Nakuba kuhlala kunzima ukubikezela umphumela wokhetho e-United States, kulula kakhulu ukwenza izimemezelo ezinembile ngendlela umkhankaso wokhetho ozokwenzeka ngayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amakhandidethi, izinto ezithile ziqinisekiswa ukuthi zizokwenzeka: kusukela ezikhangisweni ezimbi zomkhankaso ezihlasela ubuqotho bomuntu omelene naye, ukuze kusetshenziswe imali eningi ngamaqembu amakhulu ukuze kunxenxe umphakathi ukuba ubhekise kumakhandidethi awo.
Futhi nalokhu: kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokhetho, umuntu angabikezela kahle ukuthi abantu ababili abaqokelwe isikhundla sikaMongameli bazowela phezu kwabo ukuze babonise kubavoti ukuthi baqine kakhulu ebugebengwini; okusengenye yezinkinga ezishisa izikhotha e-US
Nokho eqinisweni asikho isizathu esincane sokukholelwa ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu ozobhapathizwa othi uqinile ebugebengwini ubucayi. Phela, cishe azilokothi ziphakamise izinhlobo zezinqubomgomo esizaziyo ngobufakazi obutholakalayo ukuthi zinganciphisa izigameko zokuhlukunyezwa kobugebengu. Nakuba osopolitiki bethanda ukuba lukhuni ezigebengwini, ukuba lukhuni ebugebengwini kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele.
Kunezinkinga eziningana ngenkulumo emelene nobugebengu okungenzeka siyizwe phakathi kwamanje nokhetho lwangoNovemba: phakathi kwazo, iqiniso lokuthi izinga lobugebengu liphansi kakhulu kunalokho obekukholelwa futhi lehle kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje; iqiniso elilinganayo lokuthi amasu okukhiya athandwa osopolitiki abaningi abafuna amavoti empeleni awasebenzi noma awakhiqizi imizamo yokulawula ubugebengu; futhi ekugcineni, ukuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwehlisa izinga lobugebengu ngokweqiniso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wukubhekana nezimo zesakhiwo ezibubangela kwasekuqaleni: lezo “zimbangela eziwumsuka” okungekho muntu obonakala ekhathazekile ukukhuluma ngazo, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi ebizwa ngokuthi “izinhliziyo ezophayo.”
Kodwa empeleni, ngaphandle kwenqubomgomo ephelele yokubhekana nokungalingani okusobala kwezomnotho kanye nezimo zobumpofu obudlulele, ubugebengu abusoze buhlaselwe ngokwanele e-United States, okusho ukuthi "yizinhliziyo ezophayo," hhayi isixuku esicindezelayo, esibambe iqhaza khipha ithemba elingcono kakhulu lesizwe esiphephile.
Njengoba izicukuthwane zezombangazwe zingezona (ikakhulukazi) iziphukuphuku, futhi njengoba zivame ukuqhutshelwa izifundo nedatha ukuze zibonise ukuthi yimaphi amasu okulwa nobugebengu asebenza kangcono, ukuqhubeka kwabo kokungafuni ukubandakanya izimbangela kungabonisa kuphela ukuthi abafuni ngempela. ukuze benze isigebengu esibi sesikhathi eside ebugebengwini, noma okungenani uma benza kanjalo, basazokhetha inzuzo yezombangazwe enikezwa ukwesaba komphakathi: ukwesaba abangakusebenzisa ngobuciko ngesikhathi sokhetho. Uma kubhekwa inzuzo yezombangazwe yokulwa nobugebengu (ikakhulukazi indlela yokucwasa ngokwebala okwakwenzeka ngayo ngokomlando), asikho isizathu sokulindela ukuthi izinto zizoshintsha noma nini maduze.
Iqiniso Ngobugebengu EMelika
Iqiniso liwukuthi, nakuba izindaba zobugebengu zivame ukuba phezulu ezindabeni ezisakazwayo zendawo, kanye nobugebengu njengendaba ehlala igqama emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, ubugebengu abunyuki e-US. Empeleni liwa kakhulu futhi sekuyiminyaka. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ngokuvamile ezibhekwa njengendawo yokukhosela izigebengu (ikakhulukazi lezo zebala), ubugebengu buye bancipha, futhi kusukela ngo-1991-1999 izinga lokubulala emadolobheni amakhulu lehla ngaphezu kwengxenye (Fox and Zawitz, 2000)
Phakathi kuka-1993 no-2002, amazinga obugebengu obunobudlova e-US ehla ngamaphesenti angu-54, kwathi ngo-2002, izinga lokuhlushwa ngobudlova ezweni lase lehle lafinyelela ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu kusukela ngo-1973: unyaka lapho idatha yokuhlushwa yaqala ukuqoqwa nguMnyango Wezobulungiswa (uRennison noRand. , 2003:1)
Ngisho nangezinombolo ezingahluziwe, ubugebengu buye kwehla, njengoba izisulu zobugebengu eziyizigidi ezingama-23 ziphelele ngo-2002 (kokubili ubugebengu obunodlame kanye nempahla ehlangene), uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-44 ngo-1973 (Rennison and Rand, 2003: 1)
Kulawa maqiniso, ngokwemvelo, isixuku esinzima sinempendulo elungile. Njengoba u-Attorney General u-John Ashcroft ephikile, vele ubugebengu buphansi, kodwa lokhu, uthi, kungenxa yezigwebo eziqinile, amaphoyisa amaningi emigwaqweni, kanye nezinqubomgomo eziqinile eziqinile ezamukelwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ngamaRiphabhlikhi kanye. Amademokhrasi ngokufanayo.
I-irony of the Lock-em-Up mentality
Kodwa izinqubomgomo zokuqina azisiza kakhulu ekwehliseni izinga lobugebengu kunamandla omnotho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Njengoba kuboniswa ukuqhathaniswa kobugebengu obuhlukahlukene, abukho nje ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kokuqina kwemithetho yombuso kanye nokuncipha ekubulaleni, ekudlwenguleni noma ekushayweni: amacala amathathu anzima kakhulu odlame (Currie, 1998: 58-60). Ukwandisa amaphoyisa edolobha noma umthamo wamajele ngokufanayo akutholakalanga ukuthi kunobudlelwane obuhle ekwehliseni amanani okubulala.
Futhi, njengoba iningi lababoshwa abasha bekungamacala angenalo udlame–amacala ezidakamizwa ngokungalingani—akuwenzi umqondo ukutusa ijele ngokuncipha kwamazinga obugebengu: phela labo abathwele kanzima ngenqubomgomo yokukhiya hhayi izaphula-mthetho ezinobudlova nhlobo, ingasaphathwa eyokubi kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zona kanye izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ubugebengu ngokusobala ezinganciphisa ubugebengu esikhathini esifushane (ngokususa izigebengu ezithile emigwaqweni) zingaba nomphumela we-boomerang, ngaleyo ndlela andise ubugebengu bubonke.
Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukuboshwa kwabenzi bobubi abasebasha—okuyisisekelo sesixuku esithanda ukushushisa izigebengu ezincane njengabantu abadala—kuvama ukubambezela ukuqala kokuqedwa kobugebengu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ubungozi bokona esikhathini esizayo ngalezi zingane lapho zikhululwa (Blumstein, Cohen noGolub, 1989; futhi Glassner, 1999: 74)
Ngokunjalo, uma isigebengu sinerekhodi lobugebengu, amathuba aso esikhathi esizayo okuqashwa kanye nezinzuzo awehla kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela andisa amathuba okuba aphinde one. Ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuthi labo abanamarekhodi obugebengu banamazinga okungasebenzi acishe abe ngamaphesenti angama-50, nokuthi ukuba nerekhodi lasejele kunciphisa inani lamahora asetshenziswayo ngemva kokukhululwa komuntu ngamaphesenti angu-25-30. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abaqashi abaningi-abangu-6 kwabangu-10 ngokocwaningo oluthile-bavuma obala ukuthi abasoze bazi ngamabomu umuntu owayenecala (Street, 2002: 6).
Ngakho-ke nakuba i-US ingase ijabulele izinzuzo zesikhashana zokuboshwa okukhulu, uma inqwaba yalezo zigebengu sezikhululiwe ejele (njengoba iningi liyoba njalo njengoba lingekho emacaleni amakhulu), ukungakwazi kwabo ukuthola umsebenzi oqhubekayo kungase kukhuphuke. amazinga obugebengu esikhathini esizayo. Ngamanye amazwi, singase sivune esikutshalile.
Ubumpofu, indawo kanye nezimo zokuphila njengezihluthulelo zobugebengu
Akukhona nje ukuthi osopolitiki bavame ukusekela izinqubomgomo ezenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, abavamile ukukhuluma ngezinhlobo zezinqubomgomo ezidingekayo ukwenza izinto zibe ngcono kakhulu, okungenani esikhathini eside. Nakuba kungase kungathandeki kwabaningi, iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi izimo zobumpofu nokubukelwa phansi kwezomnotho yizona zinto eziyinhloko eziqhuba ubugebengu obunobudlova e-US, futhi ukulungiswa kwalezo zimo kuphela okunganikeza ithemba lesikhathi eside nelihlala njalo lokunciphisa ubungozi. zokuhlukumezeka kubantu besizwe.
Cha, ubumpofu abubangeli ubugebengu ngokwabo, futhi yebo abantu abaningi abampofu abenzi ubugebengu. Kodwa lokho akuphiki ukuxhumana phakathi kokuswelakala kwezomnotho kanye nobugebengu. Phela, akuwona wonke umuntu obhemayo othola umdlavuza-empeleni, cishe ngeke-kodwa akekho ophikisa kakhulu ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili. Ngokunjalo, akubona bonke abadutshulwa ekhanda abafayo: kodwa yisiwula kuphela esingaphikisa ukuhlobana okuhle kakhulu phakathi kwalezo zinto noma.
Labo abaphikisana nokuxhumana phakathi kobumpofu nobugebengu bavame ukwenza lula udaba, ngokuqaphela ukuthi akukho ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwamazinga emali engenayo kanye namazinga obugebengu. Nakuba lokhu kuyiqiniso engxenyeni enkulu, kugeja iphuzu. Akuyona imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye, noma ngisho nobumpofu ngokufingqiwe, kodwa izimo ezithile ezihlobene nobumpofu obukhulu ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nobugebengu.
Ngakho-ke, igebe lobugebengu bezinhlanga e-US-lapho abantu base-Afrika baseMelika benza inani elingenakulinganiswa lobugebengu basemgwaqweni obunobudlova (yize abamhlophe beqhubeka nokwenza iningi) - kuwumphumela ngokuphelele wezimo ezahlukene lapho abamhlophe nabamnyama bazithola behlala kuzo (uKrivo noPeterson). , 1996: 619-48; Chasin, 1997: 49)
Nakuba abamhlophe nabo behlupheka, ubumpofu babantu abamnyama bukhulu kakhulu futhi kungenzeka buhlobane nobugebengu. Abamhlophe abayisikhombisa kwabayishumi abampofu bahlala ezindaweni ezizinzile, ikakhulukazi ezingezona abampofu, kuyilapho amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu abantu abamnyama abampofu bahlala ezindaweni eziningi ezimpofu (uJohnson noChanhatasilpa, 2003: 98; futhi, Smith, 1995: 128). Abantu abansundu banamathuba aphindwe kathathu okuba baphile ngobumpofu obudlulele kunabamhlophe (ngaphansi kwengxenye yomugqa wobumpofu) futhi banethuba eliphindwe kasithupha lokuhlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abampofu (Wachtel, 1999: 294, fn15.) Ngempela, izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zabantu abahlala ezindaweni zobumpofu ezigxilile kunabantu abanemibala (powell, 2001: 6).
Uma sibheka ngqo amazinga okubulala, ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of the American Medical Association lwathola ukuthi izindlu eziminyene zaziwukhiye wamazinga aphezulu okubulala kwabamnyama e-US umehluko wezinga uyahwamuka (uPapa, 1995), ngoba izindawo ezimpofu kakhulu zinezinga elifanayo lokubulala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwakheka kwabo ngokobuhlanga (Johnson and Chantatasilpa, 2003: 106).
Kodwa akuvamile ukuthi osopolitiki bakhulume ngokubhekana nokuncishwa kwensiza ehlelekile emiphakathini yabantu abamnyama nabansundu njengesici esimaphakathi, noma isici eseceleni, sezinkundla zabo zokulwa nobugebengu. Esikhundleni salokho, bakhuluma ngamaphoyisa amaningi, amajele amaningi, nezigwebo ezinde, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zinqubomgomo zinganele (futhi zingakhiqizi) kangakanani.
Akukho lapho okubonakala khona lokhu ngaphezu kobugebengu bezidakamizwa.
Impi Yezidakamizwa Noma Impi Yobuhlanga?
Nakuba bonke ubufakazi obukhona bubonisa ukuthi abamhlophe banamathuba alinganayo noma amaningi okusebenzisa izidakamizwa kunabamnyama noma amaLatinos (SAMHSA, iminyaka ehlukahlukene, 1999-2003), futhi cishe bangase bazithengise (Riley, 1997: 1; Davis and Thomas, 1997: A20; Covington, 2001: 33), iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi abantu abanemibala bayaqhubeka nokuthwala umthwalo wokuqinisa umthetho ohlanganisa ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi impi yezidakamizwa.
Isibonelo, nakuba intsha emhlophe ibonisa ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni kunentsha yemibala (i-SAMHSA, ehlukahlukene), uhlelo lwezobulungiswa lwentsha luyaqhubeka nokuphatha intsha ngombala njengenkinga enkulu. Intsha emnyama eboshelwe icala lezidakamizwa, engenawo amarekhodi angaphambili, inethuba eliphindwe kamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili lokuboshwa kunozakwabo abamhlophe, noma ngabe zonke ezinye izici ezihambisana nokuboshwa zifana (“Izigebengu Ezincane Ezincane zithola ukwelashwa okulula,” 2000: 8A).
Nakuba abamnyama namaLatinos bengamaphesenti angama-90 abantu ababoshelwe izidakamizwa kuzwelonke (Sidanius, Levin noPratto, 1998: 142), bamele kuphela amaphesenti angama-23 abasebenzisi bezidakamizwa (SAMHSA, 2003, Table H.1. kanye nezibalo zombhali) ngokusho idatha yenhlangano yakamuva kakhulu. Khonamanjalo, abamhlophe, abaphakathi kwamaphesenti angama-70 kanye nezintathu kwezine zabasebenzisi (i-SAMHSA, 2003 kanye nabahlukahlukene), bakha ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi alabo ababoshelwe izidakamizwa (Sidanius, Levin kanye noPratto)
Sekukonke, abasebenzisi bezidakamizwa ezimnyama banamathuba acishe abe ngamashumi amabili kunanoma ubani omunye ukuthi achithe isikhathi ejele ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwabo (Hilfiker, 2002: 39), futhi ezifundazweni eziyishumi nanhlanu, izinga lokuboshwa kwabantu abamnyama ngamacala ezidakamizwa lisuka ku-20-57. izikhathi ezinkulu kunezabamhlophe, naphezu kwamazinga alinganayo noma amakhulu okuphulwa komthetho wezidakamizwa ngabamhlophe (Human Rights Watch, 2000) Ngokumangalisayo, lapho zonke ezinye izici ezihambisana nokuboshwa zifana, izephula-mthetho ze-cocaine emnyama zinamathuba aphindwe kabili okuthunyelwa ejele futhi uzosebenza, ngokwesilinganiso, izinyanga ezingamashumi amane ngaphezu kwabenzi bobubi abamhlophe (Brown, Carnoy, et.al., 2003: 144)
Ngokombiko woMnyango Wezobulungiswa wangoFebhuwari 2001, amaphoyisa anamathuba aphindwe kabili okusesha izimoto ezishayelwa abantu abamnyama ngemva kokuzidonsa, nakuba abamhlophe, lapho beseshwa, banamathuba aphindwe kabili okuba nempahla engekho emthethweni. Abashayeli baseLatino babephakathi kuka-2 no-2.26 amathuba okuba baseshwe noma izimoto zabo ziseshwe amaphoyisa, nakuba mancane amathuba okuba basebenzise izidakamizwa futhi babe nazo noma nini (Langan) kunabantu abamnyama noma abamhlophe, ngomuntu ngamunye. , Greenfeld, et.al., 2001: 2, 22)
Ngamanye amazwi, impi yezidakamizwa igxile ngokuphelele kubantu abanemibala—abenza izibalo bakha iphesenti elincane lalabo abenza amacala ezidakamizwa—kangangokuthi akunangqondo ukukubheka njengempi yezidakamizwa nhlobo.
Futhi ngezinga okushiwo ngalo ukuthi impi ayigxili ekutheni izidakamizwa zikuphi, kodwa ikakhulukazi lapho zingekho khona, umuntu kufanele aphethe ngokuthi abenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nama-ejenti aqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa komthetho abenza lolu hlobo lomkhankaso kungenzeka ukuthi abakwazi ngokumangalisayo ukubona ubuze lapho bekubona, noma okunye ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwabo okuyinhloko akukona ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokuhlukumeza, kodwa kunalokho, ukulawula imizimba emnyama nensundu. Uma kubhekwa umlando wokulawulwa kwenhlalo ngamabomu kwabantu abanebala elimhlophe-okwaba nzima ukukwenza ngokwedlulele ngemuva kokuwa kobandlululo kanye noJim Crow, kodwa okungabuye kufakwe ngezinye izindlela ngokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi osukwini lwanamuhla-lokhu kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka kakhulu kunakuqala.
Phela, nguMongameli uClinton owangcwaba okwatholwa umbiko eyakhe i-White House eyathunywe yi-RAND Corporation, eyaphetha ngokuthi ukufundisa ngezidakamizwa kanye namasu okwelapha asebenza ngokuphindwe kahlanu, futhi abiza kancane kakhulu, kunokuphoqelela umthetho oqinile. imizamo (Currie, 1998: 109). Ngamanye amazwi, uma ama-elite efuna ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa noma ubugebengu obuhlobene nezidakamizwa asebeyazi ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani, nokho bayenqaba ukwenza lokho abakwaziyo, konke ukukhuluma nokukhathazeka okuzenzisayo eceleni.
Ngakho-ke kule nkathi yokhetho, sobabili masilungiselele (futhi silungiselele ukumelana) nokuphakama kwezombusazwe odabeni lobugebengu nokuphepha komphakathi. Njengobushokobezi, kuningi okungazuzwa ngokwezepolitiki ngokususa ukwethuka komphakathi, amaqiniso kufanele alahlwe, Futhi njengobuphekula, inqubomgomo yomphakathi ehluleka ukwenza umphakathi waseMelika noma yikuphi okuphephile emizini yabo noma emgwaqeni, nokho idlala kahle. esixukwini esinezinkonkoni ukwesaba kwabo kungahunyushwa kumavoti owesilisa othembisa ukulingisa kangcono isherifu yase-Old West.
Kodwa njengoba labo mthetho basendulo bazuza amandla ngokuba khona kwezinsongo zangaphandle emphakathini ababewusebenzela ngokusobala, futhi njengoba nje babephumelela endimeni yabo “njengabavikeli nabavikeli” bakho konke okuhle nokunempilo, kunjalo nanamuhla’ Izikhulu zezombangazwe zidinga ubugebengu kanye nesiyaluyalu ukuze zithethelele amandla azo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangase bafise kangakanani bona ukuba ubugebengu bunciphe, umuntu kufanele azibuze ukuthi imisebenzi yabo yezombangazwe ingamelana kanjani nesimo esinjalo.
U-Tim Wise uyi-essayist ephikisana nokucwasa, isishoshovu kanye nobaba. Angatholakala ku-timjwise@msn.com
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