Isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu a
ekhulwini leminyaka, iZizwe Ezihlangene ziye zaba inhloko
iforamu ye-United States yokuzama ukwenza i-
umhlaba ngomfanekiso wawo, uhamba nabasekeli bawo
ukwakha izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ngamalungelo abantu,
izivivinyo zenuzi noma imvelo iWashington
wagcizelela ukuthi uzofana nezimiso zakhe."
Uqhuba kanjalo umlando wangemva kwempi, thina
funda esigabeni sokuqala sekhasi lokuqala
indaba nge New York Times umhlaziyi wezepolitiki
UDavid Sanger. Kodwa izikhathi ziyashintsha. Namuhla, i
isihloko sithi: “I-U.S. Is Exporting Its
Amanani Emakethe Yamahhala Nge-Global Commercial
Izivumelwano." Edlula ngokwesiko
ukuthembela ku-UN, ukuphathwa kukaClinton kunjalo
siphendukela kuNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba entsha (WTO)
ukwenza umsebenzi "wokuthekelisa waseMelika
amanani." Phansi komgwaqo, u-Sanger uyaqhubeka
(ecaphuna omele ezohwebo wase-U.S.), kunjalo
i-WTO engase ibe ithuluzi elisebenza kahle kakhulu
ngokuletha "intshisekelo yaseMelika
ukuhoxiswa" kanye nemakethe yamahhala
ngokuvamile, kanye "namanani aseMelika wamahhala
ukuncintisana, imithetho efanelekile, nokusebenza kahle
ukuqinisa umthetho," emhlabeni osalokhu uphithizela
ubumnyama. Lawa "amagugu aseMelika" anjalo
kuboniswa ngokumangalisayo yigagasi le
ikusasa: ezokuxhumana, i-inthanethi,
ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha obusezingeni eliphezulu, nokunye
izimanga ezidalwe yi-American exuberant
umoya wokuhweba okhishwe yimakethe,
ekugcineni ikhululiwe ekugxambheni kukahulumeni yi-
I-Reagan Revolution.
Namuhla "ohulumeni
yonke indawo samukela ivangeli lemakethe yamahhala
eyashunyayelwa ngeminyaka yawo-1980 nguMongameli uReagan kanye
UNdunankulu uMargaret Thatcher we
EBrithani," kubika u-Youssef Ibrahim kwenye
Times Indaba esekhasini lokuqala, igcizelela a
indaba ephathwayo. Thanda noma uzonde, abathanda futhi
abagxeki phezu kohlu olubanzi lwemibono
vuma-ukuze uhlale ku-liberal-to-left
ingxenye ye-spectrum-mayelana ne-"the
ukushanela okungabekezeleleki kwalokho okushiwo ngabasekeli bayo
'inguquko yemakethe'":
"Reaganesque rugged individualism" has
yashintsha imithetho yomdlalo emhlabeni wonke, ngenkathi
lapha ekhaya "amaRiphabhulikhi namaDemocrats
ngokufanayo balungele ukunikeza imakethe ngokugcwele
zinyakaze” ekuzinikeleni kwabo “kokusha
Orthodox."
Kunezinombolo eziningi
izinkinga ngesithombe. Enye i-akhawunti ye
ingxenye yokugcina yekhulunyaka. Ngisho nabazinikele kakhulu
abakholelwa "kumishini yaseMelika"
kufanele wazi ukuthi ubudlelwano be-U.S./UN bebukhona
cishe okuphambene nalokho okuvulayo
Isiqephu sibonisa kusukela i-UN yawa
lawula ngenqubekelaphambili ye-decolonization,
ukushiya i-U.S. ihlukaniswe njalo ngokuphikisana
ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba ngezindaba eziningi ezahlukene kanye
ezibophezele ukubukela phansi izingxenye ezimaphakathi ze
i-UN, ikakhulukazi labo abanomhlaba wesithathu
umumo. Miningi imibuzo emayelana nomhlaba
impikiswano, kodwa ngokuqinisekile hhayi lena.
Ngokuqondene ne "Reaganesque
ubuntu obuqinile" kanye nokukhulekela kwabo
emakethe, mhlawumbe kwanele ukucaphuna ukubuyekezwa
iminyaka yeReagan Izindaba Zangaphandle by
Umuntu Omkhulu Wezezimali Zamazwe Ngamazwe e
Council on Foreign Relations, ephawula
"okuhlekisayo" ukuthi uRonald Reagan, "the
isikhulu esiphezulu sangemva kwempi esinothando kakhulu
uthando lwe-laissez faire, lwengamele okukhulu kakhulu
jikela ekuvikelekeni kusukela
1930s" - akukho "indida," kodwa
ukusebenza okuvamile "kothando oluvuthayo lwe
laissez faire": ngawe, isiyalo semakethe,
kodwa hhayi kimi, ngaphandle kokuthi "ukudlala
insimu" kwenzeka ukuthi itshekele kimi,
ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinga elikhulu
ukungenelela. Kunzima ukuthola enye
itimu ebusa kakhulu emlandweni wezomnotho we
emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka edlule. Intshisekelo yamanje
mayelana nenguquko yezokuxhumana uSanger
ukubika kuyicala lencwadi yokufunda.
AmaReaganites ayelandela a
inkambo enyathelwe kahle-esanda kuguqulwa ibe a
umdlalo wamahlaya kaGingrich
"ama-Conservatives" - lapho bebabaza
ubuhle bemakethe futhi ikhishwe ngokuqinile
izinkulumo mayelana namasiko aqeda amandla
ukuncika kwabampofu ekhaya naphesheya ngenkathi
ukuziqhayisa ngokuziqhenya ezweni lamabhizinisi ukuthi
U-Reagan "unikeze usizo olwengeziwe lokungenisa
Imboni yase-US kunanoma yimuphi wabanduleli bakhe kuyo
ngaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka"; eqinisweni, ngaphezulu
kunabo bonke ababengaphambi kwabo behlangene, njengoba behola
"ukuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo [kuhwebo lwamahhala]
isimiso" ngabacebile nabanamandla abavela
ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, kucatshangelwe ekubuyekezweni kwezazi ngu
Usomnotho we-GATT u-Patrick Low, owathi
ilinganisela imiphumela ekhawulelwe ye-Reaganite
ilinganisa cishe ngokuphindwe kathathu kunezinye
amazwe ezimboni ahamba phambili.
I-radical "swing
ekuvikelweni" kwakuyingxenye kuphela ye-
"ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo" ekuhwebeni kwamahhala
izimiso ezasheshiswa ngaphansi
"Reaganite ubuntu obuqinile."
Esinye isahluko sendaba sihlanganisa nesikhulu
ukudluliswa kwezimali zomphakathi emandleni angasese, ngokuvamile
ngaphansi kwesimo sendabuko sokuthi
"ezokuphepha." Ngaphandle okweqisayo okunjalo
izilinganiso zokugxambukela kwemakethe, kuyangabazeka
ukuthi izimoto zase-U.S., insimbi, ithuluzi lomshini,
izimboni ze-semiconductor, nezinye, zizoba nazo
wasinda emncintiswaneni waseJapane noma ukwazile
qhubekela phambili kubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, ngobubanzi
imiphumela ngomnotho.
