandelayo: Abantu basePalestine banombuso obezosebenza kahle, ukube bekungengenxa yokuhlaliswa kuka-Israel ngokungemthetho. I-Israel ayinalo ilungelo elingokomthetho lamazwe ngamazwe elingaphulwa ngokubunjwa kombuso wasePalestine ezindaweni ezithathwe noma ngokuqashelwa kwezwe elinjalo. Ngakho-ke iPalestine kufanele iqashelwe.
I-Pรฅl Wrange
USolwazi Wezomthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe, eStockholm University
Owayengumeluleki Oyinhloko Wezomthetho Womthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Womphakathi kuMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseSweden
Ove Letha
USolwazi ophuma ku-International Law, i-Stockholm University, i-Uppsala University kanye ne-National Defence College
Owayengumeluleki Oyinhloko Wezomthetho Womthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Womphakathi kuMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseSweden
Kusho uMahmoudi
USolwazi Wezomthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe, eStockholm University
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela