CHRISTOPHER LYDON: Esifuna ukwenze nje ukuchaza ukuthi sikuphi emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathiโ
NOAM CHOMSKY: Kulula lokho.
Lapho abantu abaningi kangaka besonqenqemeni lokuthile, okuthile okuwumlando. Ingabe sikhona isifinyezo se-Chomsky?
Hhayi-ke, isifinyezo esifushane, ngicabanga ukuthi, uma ubheka le ndaba mayelana neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kukhona okumangazayo okwenzekile. Okokuqala, ukuhlakanipha komuntu kwakha izando ezimbili ezinkulu ezikwazi ukuqeda ubukhona bethuโnoma okungenani ubukhona obuhlelekileโzombili kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Omunye wabo ujwayelekile. Eqinisweni, bobabili sebejwayelene manje. IMpi Yezwe Yesibili yaphela ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Kwaba sobala ngokushesha ngo-August 6, 1945, usuku engilukhumbula kahle. Kwakusobala ukuthi ngokushesha ubuchwepheshe buzothuthuka bufinyelele eqophelweni lapho buzoholela enhlekeleleni ebulalayo. Ngokuqinisekile ososayensi babekuqonda lokhu.
Ngo 1947, the I-Bulletin ye-Atomic Scientists yethule Iwashi layo elidumile Losuku Lwembubhiso. Futhi kwaqala ngemizuzu eyisikhombisa kuya phakathi kwamabili. Ngo-1953 kwase kudlule imizuzu emibili kuya phakathi kwamabili. Yilowo nyaka lapho i-United States neSoviet Union zaqhumisa amabhomu e-hydrogen. Kodwa kuvela ukuthi manje sesiyaqonda ukuthi ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, umhlaba waphinde wangena endaweni entsha ye-geological epic. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-Anthropocene, ingqopha-mlando lapho abantu benomthelela omubi, empeleni mhlawumbe oyinhlekelele, endaweni ezungezile. Iphinde yanyakaza futhi ngo-2015, futhi ngo-2016. Ngokushesha ngemva kokhetho lukaTrump ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari kulo nyaka, iwashi laphinde lahanjiswa laba yimizuzu emibili nesigamu phakathi kwamabili, okusondele kakhulu ukuthi kube khona kusukela ngo-1953. Ngakho-ke kukhona izinsongo ezimbili ezikhona ukuthi ' sidaleโokungase uma kuyimpi yenuzi kusiqede nya; endabeni yenhlekelele yemvelo, dala umthelela omubiโbese kuba neminye.
Kwenzeke into yesithathu. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, ubuhlakani bomuntu bazinikela ekuqedeni, noma okungenani ukwenza buthaka, isithiyo esikhulu ngokumelene nalezi zinsongo. Ibizwa nge-neoliberalism. Kwakukhona uguquko ngaleso sikhathi kusukela esikhathini salokho abanye abantu abakubiza ngokuthi โi-capitalism esemthethweni,โ ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960, inkathi yokukhula okukhulu, ukukhula ngokulingana, intuthuko enkulu kwezobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle nokunyeโ
Intando yeningi yomphakathi...
Intando yeningi yomphakathi, yebo. Lokho ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "inkathi yegolide ye-capitalism yesimanje." Lokho kwashintsha ngeminyaka yawo-1970 ngokuqala kwenkathi ye-neoliberal ebesiphila kuyo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Futhi uma uzibuza ukuthi iyini le nkathi, umgomo wayo obalulekile ubukela phansi izindlela zokubumbana komphakathi kanye nokwesekana kanye nokuzibandakanya okudumile ekunqumeni inqubomgomo.
Akubizwa kanjalo. Okubizwa ngokuthi โinkululeko,โ kodwa โinkululekoโ isho ukuzithoba ezinqumweni zamandla azimele agxilile, angenakuziphendulela. Yilokho elikushoyo. Izikhungo zokubusaโnoma ezinye izinhlobo zenhlangano ezingavumela abantu ukuba babambe iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumoโlezo ziba buthaka ngendlela ehlelekile. UMargaret Thatcher ukusho kahle enkulumweni yakhe ethi "awukho umphakathi, abantu ngabanye kuphela."
Empeleni, ngokungazi, ngokungangabazeki, wayebeka uMarx ngamafuphi, okwathi ekugxekeni kwakhe ingcindezelo yaseFrance wathi, โIngcindezelo ishintsha umphakathi ube isaka lamazambane, abantu nje ngabanye, isixuku esingenakunyakaziswa esingakwazi ukwenza izinto ndawonye.โ Lokho kwaba ukulahlwa. Ku-Thatcher, kuyinto enhleโfuthi lokho kuyi-neoliberalism. Sicekela phansi noma sibukela phansi izindlela ezibusayo abantu, okungenani, abangabamba ngazo iqhaza ngezinga lentando yeningi yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke bathene amandla, babukele phansi izinyunyana, ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlangana, shiya isaka lamazambane futhi okwamanje udlulisele izinqumo emandleni angasese angenakuphendula konke ngenkulumo yenkululeko.
Awu, kwenzani lokho? Isithiyo esisodwa sosongo lwembubhiso umphakathi obambe iqhaza, umphakathi onolwazi, ozibandakanyayo osebenza ndawonye ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokubhekana nosongo futhi uphendule kukho. Lokho kwenziwe buthaka ngendlela ehlelekile, ngokuqaphela. Ngiqonde ukuthi, emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1970 cishe sake sakhuluma ngalokhu. Kube nezingxoxo eziningi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezinhlakeni ezahlukene mayelana nengozi yentando yeningi ngokweqile kanye nesidingo sokuba nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi โukulinganiselaโ kuntando yeningi, ukuze abantu bangabi nandaba futhi bangabi nandaba futhi bangaphazamisi izinto kakhulu, futhi lokho okwenziwa izinhlelo ze-neoliberal. Ngakho hlanganisa konke futhi unani? Isiphepho esiphelele.
Okubonwa yiwo wonke umuntu yizo zonke izinto eziyisihloko, okuhlanganisa uBrexit kanye noDonald Trump kanye nobuzwe bamaHindu nobuzwe yonke indawo kanye no-Le Pen bonke bekhahlela cishe ndawonye futhi baphakamisa isenzakalo esithile sangempela somhlaba.
Kucace kakhulu, futhi bekubikezelwe. Ubungazi kahle ukuthi nini, kodwa uma ubeka imigomo yenhlalakahle nezomnotho eholela ekumeni noma ekwehleni kweningi labantu, ibukela phansi intando yeningi, isuse izinqumo ezandleni ezithandwayo, uzothola intukuthelo, ukunganeliseki, ukwesaba. . Futhi yileso senzakalo esibizwa ngokudukisa โi-populism.โ
Angazi ukuthi ucabangani ngoPankaj Mishra, kodwa ngiyayijabulela incwadi yakhe Iminyaka Yentukuthelo, futhi uqala ngencwadi engaziwa eya ephephandabeni evela kumuntu othi, โKufanele sivume ukuthi asisathuki nje kuphela, kodwa sikhungathekile. Selokhu kwanqoba abacekeli bempahla eRoma naseNyakatho Afrika, akukho lutho oluye lwabonakala lungaqondakali futhi kunzima ukulihlehlisa.โ
Hhayi-ke, lokho kuyiphutha lesistimu yolwazi, ngoba iqondakala kakhulu futhi isobala kakhulu futhi ilula kakhulu. Thatha, ake sithi, i-United States, empeleni eyahlupheka kancane kulezi zinqubomgomo kunamanye amazwe amaningi. Thatha unyaka ka-2007, unyaka obalulekile ngaphambi kwengozi. Wawuyini umnotho oyisimangaliso owawudunyiswa ngaleso sikhathi? Kwakungelinye lapho amaholo angempela ezisebenzi zaseMelika, empeleni ayephansi kunaleyo ayeyikho ngo-1979 lapho kuqala inkathi ye-neoliberal.
Lokho ngokomlando okungakaze kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuhlukumezeka noma impi noma into efana naleyo. Nasi isikhathi eside lapho amaholo angempela ayencipha ngokoqobo, kuyilapho kukhona ingcebo eyadalwa, kodwa emaphaketheni ambalwa kakhulu. Kuphinde kube yisikhathi lapho kwasungulwa khona izikhungo ezintsha, izikhungo zezimali. Ubuyela emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1960โokubizwa ngokuthi i-Golden Ageโamabhange ayexhunywe emnothweni wangempela. Kwakuwumsebenzi wabo lowo. Bekungekho futhi ukuphahlazeka ngoba bekunemithetho ye-New Deal.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 kwaba noshintsho olukhulu. Okokuqala nje, izikhungo zezimali zaqhuma ngezinga. Ngo-2007 empeleni babenamaphesenti angama-40 enzuzo yezinkampani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bebengasaxhumekile emnothweni wangempela.
EYurophu indlela intando yeningi icekelwa phansi iqonde kakhulu. Izinqumo zibekwe ezandleni ze-troika engakhethiwe: i-European Commission, engakhethiwe; i-IMF, vele ayizange ikhethwe; kanye ne-European Central Bank. Bathatha izinqumo. Ngakho-ke abantu bathukuthele kakhulu, balahlekelwa ukulawula izimpilo zabo. Izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ikakhulukazi zibalimaza, futhi umphumela kuba intukuthelo, ukudumazeka, nokunye.
Sisanda kukubona emasontweni amabili edlule okhethweni lokugcina lwaseFrance. Laba ababili abebengenele ukhetho bebengaphandle kwesikhungo. Amaqembu ezepolitiki agxile kakhulu awile. Sakubona okhethweni lwaseMelika ngoNovemba odlule. Kwakukhona abantu ababili ababengenele ukhetho abahlanganisa isisekelo: omunye wabo owayengusozigidigidi owayezondwa isikhungo, owayengenele ukhetho lweRiphabhulikhi owawina ukuphakanyiswaโkodwa qaphela ukuthi uma esephethe isikhungo esidala esiqhuba izinto. Ungakwazi ukuphikisa u-Goldman Sachs emkhankasweni, kodwa uyaqiniseka ukuthi baqhuba umnotho uma usungenile.
Ngakho-ke, umbuzo uwukuthi, ngesikhathi lapho abantu sebekulungele ukwenza okuthile futhi sebelungele ukuqaphela ukuthi lo mdlalo awusebenzi, lesi simiso senhlalo yomphakathi, ingabe sinawo yini amandla njengohlobo lokuthatha isinyathelo kuwo, ukuthuthela kuleyo ndawo. yokuxakeka bese kulandela isenzo?
Ngicabanga ukuthi isiphetho sezinhlobo zezilwane sincike kukho ngoba, khumbula, akukhona nje ukungalingani, ukuqina. Kuyinhlekelele yokugcina. Sakhe isiphepho esihle kakhulu. Lokho kufanele kube yizihloko zezindaba eziklabalasayo nsuku zonke. Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, sidale izindlela ezimbili zokubhubhisa. Kusukela esikhathini se-neoliberal, siyichithile indlela yokuzisingatha. Yilokho amaphini ethu. Yilokho esibhekene nakho, futhi uma leyo nkinga ingaxazululeki sesiqedile ngayo.
Ngifuna ukubuyela emuva Pankaj Mishra kanye Ubudala Bentukuthelo okwesikhashanaโ
Akuyona Iminyaka Yentukuthelo. YiNkathi Yokucasuka ngokumelene nezinqubomgomo zezenhlalo nezomnotho eziye zalimaza iningi labantu isizukulwane futhi zabukela phansi ngamabomu futhi ngokomgomo ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Kungani kungafanele kube khona ukuthukuthela?
UPankaj Mishra ukubizaโkuyigama lesiNietzscheanโโukungafuni,โ okusho lolu hlobo lolaka oluqhumayo. Kodwa uthi, โKuyisici esichazayo sezwe lapho isithembiso sesimanje sokulingana singqubuzana nokungafani okukhulu kwamandla, imfundo, isikhundla, kanyeโโ
Okwaklanywa kanjalo. Buyela emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Kuwo wonke ama-spectrum, i-elite spectrum, kwakukhona ukukhathazeka okujulile mayelana nobushoshovu beminyaka yawo-1960. Sibizwa ngokuthi โisikhathi sezinkathazo.โ Yaphucula izwe, okuyingozi. Okwenzekile ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yabantuโeyayizithela ngabandayo, inganaki, ilalelaโyazama ukungena enkundleni yezombangazwe ngandlela thize ukuze icindezele izithakazelo nezikhathazayo. Zibizwa โngezintshisekelo ezikhethekile.โ Lokho kusho idlanzana, abantu abasha, abadala, abalimi, abasebenzi, abesifazane. Ngamanye amazwi: inani labantu. Abantu banentshisekelo ekhethekile, futhi umsebenzi wabo uwukubuka buthule. Futhi lokho kwakucacile.
Imibhalo emibili yaphuma maphakathi nawo-1970, ebaluleke kakhulu. Bavela emikhawulweni ehlukene yepolitiki, bobabili benethonya, futhi bobabili bafinyelela eziphethweni ezifanayo. Enye yazo, ekugcineni kwesokunxele, yayiyi-Trilateral Commissionโi-liberal internationalists, amazwe amathathu amakhulu ezimboni, ngokuyisisekelo abaphathi be-Carter, yilapho bevela khona. Lona othakazelisa kakhulu, โInkinga Yentando Yeningi,โ umbiko weKhomishana Yamazwe Amathathu. Umlobi waseMelika uSamuel Huntington waseHarvard, wabheka emuva ngokulangazelela ezinsukwini lapho, njengoba ekubeka, uTruman wakwazi ukuphatha izwe ngokubambisana nabameli abambalwa baseWall Street nabaphathi. Khona-ke konke kwakuhamba kahle. Intando yeningi yayiphelele. Kodwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960 bonke bavuma ukuthi kwaba yinkinga ngoba izithakazelo ezikhethekile zaqala ukuzama ukungena esenzweni, futhi lokho kudala ingcindezi enkulu futhi umbuso awukwazi ukubhekana nalokho.
Ngiyikhumbula kahle leyo ncwadi.
Kufanele sibe nokulinganisela okwengeziwe entandweni yeningi.
Akagcinanga lapho, wajika umugqa ka-Al Smith. U-Al smith uthe, "ikhambi lentando yeningi intando yeningi." uthe, "cha, ikhambi lale ntando yeningi lincane intando yeningi."
Bekungeyena. Kwakuyisikhungo esikhululekile. wayebakhulumela. Lona umbono wokuvumelana wamazwe ngamazwe anenkululeko kanye nemibuso emithathu yentando yeningi yezimboni. bonaโngokuvumelana kwaboโbaphetha ngokuthi inkinga enkulu yilokho abakubiza, amazwi abo, โisikhungo esinomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa intsha.โ Izikole, amanyuvesi, amabandla, awawenzi umsebenzi wawo. Abafundisi kahle abasha. Abasha kufanele babuyiselwe ekuzibambeni nasekulaleleni, bese intando yeningi izolunga. Yilokho ukuphela kwesobunxele.
Manje yini onayo ekugcineni? Umbhalo onethonya elikhulu: โImemorandamu kaPowell,โ yaphuma ngesikhathi esifanayo. U-Lewis Powell, ummeli webhizinisi, kamuva owaba yijaji lenkantolo ephakeme, ukhiphe imemorandamu eyimfihlo yenhlangano yezohwebo yaseMelika, ebe nomthelela omkhulu. Kucishe kuqale lokho okubizwa ngokuthi โi-conservative movementโ yesimanje. Izinkulumo ziwuhlanya.
Isithombe esiyisisekelo ukuthi lokhu kuphazamiseka kwesobunxele sekuthathe yonke into. Kufanele sisebenzise izinsiza esinazo ukuze siqede lesi sinxephezelo esisha esibukela phansi inkululeko nentando yeningi.
Okuxhunywe nalokhu bekungokunye. Ngenxa yobushoshovu beminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nempi yezabasebenzi, kwaba nezinga lenzuzo elehlayo. Akwamukelekile lokho. ngakho-ke kufanele sihlehlise izinga lenzuzo elehlayo, kufanele sibukele phansi ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Yini eza? I-Neoliberalism, enaleyo miphumela.
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UChristopher Lydon ungumuntu wabezindaba waseMelika, umbhali, kanye nomsingathi we-Connection, okhiqizwe yi-NPR.