Njengoba kusanda kwethulwa imikhuba yobuhlanga/yezigaba efana nobandlululo eNew Orleans, inkulumo-ze yeWashington yokuzibongela mayelana ne-sub-Saharan Africa emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke we-IMF/World Bank ngempelasonto edlule ibingagcini nje ngokugulisa kodwa futhi ibiphikisa.
Ngacabanga ngencwadi kaWalter Rodney yango-1973, ethi, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Tanzania Publishing House), lapho ezwakalisa ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokuthi ukuncika kweNyakatho-Ningizimu bekulokhu kunweba impilo yonxiwankulu ngokususa izingxabano zangaphakathi nezingxabano ebeziyingxenye. ngohlelo lonxiwankulu.'
Manje singena esigabeni esisha nesiyingozi kakhulu, njengoba inkulumo ethokozisayo yokukhulula izikweletu kanye nesibopho senkampani kuthuntubeza izinzwa zalabo okufanele bazi kangcono.
Cabanga ngosihlalo ophumayo weKomidi Lentuthuko (enye yezinhlaka ezimbili ezibalulekile zeBhange/IMF), ungqongqoshe wezeziMali waseNingizimu Afrika uTrevor Manuel. Esehluleke iminyaka emine ukungenisa ngisho ingxenye yedemokhrasi ye-Bretton Woods Institutions ohlelweni, ngesonto eledlule u-Manuel ujabule ngokubuyisela ukunaka kwe-G8 e-Afrika: 'Njengamanje, izimo zomnotho omkhulu e-Afrika azikaze zibe ngcono. Unokukhula ezwenikazi lonke ngo-4.7%. Unokwehla kwamandla emali ngedijithi eyodwa. Amazwe amaningi anezilinganiso eziqinile zezimali futhi.'
Lezi zitatimende ziyiqiniso kuphela uma sithatha izibalo zezomnotho ezincane ngendlela ekhohlisayo. Ngenhlanhla asikho isidingo sokuthi senze kanjalo ngoba ngisho neBhangengodla liyaphoqeleka ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile livume ukuthi i-Afrika incishwa kanjani 'ukonga kwangempela' ngokuncipha kwezimbiwa namahlathi, kanye nezinye izinto ezithinta imvelo osomnotho abafana nezintshe abangazinaki ngaso sonke isikhathi.
I-riff kaManuel izwakala ihlaba umxhwele. Impela, ngenxa yokuqina kokulungiswa kwesakhiwo, amazwe ase-Afrika anciphisa amazinga azo okushodayo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 cishe amaphesenti ayisi-6 omkhiqizo wonyaka, kwaba ngaphansi nje kwama-4% namuhla. Kodwa-ke, iminotho ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu yandise ukushoda kwayo ngamaphesenti agcwele kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okusikisela ukuthi i-Keynesianism isasebenza kahle kwabahlonishwayo base-Afrika njengoba yenza kuGeorge Bush.
Ngaleso sikhathi, umgomo wezezimali waqiniswa, izinga lenzalo lenyuka futhi amabhange amakhulu ase-Afrika - ngokuvamile aphethwe yi-IMF noma izisebenzi zangaphambili ze-IMF - ayengakhuthazwa ukunyathelisa imali (okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi ebhebhezela ukwehla kwamandla emali). Ukwenyuka kwamanani kwehliswa kusuka kumanani anamadijithi amabili ngaphambi kuka-2004 kuya ku-avareji yama-9% kulo nyaka. Nokho, lelo zinga liphansi kakhulu ukuba ungalithola ithuba lokuthuthuka, lowo owayengusomnotho oyisikhulu seBhange uJoseph Stiglitz waphikisa encwadini yakhe ethi 'Post-Washington'critique of imfundiso yezomnotho.
NgoMgqibelo odlule, njengoba ababhikishi abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu ababemelene nempi bemasha bedlula umhlangano waminyaka yonke weBhange/IMF ngomhlaka-17 no-H Sts, kwenziwa imfundo enhle mayelana nemizabalazo emelene ne-fiscal fascism kanye ne-sadomonetarism e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi i-Mobilization for Global. Justice (http://www.globalizethis.org). Izikhalazo zenziwe izishoshovu zaseNingizimu Afrika u-Virginia Setshedi kanye no-Dennis Brutus ukuze basize 'Izikhungo Zezezimali Zamazwe Ngamazwe Eziphumayo eziholwa eNingizimu! Umkhankaso' uhlakaza iBhange kanye ne-IMF. Lowo mkhankaso uhlangana eHavana kuleli sonto ukuze ukhuphule ingcindezi.
Ngokuphambene, amanye ama-NGO ngokusobala akhetha ukusebenza njengama-bauble eBhange Lomhlaba. Umholi wenethiwekhi ye-Civicus ezinze eGoli uthathwe emazwini enkulumo-ze yasebhange ngoLwesine olwedlule, emoyizela u-Manuel, u-Paul Wolfowitz kanye no-Rodrigo de Rato:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Images/092205_CSOTownhall_SM_004.jpg ).
Ngalolo hlobo lwekhava, uWolwowitz ubesesimweni sezemidlalo esithangamini sabezindaba seKomidi leNtuthuko ngeSonto: 'Indlela isilungisiwe ukuze kuqedwe ukukhululeka kwezikweletu, futhi engcupheni yesingathekiso esiyingozi, ngicabanga ukuthi uTrevor usinikeze ibhola ngaphambili. wegoli, nonozinti ukhubekile, futhi okumele sikwenze manje ukulikhahlela phakathi.'
Isinyathelo esiyingozi ngempela, ngoba uManuel waxwayisa okungenani ngesithiyo esisodwa, โinselele engokomthetho ngoba amazwe angase abe nomuzwa wokuthi amanye aye athandwa kwamanye. Ukuqonda kwami โโukuthi bobabili u-Rodrigo no-Paul bazohamba phambi kwamabhodi abo, balungise ukuthi ukulingana kwesimiso sokwelashwa kungaba yini esimweni ngasinye, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi kukhona ukulingana kokwelashwa.'
Kubonakala sengathi i-InterAmerican Development Bank kanye ne-Asian Development Bank ngeke babambe iqhaza ohlelweni lokukhulula izikweletu. Ngakho-ke amazwe ase-Afrika ampofu ayi-14 athandwa yi-G8 - namanye amane e-Asia naseLatin America - azothola imvuthuluka yempumuzo, okuzobiza i-G8 ngaphansi kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngonyaka ukuze isebenze (ngezigidigidi ezingama-$2 zesikweletu esisilele).
Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi abaholi babo bayekile ukuphikisa, isikweletu salaba abangu-18 sincishisiwe: hhayi emazingeni lapho iBhange kanye ne-IMF igcina ukulawulwa komnotho omkhulu, ukuze indiza enkulu kanye nempahla eshibhile kakhulu iqhubeke nokugeleza kwayo kwangaphandle.
Azikho izinguquko zezohwebo eziphakanyiselwe umhlangano we-WTO wase-Hong Kong ngo-December ezizoshintsha izibalo eziyisisekelo zokwehla kwesikhathi eside kumanani azo (okungewona awowoyela) ayisisekelo. IChristian Aid isanda kulinganisa umonakalo owenziwe emazweni ase-Afrika ngokukhululeka kwezohwebo kumaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-272 kusukela ngo-1980.
Naphezu kwalokho 'kungqubuzana nokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi' - okuhlanganisa ukuchichima okukhulu, izimpi, amabhamuza ezindlu ezithengiswayo, ukulungiswa kwezishingishane, izinkinga zezikweletu kanye nebhalansi yezinkinga zokukhokha - amadoda afana noWolfowitz angakwazi ukwenza izivumelwano ezincane. Phela, izinkokhelo Zomhlaba Wesithathu zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-340 unyaka ngamunye zigelezela enyakatho ukuze zisebenze isikweletu esingu-$2.2 trillion. Lokhu kungaphezu kokuphindwe kahlanu kwesabelomali sosizo lwentuthuko ye-G8 (kanye nezinga eliphindwe kashumi kuneleveli yeminikelo yaseNyakatho uma sesisuse 'usizo lwe-phantom' olungafinyeleli uquqaba).
Njengoba umkhankaseli wezikweletu ozinze e-Brussels u-Eric Toussaint ephetha, 'Kusukela ngo-1980, ngaphezu kwama-Marshall Plans angama-50 enani elingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama- $4.6 athunyelwe abantu basePheriphery kubabolekisi babo esikhungweni'.
Cabanga, futhi, iNingizimu njengemboleki yemvelo. Ngokusho kwesazi semvelo esihlakaniphile saseSpain u-Joan Martinez-Alier, 'Umbono wesikweletu semvelo awuqinile kakhulu. Cabanga ngezikweletu zemvelo ezitholwe amafemu ngaphansi komthetho we-Superfund yase-United States. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukwenza ukubalwa kwezimali okunembile, kuyadingeka ukusungula imiyalo yobukhulu ukuze uvuse ingxoxo.'
Ngokuthatha nje ukukhishwa kwe-C02, kubalwa uMartinez-Alier kanye no-Jyoti Parikh we-UN International Panel on Climate Change, uxhaso lonyaka olulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-75 zamaRandi lugeleza lubheke eNingizimu luye eNyakatho. Abantu base-Afrika baxhashazwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi iminotho yabo engeyona eyezimboni ayikaqalisi ukusebenzisa ingxenye encane yalokho okufanele kukhokhwe ngaphansi kwanoma yiluphi uhlaka olunobulungiswa lokwabiwa kwezinsiza zomhlaba. Amanani ahilelekile angavala kalula ukukhokhwa kwezikweletu zezimali.
