Ukusungulwa kobudlelwano bokuxhumana phakathi kwe-US neCuba kuye kwanconywa kakhulu njengesenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni. Intatheli uJohn Lee Anderson, obhale ngokuqonda ngalesi sifunda, ufingqa ukusabela okuvamile phakathi kwezihlakaniphi ezikhululekile lapho ebhala, eNew Yorker, ukuthi:
U-Barack Obama ukhombisile ukuthi angakwazi ukusebenza njengesikhulu somlando we-heft. Ngakho-ke, ngalesi sikhathi, unoRaúl Castro. Kubantu baseCuba, lesi sikhathi sizoba nenhliziyo ebuhlungu futhi siguqule ngokomlando. Ubudlelwano babo nomakhelwane wabo ocebile, onamandla wasenyakatho neMelika bulokhu buqandisiwe eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye-sixties iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Ngokwezinga eliphakeme, iziphetho zabo nazo ziqandisiwe. KwabaseMelika, lokhu kubalulekile, futhi. Ukuthula neCuba kusibuyisela isikhashana kuleso sikhathi segolide lapho i-United States yayiyisizwe esithandekayo emhlabeni wonke, lapho i-JFK encane nebukekayo isesikhundleni—ngaphambi kweVietnam, ngaphambi kwe-Allende, ngaphambi kwe-Iraq nazo zonke ezinye izinsizi—futhi isivumela. ukuze siziqhenye ngathi ekugcineni senze okulungile.”
Okwedlule akubonakali kahle njengoba kuvezwe esithombeni esiqhubekayo se-Camelot. I-JFK yayingekho “ngaphambi kweVietnam” - noma nangaphambi kwe-Allende ne-Iraq, kodwa ake sikubeke eceleni lokho. E-Vietnam, lapho i-JFK ingena esikhundleni unya lombuso we-Diem owabekwa yi-US ekugcineni selubangele ukuphikiswa kwasekhaya engakwazi ukukulawula. Ngakho-ke uKennedy wabhekana nalokho akubiza ngokuthi “ukuhlasela kwangaphakathi,” “ubudlova bangaphakathi” emazwini athakazelisayo athandwa yiNxusa lakhe le-UN u-Adlai Stevenson.
Ngakho-ke u-Kennedy wakhulisa ukungenelela kwe-US ekuhlaseleni okuqondile, wayala i-US Air Force ukuba ibhomule iNingizimu Vietnam (ngaphansi kwezimpawu zaseNingizimu Vietnam, ezingazange zikhohlise muntu), egunyaza impi ye-napalm namakhemikhali ukuze ibhubhise izitshalo nemfuyo, futhi iqalise izinhlelo zokushayela abalimi. emakamu okuhlushwa angokoqobo ukuze “bavikelwe” kubashokobezi uWashington ayazi ukuthi babebasekela kakhulu.
Ngo-1963, imibiko evela phansi yayibonakala ibonisa ukuthi impi kaKennedy yayiphumelela, kodwa kwavela inkinga enkulu. Ngo-August, abaphathi bathole ukuthi uhulumeni we-Diem wayefuna izingxoxo neNyakatho ukuze kuqedwe ukungqubuzana.
Ukube i-JFK yayinenhloso encane yokuhoxa, lokho bekuyoba yithuba elihle kakhulu lokwenza kanjalo ngomusa, ngaphandle kwezindleko zezombangazwe, ngisho nokusho, ngesitayela esivamile, ukuthi kwakuyi-American fortitude kanye nokuvikela okunezimiso kwenkululeko okwaphoqelela iNorth Vietnamese. ukuzinikela. Esikhundleni salokho, iWashington yasekela ukuketula umbuso kwamasosha ukuze kufakwe ojenene boklebe abavumelana kakhulu nezibopho zangempela ze-JFK; UMongameli uDiem kanye nomfowabo babulawa kulolu hlelo. Ngokusobala ukunqoba kwakusobala, uKennedy wasamukela ngokungananazi isiphakamiso sikaNobhala Wezokuvikela uRobert McNamara sokuthi aqale ukuhoxisa amasosha (NSAM 263), kodwa kuphela ngesimiso esibalulekile: Ngemva Kokunqoba. UKennedy wasigcina leso sidingo ngokuphikelela waze wabulawa emasontweni ambalwa kamuva. Kuye kwaqanjwa imibono ekhohlisayo mayelana nalezi zenzakalo, kodwa ziwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kwesisindo serekhodi elicebile lamadokhumenti.
Indaba kwenye indawo nayo ibingeyona into emnandi njengasezinganekwaneni zeCamelot. Esinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu zikaKennedy kwaba ngo-1962, lapho eshintsha ngempumelelo umsebenzi wezempi yaseLatin America "ukuzivikela kwe-hemispheric" - i-holdover kusukela eMpini Yezwe II - "ukuvikeleka kwangaphakathi," i-euphemism yempi ngokumelene nesitha sasekhaya. , inani labantu. Imiphumela yachazwa nguCharles Maechling, owahola i-US counterinsurgency kanye nokuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kwezokuvikela kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1966. Isinqumo sikaKennedy, wabhala, sashintsha inqubomgomo yase-US ekubekezeleleni "ukuphanga nonya kwezempi yaseLatin America" kuya "kuhambisana ngokuqondile" ubugebengu babo, ukuze i-US isekele “izindlela zeqembu likaHeinrich Himmler lokuqothula.” Labo abangakuthandi lokho uchwepheshe wezobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe uMichael Glennon akubiza ngokuthi “ukungazi ngamabomu” bangagcwalisa imininingwane kalula.
ECuba, u-Kennedy wazuza njengefa inqubomgomo ka-Eisenhower yokuvinjelwa kanye nezinhlelo ezisemthethweni zokuketula umbuso, futhi ngokushesha wabakhulisa ngokuhlasela kwe-Bay of Pigs. Ukwehluleka kokuhlasela kubangele eduze ne-hysteria eWashington. Emhlanganweni wokuqala wekhabhinethi ngemva kokuhlasela okungaphumeleli, isimo “sasicishe sibe nesihluku,” UNobhala Wombuso uChester Bowles waphawula ngasese: “kwaba nokusabela okuphithizelayo ngohlelo oluthile.” U-Kennedy waveza isiphithiphithi ezimemezelweni zakhe zasobala: “Imiphakathi enganaki, ezitikayo, nemiphakathi ethambile isizokhukhulwa nemfucumfucu yomlando. Abanamandla kuphela…abangakwazi ukusinda,” utshele izwe, nakuba wayazi, njengoba esho ngasese, ukuthi abalingani “bacabanga ukuthi sisadidekile” ngendaba yeCuba. Hhayi ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Izenzo zikaKennedy zaziyiqiniso emazwini akhe. Wethula umkhankaso wamaphekula obulalayo owenzelwe ukuletha “izinto ezesabisayo zomhlaba” eCuba - ibinzana lesazi-mlando kanye nomeluleki kaKennedy u-Arthur Schlesinger, ebhekise kuphrojekthi eyabelwe umongameli kumfowabo uRobert Kennedy njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kuye. Ngaphandle kokubulala izinkulungwane zabantu kanye nokucekela phansi okukhulu, ukwesabeka komhlaba kwaba yimbangela eyinhloko ekuletheni izwe onqenqemeni lwempi yenuzi ebulalayo, njengoba ukucwaninga kwamuva kwembula. Abaphathi baphinde baqala ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngokushesha nje lapho inkinga yezikhali ezicitshwayo isidambile.
Indlela ejwayelekile yokugwema isihloko esingajabulisi ukugcina uzungu lweCIA lokubulala uCastro, ugcona ubuwula babo. Zazikhona, kodwa zaziwumbhalo waphansi omncane wempi yamaphekula eyaqalwa izelamani zakwaKennedy ngemva kokwehluleka kokuhlasela kwazo i-Bay of Pigs, impi okunzima ukuyifanisa emibhalweni yobushokobezi bamazwe ngamazwe.
Manje sekunenkulumompikiswano enkulu mayelana nokuthi iCuba kufanele yini isuswe ohlwini lwezifunda ezeseka ubushokobezi. Kungasikhumbuza amazwi kaTacitus okuthi “ubugebengu obake badalulwa babungenasiphephelo kodwa babunesibindi.” Ngaphandle kokuthi akudalulwa, ngenxa “yokuvukela umbuso wezihlakaniphi.”
Lapho ethatha izintambo ngemuva kokubulawa, uMongameli Johnson wakhulula ubuphekula, nokho baqhubeka ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Kodwa ubengazimisele ngokuvumela iCuba ukuthi iphile ngokuthula. Wachazela uSenator uFulbright ukuthi nakuba “ngingangeni kunoma iyiphi inkontileka ye-Bay of Pigs,” wayefuna iseluleko mayelana “nokuthi yini okufanele siyenze ukuze sibancishe amantongomane ngaphezu kwalokho esikwenzayo.” Siphawula, isazi-mlando saseLatin America uLars Schoultz siphawula ukuthi “Ukumpintsha amantongomane bekuyinqubomgomo yase-US kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.”
Abanye, ngokuqinisekile, baye baba nomuzwa wokuthi izindlela ezinjalo ezintekenteke azanele, ngokwesibonelo, ilungu lekhabhinethi lika-Nixon u-Alexander Haig, owacela umongameli ukuthi “avele angiphe izwi futhi ngizophendula leso siqhingi f— sibe indawo yokupaka izimoto. ” Ubugagu bakhe bubambe ngokusobala ukukhungatheka okwase kunesikhathi eside kwabaholi base-US mayelana "Leyariphabhulikhi encane yaseCuba," inkulumo kaTheodore Roosevelt ngesikhathi ethukuthele egane unwabu ngenxa yokungafuni kweCuba ukwamukela ngomusa ukuhlasela kwe-US ngo-1898 ukuvimba ukukhululwa kwabo eSpain futhi abaguqule babe yiqembu. ikoloni ebonakalayo. Impela ukugibela kwakhe isibindi ekhuphukela eSan Juan Hill bekungenxa yesizathu esihle (okunganakwa, ngokuvamile, ukuthi amabutho ase-Afrika-Amerika ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokunqoba igquma).
Isazi-mlando saseCuba uLouis Pérez ubhala ukuthi ukungenelela kwe-US, okudunyiswa ekhaya njengokungenelela kosizo ukuze kukhululwe iCuba, kufezekise izinhloso zayo zangempela: "Impi yenkululeko yaseCuba yaguqulwa yaba impi yase-US yokunqoba," "impi yaseSpain-American" i-nomenclature yombuso, eklanyelwe ukufihla ukunqoba kweCuba okwachithwa ngokushesha ukuhlasela. Umphumela udambise ukukhathazeka kwaseMelika mayelana “nokuthi yini ebiyihlazo kubo bonke abenzi benqubomgomo baseNyakatho Melika kusukela uThomas Jefferson - inkululeko yaseCuba.”
Indlela izinto eziye zashintsha ngayo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.
Kube nemizamo emincane yokwenza ngcono ubudlelwano eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, ibuyekezwe kabanzi nguWilliam LeoGrande kanye no-Peter Kornbluh ocwaningweni lwabo olubanzi lwakamuva, I-Back Channel to Cuba. Ukuthi kufanele sizizwe “siziqhenya ngathi” ngezinyathelo ezithathiwe u-Obama kungase kuxoxwe ngazo, kodwa “ziyinto elungile,” nakuba ukuvinjelwa okuchotshozwayo kusekhona ngokudelela umhlaba wonke (ngaphandle kuka-Israyeli) kanye nezokuvakasha isavinjiwe. Enkulumeni yakhe esizweni ememezela le nqubomgomo entsha, umengameli ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi nakwezinye izici, ukujeziswa kweCuba ngokwenqaba ukugoba intando yaseMelika kanye nodlame lusazoqhubeka, ephinda izaba eziyinhlekisa ukuthi zingaphawulwa.
Akufanele ukunakwa nokho amazwi kamongameli njengalawa alandelayo:
Ngokuziqhenya, i-United States iye yeseka intando yeningi namalungelo abantu eCuba kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Lokhu sikwenze ikakhulukazi ngezinqubomgomo ezihlose ukuhlukanisa isiqhingi, ukuvimbela ukuvakasha okuyisisekelo nokuhweba abantu baseMelika abangakujabulela noma iyiphi enye indawo. Futhi nakuba le nqubomgomo isekelwe ezinhlosweni ezinhle kakhulu, asikho esinye isizwe esihlanganyela nathi ekubekeni lezi zinhlawulo futhi ibe nomphumela omncane ngaphandle kokunikeza uhulumeni waseCuba isizathu sokubeka imingcele kubantu bakhe ... Namuhla, ngineqiniso wena. Asisoze sawusula umlando phakathi kwethu.
Umuntu kufanele ancome ukuqina okumangalisayo kwalesi simemezelo, esiphinda sikhumbule amazwi kaTacitus. U-Obama ngokuqinisekile akawazi umlando wangempela, ongafaki nje kuphela impi yamaphekula ebulalayo kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezomnotho okuyihlazo, kodwa futhi nokuhlala kwezempi eNingizimu-mpumalanga yeCuba iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, kuhlanganise nechweba layo elikhulu, naphezu kwezicelo zikahulumeni kusukela inkululeko yokubuyisela lokho. yebiwa sikhonjwe ngezibhamu - umgomo ogunyazwe kuphela ukuzibophezela okushisekayo ukuvimba intuthuko yomnotho waseCuba. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukuthatha kukaPutin ngokungemthetho eCrimea kubukeka kungathandeki. Ukuzinikela ekuziphindiseleleni kubantu baseCuba abahlukumezile abamelana nokubuswa yi-US kube ngokwedlulele kangangokuthi kuze kwashaya indiva izifiso zezingxenye ezinamandla zomphakathi wamabhizinisi zokwenza kube jwayelekile - ezemithi, amabhizinisi ezolimo, ezamandla - intuthuko engajwayelekile kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. Izinqubomgomo zase-Washington ezinonya neziphindiselela cishe zihlukanise i-US ku-hemisphere futhi zenze indelelo nokuhlekwa usulu emhlabeni wonke. IWashington kanye nama-acolyte ayo bathanda ukwenza sengathi "beyihlukanise" iCuba, njengoba u-Obama esho, kodwa irekhodi likhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi yi-US eyahlukaniswa, mhlawumbe isizathu esiyinhloko soshintsho oluncane.
Umbono wasekhaya ngokungangabazeki uwumthelela “ekuhambeni okungokomlando” kuka-Obama – nakuba umphakathi, ngokungafanele, ubulokhu uvumelana nokwejwayelekile isikhathi eside. Inhlolovo ye-CNN ngo-2014 yabonisa ukuthi ingxenye yesine kuphela yabantu baseMelika manje ebheka iCuba njengosongo olukhulu e-United States, uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka engaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ngaphambili, lapho uMongameli uReagan exwayisa ngosongo olukhulu ezimpilweni zethu olwenziwa i-nutmeg capital of the world (Grenada) kanye nebutho laseNicaragua, izinsuku ezimbili kuphela zimasha zisuka eTexas. Njengoba ukwesaba manje sekwehlile, mhlawumbe singakuphumuza kancane ukuqapha kwethu.
Ekuhlaziyeni okubanzi ngesinqumo sika-Obama, indikimba ehamba phambili kube ukuthi imizamo eqotho yaseWashington yokuletha intando yeningi namalungelo abantu kubantu baseCuba abahluphekayo, abangcoliswe kuphela izigebengu ze-CIA eziyizingane, iye yaba yehlule. Izinjongo zethu eziphakeme azizange zifezwe, ngakho-ke ukuguqulwa kwenkambo okumanqikanqika kufanelekile.
Ingabe izinqubomgomo beziwukwehluleka? Lokho kuncike ekutheni inhloso bekuyini. Impendulo icacile kurekhodi le-documentary. Usongo lwaseCuba kwakuyilona olujwayelekile oluqhubeka emlandweni weMpi Yomshoshaphansi, enabanduleli abaningi. Kwacaciswa ngokucacile ngabaphathi be-Kennedy abangenayo. Okwakukhathaza kakhulu ukuthi iCuba ingahle ibe “yigciwane” “elizosakazeka ukutheleleka,” ukuboleka imigomo kaKissinger yetimu evamile, ebhekise eChile ka-Allende. Lokho kwaqashelwa ngaso leso sikhathi.
Ehlose ukugxila eLatin America, ngaphambi kokuthatha isikhundla uKennedy wasungula iMishini yaseLatin America, eholwa u-Arthur Schlesinger, owabika iziphetho zayo kumongameli ozayo. I-Mission yaxwayisa ngokuthambekela kwabantu baseLatin America “emcabangweni kaCastro wokuzithathela izindaba,” okuyingozi enkulu, njengoba uSclesinger achaza kamuva, lapho “Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba nezinye izinhlobo zengcebo yezwe kuvuna kakhulu izigaba ezinezakhiwo… [kanye] Abampofu nabampofu, bekhuthazwa isibonelo soguquko lwaseCuba, manje bafuna amathuba okuphila okuhloniphekile.”
USchlesinger ubephinda ukukhala kukaNobhala Wezwe u-John Foster Dulles, owakhononda kuMongameli u-Eisenhower ngezingozi ezibangelwa “amaKhomanisi” asekhaya akwazi “ukulawula ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi,” okuyinzuzo engalungile “esingenawo amandla okuyenza. impinda.” Isizathu siwukuthi “abampofu yibona abancenga futhi bebelokhu befuna ukuphanga abacebile.” Kunzima ukukholisa abantu abasemuva nabangenalwazi ukuthi balandele isimiso sethu sokuthi abacebile kufanele baphange abampofu.
Abanye bachaza kabanzi ngezixwayiso zikaSclesinger. NgoJulayi 1961, i-CIA yabika ukuthi “Ithonya elikhulu le-'Castroism' akuwona umsebenzi wamandla aseCuba… Isithunzi sikaCastro sikhulu ngenxa yokuthi izimo zenhlalo nezomnotho kulo lonke elaseLatin America zimema ukuphikiswa kweziphathimandla ezibusayo futhi zikhuthaza ukuyaluza kwezinguquko ezinkulu," ngoba okuyinto uCastro's Cuba ehlinzeka ngemodeli. I-State Department Policy Planning Council yaphinde yachaza ukuthi “ingozi enkulu esibhekene nayo eCastro…emthelela ubukhona bombuso wakhe obunawo phezu kweqembu lamanxele emazweni amaningi aseLatin America… Iqiniso elimsulwa ukuthi uCastro umele ukudelela okuyimpumelelo. i-US, ukunganaki kwayo yonke inqubomgomo yethu ye-hemispheric cishe ikhulu leminyaka nengxenye,” kusukela i-Monroe Doctrine yamemezela inhloso ye-US yokubusa i-hemisphere. Kalula nje, isazi-mlando uThomas Paterson siyaphawula, “ICuba, njengophawu nengokoqobo, yabekela inselele ubukhosi base-US eLatin America.”
Indlela yokubhekana negciwane elingase lisakaze ukuthelelana ukubulala igciwane nokujova abangaba izisulu. Leyo nqubomgomo ephusile yilokho kanye iWashington eyakuphishekela, futhi ngokwemigomo yayo eyinhloko, inqubomgomo ibe yimpumelelo impela. ICuba isindile, kodwa ingenawo amandla okuzuza amandla asatshwayo. Futhi isifunda “sahlanjululwa” ngobushiqela bezempi abanonya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukutheleleka, kwaqala ngokuketula umbuso kukaKennedy okwasungula umbuso wamaphekula Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke kanye nokuhlukunyezwa eBrazil ngemva nje kokubulawa kukaKennedy, wabingelelwa ngesasasa elikhulu eWashington. OJenene babenze “ukuhlubuka kwentando yeningi,” iNxusa uLincoln Gordon yashayela ucingo ekhaya. Uguquko “lwawukunqoba okukhulu komhlaba okhululekile,” olwavimbela “ukulahlekelwa okuphelele eNtshonalanga yawo wonke amaRiphabhulikhi aseNingizimu Melika” futhi kufanele “ludale isimo esithuthuke kakhulu sokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese.” Lokhu kuvukela umbuso wentando yeningi “kwakuwukunqoba okuwujuqu okukhulu kwenkululeko phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili,” kuphetha uGordon, “okungenye yezinguquko ezinkulu emlandweni wezwe” kule nkathi, okwasusa lokho uWashington akubona njengesibonelo sikaCastro.
Ubhadane lwabe selusakazekela kulo lonke izwekazi, lwaphumela ezimpini zamaphekula zikaReagan eMelika Ephakathi futhi ekugcineni kwabulawa izihlakaniphi eziyisithupha zaseLatin America, abapristi bamaJesuit, yibutho lekhethelo laseSalvador, ababesanda kuqeqeshwa kabusha e-JFK Special Warfare School eFort Bragg, ngokulandela imiyalelo yoMyalelo Ophakeme wokubabulala kanye nanoma ibaphi ofakazi, umgcini wendlu yabo kanye nendodakazi yakhe. Umgubho weminyaka engu-25 wokubulawa usanda kudlula, ukhunjulwa ngokuthula okuvamile okubhekwa njengokufanelekile emacaleni ethu.
Kwakunjalo nangempi yaseVietnam, nayo eyayibhekwa njengokwehluleka nokunqotshwa. IVietnam ngokwayo yayingenandaba nokuthile, kodwa njengoba irekhodi lembula, iWashington yayikhathazekile ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuzimela okuphumelelayo kungase kusabalalise ukutheleleka kuso sonke isifunda, kufinyelele e-Indonesia, nemithombo yayo ecebile, futhi mhlawumbe kuze kufike naseJapane - "i-superdomino" njengoba kwachazwa isazi-mlando sase-Asia uJohn Dower - engase ihlalise i-East Asia ezimele, ibe isikhungo sayo sezimboni nezobuchwepheshe, esizimele ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-US, empeleni sakha i-New Order e-Asia. I-US yayingakulungele ukulahlekelwa yisigaba sePacific seMpi Yezwe II ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, ngakho yaphenduka ngokushesha ukuze isekele impi yaseFrance ukuze iphinde inqobe ikoloni yayo yangaphambili, futhi yadlulela ezintweni ezesabekayo ezalandela, zanda kakhulu lapho uKennedy ethatha isikhundla, kamuva ngabalandeli bakhe.
IVietnam yacishe yacekelwa phansi: kwakungeke kube yisibonelo samuntu. Futhi isifunda savikelwa ngokufaka ubushiqela obubulalayo, njengaseLatin America eminyakeni efanayo - akukhona okungokwemvelo ukuthi inqubomgomo yombuso kufanele ilandele imigqa efanayo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Icala elibaluleke kakhulu kwaba yi-Indonesia, evikelwe ekuthelelekeni ngokuketulwa umbuso kuka-Suharto ngo-1965, “ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngendlela emangalisayo” njengoba i-New York Times yakuchaza ngokunembile, kuyilapho ihlanganyela nenjabulo evamile “ngokubenyezela kokukhanya e-Asia” (umlobi wezindaba ezikhululekile uJames. Reston). Uma sibheka emuva, umeluleki kaKennedy-Johnson Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke uMcGeorge Bundy waqaphela ukuthi “umzamo wethu” eVietnam “wawungaphezu kwamandla” ngemva kuka-1965, ne-Indonesia igonywe ngokuphephile.
Impi yaseVietnam ichazwa njengokwehluleka, ukunqotshwa kweMelika. Eqinisweni kwakuwukunqoba okuyingxenye. I-US ayizange ifinyelele umgomo wayo omkhulu wokuguqula iVietnam ibe yiPhilippines, kodwa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwanqotshwa, njengoba kwenzeka eCuba. Ngakho-ke imiphumela enjalo ibalwa njengokunqotshwa, ukwehluleka, izinqumo ezimbi kakhulu
Umqondo wasebukhosini uyamangalisa ukuwubona. Alupheli usuku ngaphandle kwemifanekiso emisha. Singengeza indlela "yomnyakazo ongokomlando" omusha e-Cuba, nokwamukelwa kwayo, ohlwini olugqamile.
5 Amazwana
Angiqiniseki ukuthi “igciwane” beliqukethwe ngo-100%. Isibonelo saseCuba saqhubeka, naphezu komonakalo omkhulu wase-US, nokunye okufeziwe kwangempela, ukusiza ukukhuthaza ukuguquguquka kweLatin America kwesokunxele kuleli khulu leminyaka.
Konke ngithanda ukubuyisela ubudlelwano—empeleni, siqale ukuba nobudlelwano obuhle–neCuba. Kodwa ingxenye yesizathu sokuqala ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana ukuthi izinqubomgomo ezindala “azizange zisebenze.” Ama-neo-cons nama-neo-libs awakwazi ukushintsha. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-US izoqhubeka nokuketula nokuketula uhulumeni waseCuba, kodwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene. Yilokho esiyikho, yilokho esikwenzayo. Futhi uma lokhu sekwenzekile, abaseCuba bazoba kubi kakhulu ngakho. Ayisekho imfundo eqinisekisiwe yokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Ayisekho inethi yokuphepha komphakathi.
Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngemva nje kokushintsha kuka-Obama kunqubomgomo ebheke eCuba wasayina uMthetho Wokuvinjelwa Kokuhlukumeza WaseRussia wezi-2014 waba umthetho. Phakathi kwezinyathelo ezintsha zokulwa neRussia zihlanganisa unswinyo lwezomnotho oluthe xaxa kanye no-$350 wezigidi zosizo lwezempi e-Ukraine. Okhulumela uphiko lwezokuphatha uthe uMengameli ubengahlosile ukusebenzisa la mandla iCongress emnikeze wona okwamanje. Ilwela entsha?
Izishoshovu eziningi nabahleli engisebenza nabo kanye ne-IMHO okufanele bazi kangcono basaphakamisa uKennedy njengohlobo oluthile lwesibonelo "sokuthula". Ukungaqondi kahle kwabo imiphumela yomkhankaso wenkohliso we-JFK ophumelele kakhulu u-Chomsky uchaze kwenye indawo njengophumelele kakhulu kunemizamo efanayo kaReagan. Kuyakhathaza kakhulu futhi ekugcineni kugcizelela umbono wamaDemocrats njengabagqugquzeli benye inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US enomusa. Ngibonga kakhulu ngemizamo kaChomsky yokusisiza ukuthi siphikisane nalezi zinkohliso ezikhululekile.
Yebo, umbono wasebukhosini uyamangalisa ukuwubona, ikakhulukazi mayelana neCuba. Naphezu kwesinqumo esingokomlando, esihlakaniphile sika-Obama sokubuyisela kanye nokwenza ubudlelwano bube bujwayelekile neCuba futhi axegise isivimbelo esingekho emthethweni nesokuziphatha okubi ngokumelene neCuba, ukuvinjelwa kusasaqhubeka kanye nokuhlala ngokungemthetho nokuziphatha okubi kweGuantanamo, isizinda samasosha aseMelika, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeCuba okuhlanganisa ukwephulwa ngokusobala nangokudelela kobukhosi baseCuba kanye nobuqotho bendawo. Ngakho-ke, lokhu ukuqhubeka kweMfundiso kaMonroe ye-imperialism kanye ne-hegemonic esafaka ubuthi ebuhlotsheni bethu bezombusazwe, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, amasiko, kanye nezingokomoya neLatin America okumele senze konke ukulungisa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.