"I-Thatcher
IBrithani" kungenye indlela enhle yokwenza
bonisa "ivangeli lemakethe yamahhala." Nje
ukugcina izambulo ezimbalwa zasekuqaleni kuka-1997,
"ngesikhathi sokucindezela okukhulu
thengisa izikhali eTurkey," London
Observer kubika, uNdunankulu uThatcher
“ngizingenelele mathupha ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkokhelo
wamapondo ayizigidi ezingama-22 enziwe ngawo
Isabelomali sosizo saphesheya saseBrithani, ukusiza ukwakha
i-metro enhlokodolobha yaseTurkey i-Ankara. I
Iphrojekthi yayingenawo umnotho, futhi ngo-1995 kwaba njalo
kuvunyelwe" nguNobhala Wezangaphandle uDouglas Hurd
ukuthi "kwakungekho emthethweni." Isigameko
yayiphawuleka ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwe-
ihlazo lasePergau Dam, eliveze okungekho emthethweni
I-Thatcherite isiza "kuya
Izikhali 'ezimnandi' ziphathelene nomuntu waseMalaysia
umbuso,” ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esiphikisana nayo
Hurd. Lokho ngaphandle kwesikweletu sikahulumeni
iziqinisekiso nezinhlelo zezimali, kanye
ingxenye esele ye-panoply yamadivayisi ezodluliswa esidlangalaleni
imali "embonini yezokuvikela," enikeza a
uhla olujwayelekile lwezinzuzo embonini ethuthukile
ngokuvamile.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili, okufanayo
iphephabhuku labika ukuthi “kufika ku-2 million
Izingane zaseBrithani zihlushwa ukugula futhi
ukukhula okukhubazekile ngenxa yokungondleki" as
umphumela "wobumpofu ngezinga elingakaze libonwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi
ngawo-1930." Umkhuba wokukhula kwengane
impilo iye yahlehla kanye nezifo zezingane ukuthi
ibilawulwa manje ikhuphuka kakhulu ngiyabonga
kuya (ekhetheke kakhulu) "imakethe yamahhala
ivangeli" ethakaselwa kakhulu ngabakwa
abahlomulayo.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili, a
Isihloko esiphambili sabika "Oyedwa kwabathathu baseBrithani
abantwana abazalelwa ebumpofu, "njengengane
ubumpofu bukhule ngokuphindwe kathathu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi
UMargaret Thatcher uqokwe. "
"Izifo ze-Dickensian zibuyela emuva
namuhla iBrithani,” esinye isihloko
ifundeka, ibike izifundo eziphetha ngokuthi
“Izimo zomphakathi eBrithani ziyabuya
kulabo bekhulu leminyaka elidlule.” Ikakhulukazi
mibi imiphumela yokunqanyulwa kwegesi,
ugesi, amanzi, kanye nezingcingo "a
inani eliphezulu lemizi" njengebhizinisi elizimele
ithatha inkambo yayo yemvelo, nge ezihlukahlukene
amadivayisi athanda "abacebe kakhulu
amakhasimende" futhi inani "lenkokhiso
kwabampofu,” okuholela “ekukhuleni
umhosha wamandla phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu," futhi
ekuhlinzekweni kwamanzi nezinye izinsiza. I
"ukusikeka sage" ezinhlelweni zomphakathi kukhona
ukubeka isizwe “ekubanjweni kokwethuka
mayelana nokuwohloka komphakathi okuseduze.” Kodwa
imboni nezezimali zihlomula kahle kakhulu
kusukela ekukhethweni okufanayo kwenqubomgomo. Ukuqeda konke,
ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-17 kaThatcherite
ivangeli lalifana namaphesenti angama-42 1/4 we-GDP yalo
kwaba ngenkathi ethatha izintambo.
Akujwayelekile impela
lapha.
Ukuthumela
Amanani aseMelika
Asibeke eceleni
umehluko othakazelisayo phakathi kwemfundiso neqiniso,
futhi ubone ukuthi yini engafundwa ngokuhlola okusha
inkathi ezayo. Kakhulu, I
ukucabanga.
U-Sanger ugubha i-
Isivumelwano se-WTO sezokuxhumana. Enye yazo
imiphumela eyamukelekile ukunikeza iWashington a
"ithuluzi elisha lenqubomgomo yangaphandle." I
isivumelwano "sinikeza amandla i-WTO ukuthi ingene ngaphakathi
imingcele yamazwe angama-70 asayinile
yona," futhi akuyona imfihlo ukuthi amazwe ngamazwe
izikhungo zingasebenza ngendlela ezigcina ngayo
izidingo zabanamandla, ikakhulukazi, i
I-united states. Emhlabeni wangempela, ke, the
"ithuluzi elisha" livumela i-U.S. ukuthi ingenele
ngokujulile ezindabeni zangaphakathi zabanye,
ebaphoqa ukuthi baguqule imithetho yabo futhi
imikhuba. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-WTO izoqinisekisa lokho
amanye amazwe “ayaqhubeka
izibopho zabo zokuvumela abokufika
invest" ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa ezindaweni ezimaphakathi
yomnotho wabo. Esimeni esiqondile esikhona,
umphumela okungenzeka ucace kubo bonke: "I
abahlomuli bezinkampani ezisobala kule nkathi entsha
kuzoba ngabathwali base-U.S., abasesimweni esihle kakhulu
ukubusa inkundla esezingeni,” the Kude
Ukubuyekezwa Komnotho WaseMpumalanga (I-FEER) amaphuzu
ngaphandle, kanye ne-UK-U.S. i-megacorporation.
Akubona bonke abajabulile
ngamathemba. Abawinile bayakubona lokho
iqiniso, futhi banikeze incazelo yabo: ku
Amazwi kaSanger, abanye bayakwesaba lokho
"Imidondoshiya yezokuxhumana yaseMelika ...
ukuqeda amandla agunyazwe uhulumeni
ama-monopolies osekunesikhathi eside ebusa
ezokuxhumana eYurophu kanye
Asia”—njengase-United States, isikhathi eside
esikhathini esidlule lapho kwase kuba khona kakhulu
umnotho ohamba phambili emhlabeni futhi onamandla kakhulu
isimo. Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuphawula lokho okukhulu
amagalelo kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje aqhamuka ku
ama-laboratories ocwaningo lwe-"flabby
i-monopoly egunyazwe uhulumeni" lokho
ubuse ezokuxhumana lapha kuze kube
1970s, isebenzisa inkululeko yayo ekuqondisweni kwemakethe
ukuhlinzekela izidingo zemikhakha ethuthukile ye
imboni ngokuvamile ngokudluliswa kwezimali zomphakathi
(ngezindlela ezingaqondile, ngokungafani neziqondile kakhulu
izindlela zohlelo lwePentagon).
Ababambelele
ngokungenangqondo esikhathini esidlule bheka izinto kancane
ngokuhlukile. I I-FEER ikhomba lokho
"imisebenzi izolahleka" e-Asia futhi
“Abathengi abaningi base-Asia kuzodingeka bakhokhe ngaphezulu
ngesevisi yocingo ngaphambi kokuthi bakhokhe
kancane." Bazokhokha nini kancane?
ikusasa eliqhakazile kuze kuse, kudingekile kuphela
abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ukuba "bakhuthazwe ... ukuthi benze okuthile
ngezindlela ezifunwa umphakathi," hhayi nje nge
iso lenzuzo kanye nenkonzo kwabacebile kanye
umhlaba webhizinisi. Lesi simangaliso sizofika kanjani
i-pass ayichazwanga, nakuba ngokungangabazeki i
isiphakamiso sizogqugquzela ukucabanga okujulile ku
indlunkulu yezinkampani.
Esikhathini esihambisanayo
ekuhleleni, isivumelwano se-WTO sizophakamisa ucingo
izindleko zesevisi zabathengi abaningi base-Asia, i Buyekeza
uyabikezela. “Iqiniso liwukuthi, bambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa
amakhasimende e-Asia azozuza ngokushibhile
amanani aphesheya kwezilwandle" okulindeleke ngawo
ukuthathwa yizinkampani ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi
American. E-Indonesia, isibonelo, cishe kuphela
Abantu abangu-300,000 kwabangu-190 million bashaya izingcingo phesheya kwezilwandle
nhlobo, ikakhulukazi umkhakha wamabhizinisi.
“Kungenzeka kakhulu izindleko zendawo
Isevisi ye-telecoms, ngokuvamile, izokhuphuka" ku
I-Asia, ngokusho kukaDavid Barden, wesifunda
Umhlaziyi wezokuxhumana we-J.P. Morgan Securities in
I-Hong Kong. Kodwa konke lokho kukuhle, yena
uyaqhubeka: "uma ingekho inzuzo ku
ibhizinisi, ngeke libe khona."
Futhi manje leyo mpahla yomphakathi isengeziwe
zinikelwe ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe, zazinakho
ngcono kuqinisekiswe inzuzo -
ezokuxhumana namuhla, kanye nebanga elibanzi kakhulu
yezinsizakalo ezihlobene kusasa. Ibhizinisi press
ubikezela ukuthi "ukuxhumana komuntu siqu kuphelile
I-inthanethi [kuhlanganise namanethiwekhi ezinkampani kanye
ukusebenzisana] kuzodlula ezokuxhumana
iminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha, nabaqhubi bezingcingo banayo
intshisekelo enkulu yokungena ku-inthanethi
ibhizinisi." Ecabanga ngekusasa lakhe
inkampani yakhe, i-Intel CEO u-Andrew Grove ubona
I-inthanethi "njengenguquko enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni lethu
imvelo" okwamanje. Ulindele
ukukhula kwesilinganiso esikhulu "sokuxhumana
abahlinzeki, abantu abahilelekile ekukhiqizeni
IWebhu Yomhlaba Wonke, abantu abenza i-
amakhompyutha" ("abantu" okusho
izinkampani), kanye nemboni yezokukhangisa,
kakade isebenza cishe ku-$350 billion ngonyaka
kanye nokulindela amathuba amasha nge
ukwenziwa kwangasese kwe-inthanethi, okulindelekile
ukuyiguqulela ku-oligopoly yomhlaba wonke.
Okwamanje ukwenziwa okuyimfihlo
ihamba phambili kwenye indawo. Ukuthatha okukodwa okubalulekile
icala, phezu kokuphikiswa okukhulu okudumile
uhulumeni waseBrazil unqume ukwenza okuyimfihlo
I-Vale Company, elawula i-uranium enkulu, insimbi,
kanye neminye imithombo yezimbiwa kanye nezimboni kanye
izinsiza zokuthutha, okuhlanganisa neziyinkimbinkimbi
ubuchwepheshe. I-Vale inenzuzo enkulu, nge
Imali engenayo ka-1996 engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zamaRandi, futhi inhle kakhulu
amathemba ekusasa; ingesi-1 kwezi-6 zesiLatini
Amabhizinisi aseMelika akleliswe phakathi kwama-500 kakhulu
enenzuzo emhlabeni. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngochwepheshe
weSikole Seziqu Zobunjiniyela e
I-Federal University e-Rio ilinganisela ukuthi
uhulumeni uye wabukela phansi iNkampani,
ephawula futhi ukuthi yayithembele ku-
"ozimele" ukuhlaziywa kukaMerrill
Lynch, okwenzeka ukuthi ihlotshaniswe ne
I-Anglo American conglomerate efuna uku
ukuthatha lesi sici esimaphakathi saseBrazil
umnotho. Uhulumeni uyakuphika ngolaka lokho
iziphetho. Uma zinembile, njengoba kungenzeka
ngokusobala, kuzowela endaweni enkulu
iphethini ejwayelekile.
Amazwana aseceleni:
Ezokuxhumana azifani neze ne-uranium.
Lapho kukhona nokuzenzisa kwentando yeningi,
ukuxhumana kusenhliziyweni yayo. Ukugxila kwe
ukuxhumana kunoma yiziphi izandla (ikakhulukazi zakwamanye amazwe
izandla) iphakamisa imibuzo ebucayi mayelana
intando yeningi ephusile. Kuphakama imibuzo efanayo
mayelana nokugxilwa kwezimali, okubukela phansi
ukubandakanyeka okudumile kwezenhlalo nezomnotho
ukuhlela. Ukulawula ukudla kuphakamisa nakakhulu
imibuzo engathi sína, kulokhu mayelana nokusinda. A
ngonyaka odlule unobhala-jikelele we-UN Food and
Inhlangano yezoLimo, ixoxa nge
“Inkinga yokudla kulandela ukwenyuka okukhulu kokusanhlamvu
amanani kulo nyaka,” kuxwayisa amazwe
"kumele athembele kakhulu ekudleni
ukukhiqizwa," i London Financial Times
kubika. I-FAO iyaxwayisa "ukuthuthuka
amazwe" ukuze uhlehlise izinqubomgomo ezibekiwe
phezu kwabo nge "Washington Consensus,"
izinqubomgomo ezibe nomthelela omubi kuzo
eziningi zomhlaba, kuyilapho kufakazela isibusiso esikhulu
i-subsidized agribusiness - kwenzeka, futhi
ekushushumbisweni kwezidakamizwa, mhlawumbe okumangalisa kakhulu
impumelelo yezinguquko ze-neoliberal njengoba kwahlulelwa ngu
"amanani emakethe yamahhala" ukuthi
"I-U.S. iyathumela."
Ukulawula phezu kwempahla yokudla
iziqhwaga zezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ziyaqhubeka,
kanye nesivumelwano sezokuxhumana
kusayinwe futhi kulethwe, izinsiza zezezimali zilandela
emugqeni.
Ukufingqa, okulindelekile
imiphumela yokunqoba kwe "American
amanani" e-WTO yilawa: (1) "okusha
ithuluzi" lokungenelela okude kwe-U.S
ezindabeni zangaphakathi zabanye; (2) ibe
ukuthatha umkhakha obalulekile weminotho yangaphandle
ngezinkampani ezizinze e-U.S.; (3) izinzuzo ze
imikhakha yamabhizinisi kanye nabacebile; (4) ukushintshwa kwe
izindleko kubantu jikelele; (5) entsha kanye
izikhali ezingaba namandla ngokumelene nosongo
yentando yeningi.
Umuntu onengqondo angase abuze
noma ngabe lokhu okulindelekile kunokuthile okwenzayo
ngomkhosi, noma ngabe balungile
okuhambisana nokunqoba kwesimiso okungukuthi
igujwa ngokuzibophezela emazingeni aphezulu.
Ukungabaza kukhula ngokuqhathanisa le Izikhathi'
isithombe senkathi yangemva kwempi ngeqiniso elingaphikiswa.
Ibuye ithuthukiswe ngokubheka ezinye ze
umlando omangalisayo, phakathi kwawo,
ukuthi labo abasethubeni lokuphoqelela amaphrojekthi abo
ungagcini ngokuwancoma ngentshiseko kodwa futhi
ngokuvamile bayazuza kubo, noma ngabe amanani
okuthiwa zibandakanya ukuhweba mahhala noma okunye okuhle
izimiso—ezivela ngokusebenza zibe njalo
icushwe kahle ngezidingo zalabo abasebenzisa i-
umdlalo nokujabulisa umphumela. Logic iyodwa nje
phakamisa ukuthinta kokungabaza lapho iphethini ikhona
kuphindiwe. Umlando kufanele ukukhuphule izinga eliphezulu.
Eqinisweni, asidingi ngisho
sesha kuze kube manje.
Okungalungile
Forum
Ngalo lolo suku olungaphambili
ikhasi belibika ukunqoba kwe-American
amanani eNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba, New
I-York Times abahleli baxwayise i-European Union
hhayi ukuphendukela ku-WTO ukuze inqume ngecala layo lokho
i-U.S. yephula izivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala.
Inkinga ekhona yi-Helms-Burton Act, yona
"iphoqa i-United States ukuthi iphoqelele
unswinyo ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe ezikwenzayo
ibhizinisi eCuba." Izijeziso "zingaba
ngaphandle ngempumelelo azibandakanyi lezi zinkampani ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe
ukuya, noma ukwenza ibhizinisi e-United States, ngisho
uma imikhiqizo nemisebenzi yabo ingenalutho
yenzani neCuba" (uPeter Morici, owayengumqondisi
wezomnotho e-U.S. International Trade
Ikhomishini). Lokho akuyona inhlawulo encane, ngisho
ngaphandle kwezinsongo ezibhekiswe ngqo
abantu kanye nezinkampani ezeqa umugqa ukuthi
IWashington izodweba unilaterally. Abahleli
thatha uMthetho "njengomzamo ongafanele ngo-
Ikhongolose ukuthi iphoqelele inqubomgomo yayo yangaphandle
abanye"; uMorici uyayiphikisa ngoba
"kudala izindleko ezingaphezu kwezinzuzo"
e-U.S. Okukhulu okukhulunywa ngakho ukuvinjelwa
uqobo, "ukuklinywa komnotho waseMelika
yaseCuba” abahleli abayibiza ngokuthi “umkhuhlane
war anachronism," ishiywe kakhulu ngoba
iba yingozi ezintshisakalweni zebhizinisi lase-U.S.
Kodwa imibuzo ebanzi ka
okulungile nokungalungile akuvuki, nakho konke
Indaba “iyipolitiki
impikiswano," the Times ingcindezi yabahleli,
hhayi ukuthinta eWashington
"izibopho zokuhweba mahhala." Njengabaningi
abanye, abahleli ngokusobala bacabanga ukuthi uma
IYurophu iphikelela, i-WTO cishe izobusa
ngokumelene ne-United States. Ngokunjalo, i-WTO
akuyona inkundla efanele.
I-logic ilula, futhi
ejwayelekile. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngezizathu ezifanayo, i-
INkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe itholwe iyinhlangano
inkundla engafanele yokwahlulela iNicaragua
amacala abhekene neWashington. I-U.S. yenqaba i-ICJ
amandla, nalapho iNkantolo isilahla
I-US "ngokusebenzisa amandla ngokungemthetho,"
iyala iWashington ukuthi iyeke ukusebenza kwayo kwamanye amazwe
ubuphekula, ukwephulwa kwezivumelwano, nokungekho emthethweni
impi yezomnotho, kanye nokukhokha imali eningi
ukubuyisela, iCongress elawulwa yiDemocrat
asabele ngokukhula ngokushesha ubugebengu ngenkathi
iNkantolo yalahlwa nxazonke ngokuthi a
"inkundla enenzondo" ekade yalahlwa
ngokwayo ngokukhipha isinqumo ngokumelene ne-United
Amazwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo ngokwaso sasinqabile
kubika, kuhlanganise namagama asanda kucashunwa kanye ne
isinqumo esicacile sokuthi usizo lwe-U.S
"ezempi" hhayi
"okusiza abantu." Kanye ne-U.S.
isiqondiso samabutho amaphekula, usizo
yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho i-U.S. ibeka intando yayo, njalo
ebizwa ngokuthi "usizo lwesintu." Esidlangalaleni
umlando ugcina izivumelwano ezifanayo.
I-U.S. yabe isiphikisa a
Isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha esibiza zonke izifundazwe
ukugcina umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe (akubikwanga kangako),
futhi wavota yedwa (ne-El Salvador ne-Israel)
ngokumelene neSinqumo Somhlangano Jikelele esibizayo
"ukuhambisana ngokugcwele nokusheshayo" ne
isinqumo seNkantolo—esingabikwanga ku
okujwayelekile, njengoba kwakunjalo ukuphindaphinda okulandelayo
ngonyaka, kulokhu kugibele u-Israyeli kuphela. I
lonke udaba luba umfanekiso ojwayelekile
ukuthi i-U.S. yayisebenzisa kanjani i-UN njenge
"inkundla" yokubeka "eyakhe
amanani."
Ibuyela kweyamanje
Icala le-WTO, ngoNovemba 1996, iWashington yavota
yedwa (no-Israyeli kanye ne-Uzbekistan) ngokumelene a
I-General Assembly Resolution, isekelwa yiwo wonke
I-European Union, inxusa i-US ukuthi ilahle
ukuvinjelwa kweCuba. Inhlangano ye
Amazwe aseMelika asevele avotele ngazwi linye
wenqaba uMthetho weHelms-Burton, futhi wawucelile
inhlangano yokwahlulela (I-Inter-American Juridical
Ikomidi) lokuthatha isinqumo mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwayo. Ngo-August
1996, i-IAJC yanquma ngazwilinye ukuthi uMthetho
wephule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngonyaka odlule, i-
I-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the
I-OAS yayiyigxekile imingcele yase-US
ukuthunyelwa kokudla nemithi eCuba njenge
ukwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. UClinton
impendulo yabaphathi kwaba ukuthi ukuthunyelwa
zomuthi azivinjelwe ngokoqobo, kuphela
kuvinjwe izimo ezinzima kakhulu futhi
esabisa ngokuthi ngisho nezinkampani ezinkulu
lapha naphesheya abazimisele ukubhekana
amathemba (izijeziso ezinkulu zezezimali kanye
ukuboshwa ngalokho iWashington enquma ukuba yikho
ukwephulwa "kokusabalalisa okufanele,"
ukuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi nezindiza, ukugqugquzelwa kwe
imikhankaso yemidiya, njll.). Futhi ngenkathi ukuthunyelwa kokudla
zivinjelwe ngempela, i-Administration iyakuphikisa lokho
kukhona "abahlinzeki abanele" kwenye indawo
(ngezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu), ukuze oqondile
ukwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe akuyona a
ukuhlukumeza.
Njengoba udaba lwalethwa
i-EU kuNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba, i-U.S.
uhoxile ezinqubweni zemodeli ye-ICJ,
ngokuluphetha ngempumelelo udaba.
Ngamafuphi, umhlaba ukuthi
i-U.S. iye yafuna "ukudala kuyo
image" ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe
eyodwa esekelwe esimisweni sokubusa kwamandla.
"Intshisekelo yaseMelika yokuhweba mahhala"
kuhlanganisa ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US angase ephule
izivumelwano zohwebo ngokuthanda kwakhe. Ayikho inkinga eqhamuka nini
ezokuxhumana, ezezimali kanye nokudla kukhona
ithathwe izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe (ikakhulukazi zase-U.S.).
Izinto zihlukile, nokho, lapho uhweba
izivumelwano kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kuyaphazamisa
amaphrojekthi wabanamandla.
Sifunda okwengeziwe nge
ukuphenya izizathu zokwenqaba kwe-U.S
umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezivumelwano zohwebo. Kwe
Icala laseNicaragua, Umeluleki Wezomthetho Womnyango Wezwe
U-Abraham Sofaer wachaza ukuthi lapho i-U.S.
wamukela igunya leNkantolo Yomhlaba ngeminyaka yawo-1940,
amalungu amaningi e-UN “ayehambisana
i-United States futhi yabelana ngemibono yayo mayelana
Uhlelo lwezwe.” Kodwa manje “Abaningi kakhulu
lezi azikwazi ukubalwa ukuthi sabelane ngombono wethu ngazo
umbono wokuqala womthethosisekelo we-UN
Charter," kanye "Leli ningi elifanayo ngokuvamile
iphikisana ne-United States ngokubalulekile
imibuzo yamazwe ngamazwe." Ngakho-ke
Kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-U.S. kufanele ibe kude
kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960s ekuvoteleni izinqumo ze-UN
anhlobonhlobo izindaba kuhlanganise international
umthetho, amalungelo abantu, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, kanye
njalo njalo (isibili sase-UK, iFrance ingxenye yesithathu ekude),
ngokuphambene ngokuqondile nenguqulo evamile
kuphindwe esigabeni sokuqala esingenhla. I-U.S.
ithuthukise ukuhola kwayo enye inothi ngemuva nje kwalokho
le akhawunti ivele, yenza i-veto yayo yama-71
kusukela ngo-1967. Lapho umbuzo (Israel
izindawo zokuhlala eJerusalema) wathuthela kuJenene
I-Assembly, i-U.S. kanye ne-Israel bebodwa
ukuphikiswa, futhi iphethini evamile.
Ukudweba okwemvelo
iziphetho zokungathembeki komhlaba,
USofaer waqhubeka nokuchaza ukuthi kufanele manje
“sizigcinele thina amandla okunquma
ukuthi iNkantolo inegunya phezu kwethu a
icala elithile." Isikhathi eside
isimiso, manje esizosetshenziswa emhlabeni okhona
ayisalaleli, leyo “United
Amazwe awamukeli igunya eliyimpoqo
nganoma iyiphi ingxabano ehilela izindaba
ngaphakathi kwendawo yokulawula ye-United
States, njengoba kunqunywe yi-United States."
“Izindaba zasekhaya” okukhulunywa ngazo zazinjalo
ukuhlasela kwe-US ngokumelene neNicaragua.
Umsebenzi oyisisekelo
umgomo washiwo ngobuciko entsha
UNobhala Wezwe, uMadeleine Albright, lapho e
wafundisa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN mayelana nayo
ukungafuni ukuhambisana nezimfuno zase-U.S
mayelana ne-Iraq: I-US "izoziphatha, nge
abanye, multilaterally lapho singakwazi futhi
unilaterally njengoba kufanele," ebona no
imikhawulo yangaphandle endaweni ethathwayo
"okubalulekile kuzwelonke lase-U.S
izithakazelo”—njengoba kunqunywe yi-United
Amazwe. I-UN iyinkundla efanelekile uma yayo
amalungu "angabalwa" ukuze abelane ngawo
Imibono kaWashington, kodwa hhayi lapho
iningi "liphikisa i-United States
imibuzo ebalulekile yamazwe ngamazwe."
Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nentando yeningi kulungile
izinto—kodwa njengoba kwahlulelwa ngomphumela, hhayi
inqubo; njengokuhweba mahhala.
I-U.S. yamanje imile
Ngakho-ke icala le-WTO aliphuli isisekelo esisha.
IWashington imemezele ukuthi i-WTO "ayinayo
amandla okuqhubeka" odabeni lwe
Ukuphepha kwezwe laseMelika; kufanele siqonde
ukuthi ubukhona bethu busengozini
ukuklinywa komnotho waseCuba. Isinqumo se-WTO
ngokumelene ne-U.S. uma ingekho ngeke kube yinto engekho
ukubaluleka noma ukukhathazeka, ukuphathwa kukaClinton
umkhulumeli wengeze, ngoba "asazi
kholelwa noma yini eshiwo yi-WTO noma eyenzayo ingaphoqa
i-U.S. ukushintsha imithetho yayo.” Khumbula lokho
ukufaneleka okukhulu kwe-WTO yezokuxhumana
isivumelwano sasiwukuthi leli "thuluzi elisha lakwamanye amazwe
inqubomgomo" iphoqa amanye amazwe ukuthi ashintshe
imithetho nemikhuba yabo, ngokuvumelana neyethu
izimfuno.
Umgomo wukuthi i
I-U.S. ikhululiwe ekuphazamisekeni kwe-WTO lwayo
imithetho, njengoba kukhululekile ukwephula amazwe ngamazwe
umthetho ngokuthanda; ngokuhlukile, nakuba ilungelo lingase libe
inwetshelwe ezifundazweni zamaklayenti njengezimo
dinga. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zomhlaba
ukuhleleka kuphinde kuzwakale, kunomsindo futhi kucace.
Izivumelwano zangaphambili ze-GATT
wayevumele okuhlukile kwezokuphepha kwezwe, futhi
ngaphansi kwabo, i-Washingon yayikuthethelele ukuvinjelwa kwayo
ngokumelene neCuba "njengezinyathelo ezithathwayo
Izintshisekelo ezibalulekile zezokuphepha zase-US." I-WTO
isivumelwano siphinde sivumele ilungu ukuthi lithathe "noma yikuphi
isenzo esibona sidingekile ukuze kuvikelwe
yezintshisekelo zayo ezibalulekile zokuphepha," kodwa
kuphela mayelana nezindaba ezintathu eziqokiwe:
izinto ezihlukanisekayo, ukuhamba kwezikhali, kanye
izenzo "ezithathwe ngesikhathi sempi noma okunye
izimo eziphuthumayo ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe."
Mhlawumbe awufuni ukuba serekhodini ngokusemthethweni
ngokungenangqondo okuphelele, uClinton
abaphathi abazange bakubize ngokusemthethweni
"ukukhululwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke," noma kunjalo
yakwenza kwacaca ukuthi udaba
"ukuphepha kwezwe."
Ngesikhathi sokubhala, i
I-EU ne-U.S. bazama ukuhlela isivumelwano
ngaphambi kuka-Ephreli 14, lapho ukulalelwa kwe-WTO
ihlelelwe ukuqala. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i- Wall Street
Journal kubika, iWashington "isho
ngeke ibambisane namaphaneli e-WTO, bephikisana
ukuthi inhlangano yezohwebo ayinakho
amandla ezindabeni zokuphepha kwezwe."
Okuhloniphekile
imicabango
Abantu abanesizotha abekho
kufanele akhumbule ukusabela ngesikhathi uKennedy
yazama ukuhlela izinyathelo ezihlangene ngokumelene neCuba
ngo-1961: IMexico ayikwazanga ukuhamba naye, inxusa
wachaza, ngoba "Uma simemezela esidlangalaleni
ukuthi iCuba iyingozi ekuvikelekeni kwethu, amashumi amane
Abantu baseMexico abayizigidi bazofa behleka.” Nakhu
thatha umbono ohluzekile wezinsongo kuzwelonke
ukuphepha.
Bekungekho futhi okubikiwe
ukufa ngohleko lapho Administration
umkhulumeli uStuart Eizenstat, ethethelela
Ukwenqaba kukaWashington i-WTO
izivumelwano, "waphikisana ngokuthi iYurophu
inselele 'amashumi amathathu eminyaka e-American Cuba
inqubomgomo ebuyela emuva kuKennedy
Ukuphatha,’ futhi kuhloswe ngakho ngokuphelele
ukuphoqa ushintsho kuhulumeni eHavana" (NYT).
Ukusabela okusangulukile kuhlelekile ngokuphelele
ukucabanga ukuthi i-U.S. inalo lonke ilungelo loku
ukuketula omunye uhulumeni; kulokhu, ngu
ulaka, ukwesabeka okukhulu, kanye nezomnotho
ukuklinywa.
Umcabango usalokhu ukhona
indawo futhi ngokusobala akuphikiswanga, kodwa
Isitatimende sika-Eizenstat sigxekwe
izizathu ezincanyana zesazi-mlando u-Arthur Schlesinger.
Ukubhala "njengomunye obambe iqhaza kuKennedy
Inqubomgomo yokuphatha yaseCuba,"
USchlesinger uveze ukuthi ngaphansi kukaNobhala we
I-Commerce Eizenstat ibingaziqondi izinqubomgomo
wokuphatha uKennedy. Ukukhathazeka kwayo kwaba
I-Cuba "ibangela izinkinga e
i-hemisphere" kanye "neSoviet
ukuxhumana." Kodwa lezi manje sezingemuva kwethu, ngakho
Izinqubomgomo zikaClinton ziyi-anachronism, noma kunjalo
ngaphandle kwalokho, kubonakala kungenakuphikiswa.
USchlesinger akazange achaze
incazelo yemisho ethi "ukwenza inkinga ku
i-hemisphere" kanye "neSoviet
ukuxhumana," kodwa kukhona kwenye indawo, phakathi
imfihlo. Ukubika kuMongameli ozayo ngo
iziphetho ze-Latin American Mission in
ekuqaleni kuka-1961, uSchlesinger wayichaza inkinga
"yokwenza inkinga" kukaCastro: kunjalo
"Ukusabalala komqondo kaCastro wokuthatha
izinto ezandleni zomuntu," a
inkinga engathí sina, wanezela ngemva nje kwalokho, nini
“Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba nezinye izinhlobo
ingcebo yesizwe ivuna kakhulu abanempahla
izigaba…[kanye] Abampofu nabampofu,
ekhuthazwa isibonelo samaCuba
revolution, manje bafuna amathuba a
ukuphila okuhloniphekile.” USchlesinger naye wachaza
usongo "ukuxhumana kweSoviet":
“Ngaleso sikhathi, iSoviet Union iqhubekela phambili
amaphiko, echuma izikweletu ezinkulu zentuthuko kanye
izethula njengemodeli yokufeza
isimanje esizukulwaneni esisodwa." The
"Ukuxhumana kweSoviet" kwabonwa ku-a
ukukhanya okufanayo kude kabanzi eWashington futhi
London, kusukela emsuka weMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngo-1917
ngawo-1960, lapho irekhodi le-documentary
iyaphela njengamanje.
Schlesinger futhi
kunconyelwe umongameli ozayo "a
inani elithile lommbila ondiza kakhulu" mayelana
"izinjongo eziphakeme zesiko kanye
umoya, "ozojabulisa
izethameli eningizimu yomngcele, lapho
ukuchithwa kwe-metahistorical ngokweqile
siyabonga." Okwamanje sizoyinakekela
izindaba ezingathi sína. Ukukhombisa nje ukuthi zingakanani izinto
ushintsho, Schlesinger futhi ngokunengqondo wagxeka
"ithonya elibi le-International
Isikhwama Semali," bese ephishekela i-
Inguqulo yama-1950 yanamuhla
"Washington Consensus"
("ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo,"
"Neoliberalism").
Nalezi (imfihlo)
izincazelo "zokudala izinkinga" zikaCastro
enkabeni yezwe" futhi "Soviet
uxhumano," sisondela isinyathelo eduze
ukuqonda iqiniso leMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Kodwa
leso ngesinye isihloko.
Izinkinga ezifanayo
ngale kwe-hemisphere nakho akubanga kancane
inkinga, futhi iyaqhubeka nokusabalalisa imibono eyingozi
phakathi kwabantu "manje abafuna ngenkani
amathuba okuphila okuhloniphekile." Ekugcineni
February 1996, ngenkathi i-U.S
ngokudilizwa kweCuba kwezindiza ezimbili ze-a
Iqembu le-anti-Castro elizinze eFlorida elalinalo
yangena njalo endaweni yomoya yaseCuba, iwa
amapheshana aseHavana abiza abantu baseCuba ukuthi bavukele
(futhi ubamba iqhaza kubuphekula obuqhubekayo
ukuhlaselwa kweCuba, ngokusho kweCuba
imithombo), amasevisi ezintambo ayesebenza
izindaba ezahlukene. I-AP ibike lokho eNingizimu
Afrika, “kwamukelwe isixuku esijabulayo, esiculayo
odokotela baseCuba" ababesanda kufika
isimemo sikahulumeni kaMandela “ukuba
ukuthuthukisa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezimpofu."
“ICuba inodokotela abangu-57,000 11 ngo-XNUMX million
abantu, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-25,000 eNingizimu Afrika kwabangu-40
abantu abayizigidi." Odokotela baseCuba abayi-101
kwakuhlanganisa nochwepheshe bezokwelapha abaphezulu okwathi, uma kunjalo
baseNingizimu Afrika, "kungenzeka kakhulu
ukusebenza eKapa noma eGoli" at
kabili iholo abazolithola kwabampofu
ezindaweni zasemakhaya lapho beya khona. "Kusukela
uhlelo lokuthumela ongoti bezempilo yomphakathi
phesheya kwaqala e-Algeria ngo-1963, iCuba ithumele
51,820 odokotela, odokotela bamazinyo, abahlengikazi nabanye
odokotela" kuya "kwabampofu Okwesithathu
Izizwe zomhlaba,” ezinikeza “usizo lwezokwelapha
mahhala ngokuphelele" ezimweni eziningi. A
ngemva kwenyanga ochwepheshe bezokwelapha baseCuba bamenywa ngu
I-Haiti izofunda ngokuqubuka kwe-meningitis.
Lolu hlobo lwezinkinga
ibuyela emuva kude. I-West German ehamba phambili
iphephabhuku (Zeit) kubika ukuthi Okwesithathu
Amazwe omhlaba abheka iCuba “njengezwe
international superpower" ngenxa ye
othisha, izisebenzi zokwakha, odokotela, kanye
abanye ababambe iqhaza "kumazwe ngamazwe
inkonzo.” Ngo-1985, kwabika, abangu-16,000 XNUMX
Abantu baseCuba basebenze emazweni oMhlaba Wesithathu, ngaphezu kwalokho
kabili inani le-Peace Corps kanye ne-AID
ochwepheshe abavela e-United States. Ngo-1988, eCuba
babe “nodokotela abaningi abasebenza phesheya kunabo bonke
isizwe sezimboni, futhi ngaphezu
I-UN's World Health Organization." Iningi
lolu sizo alunxeshezelwa, futhi olwaseCuba
"izithunywa zamazwe ngamazwe" ziyi
“abesilisa nabesifazane abaphila ngaphansi kwezimo
ukuthi iningi labasebenzi bosizo lwentuthuko ngeke
yemukela,” “okuyisisekelo sabo
impumelelo." KwabaseCuba, umbiko uyaqhubeka,
"inkonzo yamazwe ngamazwe" ithathwa njenge
"uphawu lokuvuthwa kwezombangazwe" kanye
wafundisa ezikoleni “njengokuphezulu kakhulu
ubuhle." Ukwamukelwa okufudumele kwe-ANC
ithimba laseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1996, kanye
izixuku ezicula "i-Cuba bukhoma," kufakaza
esimeni esifanayo.
Eceleni, singase sibuze
ukuthi i-US izosabela kanjani ezindizeni zaseLibya ezindizayo
phezu kweNew York neWashington belahla amapheshana
ukubiza abantu baseMelika ukuthi bavukele, emva kweminyaka
ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngokumelene ne-U.S. targets ekhaya
naphesheya. Ngokuwahlobisa ngezimbali,
mhlawumbe? Iseluleko sinikezwe uBarrie Dunsmore we
I-ABC emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokudilizwa kwalaba ababili
izindiza, ecaphuna uWalter Porges, owayekade engu-"ABC
Izindaba" isekela likamongameli Wezenzo Zezindaba.