Imininingwane ayikaveli mayelana nezibuyekezo zesivumelwano sezikweletu sangempelasonto edlule eBhange kanye ne-IMF, kodwa umkhonyovu wokuqala we-G8 Gleneagles ugcina amazwe ampofu ephansi ngezindlela eziningi.
Ngokusho kweJubilee South: 'Ukusulwa kwezikweletu okuhlongozwayo kusahambisana ngokusobala nokuhambisana nemibandela ebhebhethekisa ubumpofu, kuvulele amazwe ethu ukuba axhashazwe futhi aphangwe, futhi aqhubekisele phambili ukubusa kweNingizimu. Noma ngabe ukwesulwa kwesikweletu bekungenazo imibandela, isiphakamiso sifushane kakhulu ngokwemibandela futhi silingana nokukhombisa isinyathelo esiqinile esibheke ebulungiswa nganoma yiliphi izinga.'
Kwengezwe u-Demba Moussa Dembele we-Dakar-based Forum for African Alternatives , 'Isixwayiso siyadingeka futhi ngoba amazwe โamakweletwayoโ angompetha besikhathi eside kwezobuciko bokuphindaphinda, ukukhohlisa, kanye nokufihla.'
Nokho, njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni, cishe ngephutha omunye umbhalo weBhange waqala ukwenza izinguquko ngaphambi nje kweMihlangano Yonyaka: 'Iphi Ingcebo Yezizwe?' Lapha okungenani, abasebenzi bezemvelo bayaqaphela ukuthi abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe bangase banciphise ingcebo kanye nokonga sekukonke, uma ukuqedwa kwezinsiza kanye nokunukubezeka sekufakiwe.
Ukuqiniseka, iBhangengodla lamukela incazelo encane esekelwe emananini amanje - hhayi amanani esikhathi esizayo lapho ukushoda kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni kawoyela. Noma osomnotho bamaBhange abakazimisele ukubala umonakalo owenziwe ezindaweni zendawo, empilweni/ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane nakubantu abasengozini emiphakathini eyakhelene nezimayini. umsebenzi wabesifazane ngenani elingekho.)
Yiziphi-ke ukutshalwa kwezimali okubaluleke kakhulu? Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1990, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe kuye kwageleza ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zikawoyela eNtshonalanga Afrika eGulf of Guinea kanye nase-Angola endaweni yeCabinda engasogwini lolwandle, ngaphandle kombhikisho ongemuhle wokwenziwa kwamabhizinisi angasese eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1997.
Ngaleso sikhathi, imibuso ekhohlakele yalwa nabantu bayo, hhayi e-Angola kuphela (lapho ukungqubuzana okusemthethweni kwaphela ngemva kokuba inhlangano yabashokobezi yase-Unita yashabalala ngemva kokushona kukaJonas Savimbi). Ukwengeza, njengoba i-Amnesty International yasho ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, iBhangengodla bekumele lixhase ngezimali ipayipi le-Chad-Cameroon elibiza izigidigidi zamadola ukuze kwenezele ukuzwela kwamalungelo abantu, kodwa ingcindezelo ejulile ingumphumela wangempela.
Abanye abantu base-Afrika ababhekene nokuphelelwa uwoyela ngaphansi kwezimo zobushiqela noma impi bahlanganisa izakhamuzi zaseRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo, i-Equatorial Guinea, iGabon, iNigeria neSudan. Ezweni lakamuva, i-US iqhudelana neShayina ukuze ibe nomthelela, ngaleyo ndlela ishalazele ukuhlupheka kwe-Darfur naphezu kwezikhalazo eziqinile ze-Africa Action lobbyists (http://www.africaaction.org).
Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika nabo bayathinteka ohlotsheni oluthile lokuphanga. Engqungqutheleni yaminyaka yonke yeNhlangano Yezesayensi Yezepolitiki KwaZulu-Natal ngeledlule, umcwaningi omkhulu kahulumeni uJohn Daniel wasuka lapho wathi ngo-2003 'ukubambisana okungeyona i-gemonic empeleni, kube yindlela eyamukelwa umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika wangemva kobandlululo. '
Ngemuva kokubuyekeza irekhodi le-African National Congress (ANC) emkhakheni wezamandla ezwenikazi, ikakhulukazi iSudan kanye ne-Equatorial Guinea, uvumile, 'uhulumeni we-ANC useyilahlile leyo migomo yokuziphatha kanye namalungelo abantu owake wamemezela ukuthi izoba yisisekelo. ngenqubomgomo yayo yangaphandle.'
Phakathi kokuningi okuhle kweNingizimu Afrika yinkululeko yezifundiswa kanye nezikhulu zombuso ukuthi zisho izinto eziwubuqili (ngenxa yokungabalulekile kwethu). ngokungafani, ake sithi, eBotswana enothe ngezimbiwa phansi, lapho usosayensi wezepolitiki u-Kenneth Good - oneminyaka engama-72 ubudala, osebenze iminyaka eyi-15 enyuvesi - waxoshwa (futhi wanikwa isikhundla 'sokufika esinqatshelwe') emasontweni ambalwa edlule, ngenxa yobuncane- uziphathe ngendlela egxekayo ngokuphatha kabi kukaGabarone.
IBig Oil njengamanje ibungaza lesi simo sobudlelwano bamandla engqungqutheleni yeWorld Petroleum Congress eGoli. Abaphikisi nabo sebehlangene, bemenywe yi-NGO groundWork enhle kakhulu. Abantu base-Ogoni, isibonelo, bafuna ukunxeshezelwa hhayi nje kuphela ngokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yokuhlala yaseDelta, kodwa nokucekelwa phansi kwalokho osomnotho abakubiza ngokuthi 'imali yemvelo'.
Ingakanani imali yemvelo ekhishwa e-Afrika? ENingizimu Afrika, inani lamaminerali enhlabathini lehla lisuka ku-$112 billion ngo-1960 laya ku-$55 billion ngo-2000, ngokusho kwe-UN, kuyilapho i-Afrika yonkana inenkinga yokonga yonyaka okungekuhle.
Lenezeli nje kuphela ukuncipha okuhlobene nowoyela kodwa nezinye izimpahla ezingaphansi komhlaba, izinsiza zamapulangwe, izinsiza zamahlathi, izindawo ezivikelwe, izilimo namadlelo, iBhangengodla libala ukuthi izakhamizi zaseGabon zalahlekelwa u-$2,241 iyinye ngo-2000, kulandelwa abantu baseRepublic of the Congo (-$727). ), Nigeria (-$210), Cameroon (-$152), Mauritania (-$147) kanye ne-Cote d'Ivoire (-$100).
Ukwengeza ekucekeleni phansi kwezimbiwa ezibiza u-1% wemali yezwe minyaka yonke, iBhangengodla liyavuma ukuthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika balahlekelwa amahlathi abiza u-0.3%; ukungcoliswa ('particulate matter'); umonakalo we-0.2%; futhi ikhiphe i-C02 edala omunye umonakalo ongu-1.6%. Sekukonke, kwenezela ezinye izici ezimbalwa, 'ukulondoloza kwangempela' kweNingizimu Afrika kwehlisiwe kusuka ku-15.7% okusemthethweni kuya ku-6.9% kuphela wemali engenayo yezwe.
Lokhu kuhlaziya, imibhalo kanye nezibalo kusha futhi kusha, futhi kufanele kuhlaze labo abathi ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kungacebisa i-Afrika. Okuphambene kuyiqiniso nakakhulu.
Ngokungafani no-Trevor Manuel, izishoshovu zezobulungiswa zase-Afrika njengalezo ezazihlangene engqungqutheleni ye-groundWork ziyakwazi lokho. NgoMgqibelo, babhalela izikhulu ze-World Petroleum Congress: 'Kuzo zonke izindawo lapho amalungu enu โengeza inaniโ futhi enze inzuzo, abantu abavamile, abasebenzi kanye nezindawo abahlala kuzo bayahlaselwa futhi bampofu. Lapho uwoyela umbiwa, umpontshwa, ucutshungulwa futhi usetshenziswe e-Afrika njengakwezinye izindawo, izimiso zemvelo ziye zalahlwa kudoti, izimpilo zabantu zicekelwe phansi futhi izifiso zabo zentando yeningi zinyathelwa phansi namalungelo abo namasiko.'
Incwadi yaphetha ngokuthi, 'Ikusasa lakho lamandla limodelwa ezithakazelweni zabantu abacebile abasebenzisa ngokweqile, abasebenzisa amandla kagesi, abashisa izinsalela zamandulo abaphila ngobudlabha kanye nobugovu abangagcini nje ngokuphundla abanye kodwa basongela indawo ezungezile yomhlaba, okuphoqelela isiphithiphithi nokungaqiniseki kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nodlame nokucekelwa phansi kwempi. Elinye ikusasa lamandla elidingekayo: elakho lehlulekile!'
(Eminye imininingwane iyatholakala ephepheni engilulungiselele i-NGO yezempilo yase-Harare i-Equinet kanye ne-Jo'burg Southern African Centre for EconomicJustice: [i-imeyili ivikelwe])