U-Porges ubika ukuthi lapho ithimba lezindaba le-ABC ku-
indiza yabantu izame ukuthatha izithombe
i-U.S. Sixth Fleet eMedithera,
“Kwathiwa ayinyakaze ngokushesha noma izohamba
adutshulwe phansi,” okwakuyobe “kwaba njalo
zomthetho ngaphansi kwezinhlinzeko zoMthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe
ukuchaza indawo yomoya wezempi." Encane
izwe elihlaselwa amandla amakhulu a
udaba ezahlukene, Nokho.
Ukuqhubeka nokubheka umlando
kungase kube usizo. Umgomo wokuketula i
uhulumeni waseCuba akabuyeli emuva
Kennedy, njengoba u-Eizenstat egomela,
kodwa kumanduleli wawo: isinqumo esisemthethweni soku
ukuketula uCastro evuna umbuso "ngaphezulu
enikelwe ezithakazelweni zangempela zabantu baseCuba
futhi eyamukeleka kakhudlwana e-U.S." yathathwa
ekusithekeni ngo-March 1960, nesengezo sokuthi
umsebenzi kumele wenziwe "ngokuthi
ngendlela yokugwema noma yikuphi ukubonakala kwe-U.S.
ukungenelela," ngenxa yalokho obekulindelekile
ukusabela eLatin America kanye nesidingo sokudambisa
umthwalo kubaphathi bezimfundiso emakhaya. E-
isikhathi, "ukuxhumana kweSoviet" futhi
"ukwenza izinkinga ku-hemisphere".
nil, ngaphandle kwenguqulo yeSclesingerian.
Njengoba iWashington iyinhlangano
umxazululi "wezithakazelo zangempela zamaCuba
abantu,” kwakungadingeki
Eisenhower ukuphatha umphakathi
ucwaningo lwemibono eyaluthola, lubika ukuthi ludumile
ukwesekwa kukaCastro nethemba ngekusasa.
Ngezizathu ezifanayo, ulwazi lwamanje mayelana
lezi zindaba ziyize. UClinton
Ukuphatha kufeza izithakazelo zangempela ze
abantu baseCuba ngokubeka usizi kanye
indlala, noma yiziphi izifundo zombono waseCuba ezingase
khombisa: isibonelo, ama-poll abikwe kuwo
Disemba 1994 yinhlangano esebenzisana neGallup
inhlangano eyathola ukuthi isigamu sabantu
cabanga ukuthi i-embargo ibe "uthishanhloko
imbangela yezinkinga zaseCuba" ngenkathi 3
amaphesenti athole "isimo sezepolitiki"
kube "inkinga enkulu kakhulu ebhekene neCuba
namuhla"; ukuthi amaphesenti angama-77 abheka i-USA njenge
"Umngane omubi kakhulu" waseCuba (akekho omunye
ifinyelele kumaphesenti ama-3); ukuthi ngo-2 kuya ku-1, i
labantu banomuzwa wokuthi uguquko lunakho
bhalisiwe izimpumelelo eziningi kunokwehluleka, i
"ukwehluleka okuyinhloko" ukuthi "ukuba
kuncike emazweni ezenhlalakahle afana neRussia okuyinto
wasikhaphela"; futhi leyo ngxenye iyachaza
ngokwabo ngokuthi "amavukelambuso," omunye
Amaphesenti angu-20 "amakhomanisi" noma
"Socialist."
Okulungile noma okungalungile, i
iziphetho mayelana nezimo zengqondo zomphakathi
okungabalulekile, futhi iphethini evamile, ekhaya njenge
kahle.
Abathandi bomlando bangase bakhumbule
ukuthi inqubomgomo empeleni ihlehlela emuva kuma-1820s,
lapho iWashington ihlose ukulawula
yaseCuba yavinjwa ukuvinjelwa kweBritish.
ICuba ibithathwa nguNobhala Wezwe uJohn
U-Quincy Adams "njengento engaphezu kwemvelo
ukubaluleka kwezohwebo nezepolitiki
izithakazelo zeNyunyana yethu,” kodwa weluleka
ukubekezela: ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wabikezela, iCuba izoba
iwela ezandleni zase-U.S. "ngemithetho ye-
ezombusazwe…amandla adonsela phansi,” “okuvuthiwe
izithelo zokuvuna.” Kwaba njalo njengamandla
ubudlelwano bushintshe ngokwanele ukuze i-U.S. ikhululeke
isiqhingi (kusuka kubantu baso) ekupheleni kwe
ekhulwini, ukuyiguqula ibe ipulazi lase-U.S. futhi
isizinda samaqembu obugebengu kanye nezivakashi.
Ukujula komlando we-
ukuzibophezela ekubuseni iCuba kungasiza ekuphenduleni
isici se-hysteria sibonakala kakhulu ekubulaweni
yebhizinisi; isibonelo, "cishe
savage" umkhathi wekhabhinethi yokuqala
umhlangano ngemuva kokuhlasela kweBay of Pigs okuhlulekile
echazwe nguChester Bowles, "cishe
ukusabela okumangazayo kohlelo lwesenzo," a
isimo sengqondo sibonakala emphakathini kaMongameli Kennedy
izitatimende zokuthi ukwehluleka ukwenza okuthile kuzohamba kanjani
nathi "sesizokhukhulwa nemfucumfucu
zomlando." Imizamo kaClinton,
esidlangalaleni kanye nokungaqondile, kuveza ukulandelana okufanayo kwe
ukushisekela ukuziphindiselela, njengasezinsongweni kanye
ukushushiswa okwaqinisekisa ukuthi "inombolo
yezinkampani ezinikezwe amalayisense ase-U.S
[imithi] eCuba yehle yaba ngaphansi kuka-4
amaphesenti" wamazinga ngaphambi kweCuba
Umthetho Wentando Yeningi (CDA) ka-Okthoba 1992, ngenkathi
"imbalwa kuphela yezokwelapha emhlabeni
izinkampani ziye zazama ukuba nesibindi i-U.S.
imithethonqubo" kanye nezinhlawulo, ukubuyekezwa ku
Iphephabhuku lezokwelapha elihamba phambili laseBrithani liyabika.
Ukucatshangelwa njenge
lezi zisithwala zisuka endizeni engabonakali ye
umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezivumelwano ezinesizotha ku
amaqiniso empilo yomuntu. Abameli bangaphikisana
noma ngabe ukuvinjelwa kokudla futhi (ngempumelelo)
umuthi wephula izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe
ethi "ukudla akumele kusetshenziswe njenge
ithuluzi lezepolitiki nezomnotho
pressure" (Isimemezelo SaseRoma, 1996) nezinye
imigomo nezibopho ezimenyezelwe. Kodwa i
izisulu kufanele baphile neqiniso lokuthi CDA
"kubangele ukwehla okukhulu kwe-
ukuhwebelana ngempahla yezokwelapha nokudla okusemthethweni
iminikelo, elimaza abantu baseCuba
abantu" (Joanna Cameron, Inkundla yeFletcher).
Ucwaningo olusanda kukhululwa lweMelika
I-Association for World Health iphetha ngokuthi
i-embargo idale ukushoda okukhulu komsoco,
ukuwohloka kokunikezwa kokuphuza okuphephile
amanzi, kanye nokwehla okukhulu kokutholakala kwe
imithi kanye nolwazi lwezokwelapha, okuholela emazingeni aphansi
izinga lokuzalwa, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zezinzwa nezinye
izifo ezinamashumi ezinkulungwane zezisulu, kanye
eminye imiphumela emibi yezempilo. "Impilo
kanye namazinga okudla acekelwe phansi yi
ukuqiniswa kwakamuva kwe-US eneminyaka engu-37 ubudala
i-embargo, ehlanganisa ukungeniswa kokudla ngaphandle,"
UVictoria Brittain ubhala ephephandabeni laseBrithani,
ibika ucwaningo olwathatha unyaka wonke lwe-U.S.
ochwepheshe, abathole "besibhedlela
izingane ezilele ezinhlungwini njengoba kunezidakamizwa ezibalulekile
baphika" futhi odokotela baphoqeleka "ukuba
sebenza ngemishini yezokwelapha ngaphansi kwesigamu
ukusebenza kahle ngoba abanazo
izingxenye." Iziphetho ezifanayo zifinyelelwa
ezinye izifundo zamanje kumajenali ochwepheshe.
Lawa amacala angempela,
okungaphezulu kakhulu kokwephulwa okuvamile nokuvumelana nezimo
kwezinto ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa njengezikhali
ngokumelene nezitha ezisemthethweni, ngokugxeka lokho
abanamandla ngempela kuphela abangabonisa.
Ngobulungisa, kufanele kube
wanezela ukuthi ukuhlupheka okubangelwa i-embargo
ngezinye izikhathi kubikwa lapha futhi. Indaba eholayo ku
the New York Times isigaba sebhizinisi si
okunesihloko esithi: "Kuqhuma Amanani E-Cigar YaseCuba:
Manje I-Embargo Ilimaza Ngempela Njengoba Intuthu Enkulu Ikhula
Scarcer." Indaba ibika izinsizi
yabaphathi bebhizinisi "ekubhemeni okunethezeka
room" eManhattan, okhala ngokuthi "ukuthi
kunzima ngempela ukuthola ugwayi waseCuba
States kulezi zinsuku" ngaphandle kwase-
"amanani abamba emphinjeni we
ababhemayo abazinikele kakhulu."
Ngenkathi uClinton
kwezokuphatha, bexhaphaza ilungelo le
enamandla, ibeka imiphumela emibi ye
impi yezomnotho ngaphandle kokufana kwesimanje
umlando wezinqubomgomo zombuso okuvela kuzo
lithembisa “ukukhulula” ukuhlupheka
Abantu baseCuba, isiphetho esizwakalayo singaphezulu
cishe okuphambene nalokho: "i-American economic
ukuklinywa kweCuba" kuye kwaklanywa,
igcinwe, nangenkathi yangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi
kwaqina, ngenxa yezizathu ezishiwo ku-Arthur
Schlesinger umbiko kuMongameli ozayo
Kennedy. Ngokufana neLatin America kaKennedy
Mission esatshwayo, impumelelo izinhlelo ukuze
ngcono impilo kanye namazinga okuphila ayekade
ukusiza ukusabalalisa "umbono kaCastro wokuthatha
izinto ezandleni zomuntu,"
ivuselela "abampofu kanye
abampofu" esifundeni ne
ukungalingani okubi kakhulu emhlabeni "ukudinga
amathuba okuphila okuhle,” kanye
imiphumela eyingozi nangale kwayo. Kukhona I
irekhodi elibalulekile nelinamandla,
kuhambisana nesenzo esingaguquki esisekelwe kokuthi impela
izisusa ezinengqondo, ezingaboli kancane
ukwethembeka kulokhu kuhlola. Ukuhlola i
bathi izinqubomgomo ziphuma ekukhathazekeni
amalungelo abantu kanye nentando yeningi, kafushane nje
irekhodi lingaphezu kokwanele, okungenani
abaze bazenze serious.
Nokho, akufanele
unemicabango noma izinkumbulo ezinjalo
izinto njengoba sigubha ukunqoba
"Amagugu aseMelika." Futhi akufanele
ukukhumbula ukuthi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, liphefumulelwe
uthando olufanayo lokuhweba mahhala, uClinton
"icindezele iMexico ukuthi yenze isivumelwano
izoqeda ukuthunyelwa kwamatamatisi anenani eliphansi ku
e-United States," isipho esiya eFlorida
abalimi ababiza iMexico mayelana nezigidi ezingu-800 zamaRandi
njalo ngonyaka, futhi lokho kwephula i-NAFTA kanye ne
Izivumelwano ze-WTO (yize kuphela "ku
umoya,” ngoba kwakuwumdlalo wamandla nje
futhi ayidinganga intela esemthethweni). I
Abaphathi bachaza isinqumo
ngokuqondile: Utamatisi waseMexico ishibhile futhi
abathengi lapha bakhetha zona. Imakethe yamahhala i
ukusebenza, kodwa ngomphumela ongalungile. Noma mhlawumbe
utamatisi nawo awusongo ekuvikelekeni kwezwe.
Ukuze uqiniseke, utamatisi kanye
ezokuxhumana zisemaqenjini ahlukene kakhulu.
Noma yiziphi izinzuzo uClinton angase azikweleta abalimi baseFlorida
bancishiswe yizidingo ze
imboni yezokuxhumana, ngisho nangaphandle kwalokho
UThomas Ferguson uchaza “njengegcinwe kahle kakhulu
imfihlo yokhetho lwango-1996": lokho
"ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye i-bloc eyodwa, kwakuyi-
umkhakha wezokuxhumana otakule uMthethosivivinywa
Clinton," owathola umkhankaso omkhulu
iminikelo evela "lokhu ngokumangazayo
imboni enenzuzo." The Telecommunications
Umthetho ka-1996 kanye nesivumelwano se-WTO, ku-a
umqondo, "ngiyabonga" amanothi, nakuba kunjalo
akunakwenzeka ukuthi umphumela wawuyoba kakhulu
ukube bekuyingxube ehlukile ye-largesse
ekhethwe yizwe lamabhizinisi, ukuhlupheka at the
isikhathi kusuka ini Iviki Lebhizinisi kwadingeka nje
ebizwa ngezinzuzo "ezimangalisayo" okwamanje
elinye elithi "Surprise Party for Corporate
eMelika."
Evelele phakathi kwamaqiniso
ezingasoze zikhunjulwe yilezo kafushane
okukhulunywe ngakho ekuqaleni: irekhodi langempela le
"Reaganesque zobuntu ezimangelengele" futhi
"ivangeli lemakethe yamahhala" elalikhona
bashumayela (kubampofu nabangenakuzivikela) ngenkathi
ukuvikela kwafinyelela eziqongweni ezingakaze zibonwe futhi
i-Administration yafaka izimali zomphakathi phezulu
imboni yezobuchwepheshe ngokulahlwa okungajwayelekile. Lapha siqala
ukuze afinyelele inhliziyo yendaba. Izizathu ze
ukungabaza mayelana "nentshisekelo" ukuthi
ezisanda kubuyekezwa zivumelekile ngokwanele, kodwa
ziwumbhalo waphansi wendaba yangempela: indlela i-U.S.
izinkampani zafika endaweni enhle ukuthatha
phezu kwezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe, okukhuthaza okwamanje
ukugujwa "kwamagugu aseMelika."
Kodwa lokho, futhi, kuyi-a
inganekwane enkulu, esitshela okuningi mayelana ne
umhlaba wesimanje: kwezenhlalo nezomnotho
amaqiniso, kanye nokubamba kwemibono nezimfundiso,
okuhlanganisa nalezo zimfundiso ezenzelwe ukuyenga
ukungabi nathemba, ukwesula, nokuphelelwa ithemba.
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