Ngakho ingxenye ebalulekile yomthethosivivinywa “wokuguqulwa” kwezempilo kaMongameli waseMelika u-Barack Obama wamenyezelwa “njengokungqubuzana nomthethosisekelo” ngesonto eledlule yijaji lenkantolo yesifunda yophiko lwesokudla uHenry E. Hudson eVirginia. Ngombono onamakhasi angama-42, ijaji libhale: "INkantolo Ephakeme nanoma iyiphi inkantolo yesifunda yombuso yokudlulisa amacala eye yanweba amandla eSigatshana Sezohwebo ukuze iphoqelele umuntu ukuthi angenele ngokuzenzakalelayo ohlelweni lwezohwebo ngokuthenga impahla emakethe yangasese."
Ilungelo leRiphabhulikhi eleqisayo (i-ajenda yalo ye-arch-regressive ibhalwe ngokungeyikho ngokuthi “i-conservative”) ibe nosuku lwenkambu. Umsakazo wezingxoxo kanye nesixuku "Izindaba" ze-FOX konke bekunomsindo. I-GOP/Tea.OP, yazizwa inesibindi emkhankasweni wayo wokuchitha umthetho wezempilo, ewugxeke ngokungenangqondo njengomzamo “wokuhlalisana kahle” “wokudonsa ipulaki kugogo” nokuqhubekisela phambili “imithi yokuxhumana nabantu” kanye “nokuthatha kukahulumeni ngamandla ethu. ukunakekela impilo"
Umthelela omkhulu wesinqumo sika-Hudson awucacile. Umthetho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo usuvele ugciniwe (umenyezelwe ngokomthethosisekelo) ngamanye amajaji esifunda sombuso amabili futhi u-Hudson akenzanga sinyathelo sokuvimba ukuqaliswa. Icala kufanele lidlulele eNkantolo Ephakeme, lapho mina (engingeyena neze uchwepheshe wezomthetho) ngingazi ukuthi yini engenzeka lapho. Uprofesa wezomthetho edolobheni lakithi lamanje uthi u-Hudson uye wakushaya indiva ukufaneleka komthethosisekelo osekuvele kumisiwe kohlelo oludumile lweMedicare. Ingxenye A yalolo hlelo igunyaza ukuthi abantu baseMelika abasebenzayo kumele baqhubekisele phambili ingxenye yomholo wabo kanye nemiholo yabo ukuze bakhokhe izikweletu zabo zesibhedlela lapho sebehlanganisa iminyaka engama-65. Uma iCongress ingenza izakhamizi zithenge umshwalense wesibhedlela ngenxa yokuguga kwazo, kusho uprofesa, kungadingeka ukuthi zithenge umshwalense wezempilo kubadala bazo bamanje.
iminyaka.[1]
Kodwa icala lika-Hudson ngokumelene nalo mthetho liwukuthi ugunyaza ngokungafanele ukuthengwa "kwempahla yangasese" futhi i-Medicare iwuhlelo lukahulumeni, ngakho-ke angazi noma uprofesa uqinisile. Ngizoshiya amaphuzu angcono kakhulu omthethosisekelo kanye nezibikezelo kwabanye abanesizinda esengeziwe somthetho. Engizizwa ngizethemba uma ngiphawula futhi ngiphawula kule ndaba wukuceba kuka-Obama egxekwa ilungelo lokuzama ukuphusha abantu ukuthi bathenge umshwalense wezempilo njengempahla. "Ama-Conservatives" aseMelika aye asekela ukuthengiswa kokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokuqhubekayo futhi ngokumelene nemizamo eqhubekayo yokwenza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kube yilungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo ngale komkhakha wengqondo yemakethe kanye nombuzo wokuthi yimalini umuntu anayo.
Futhi u-Obama "ongaguquguquki kakhulu". [1A] bavumelana nezifiso zabo phakathi nenqubo "yenguquko" yezempilo eyabuyisana amaRiphabhulikhi kanye namabhizinisi amakhulu kuyilapho ikhaphela imibono eqhubekayo kanye nabavoti. Ezingxoxweni zikamongameli zango-2008, u-Obama wabuzwa ukuthi ngabe ucabanga ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kufanele kuqondwe “njengelungelo lomuntu” noma “njengempahla.” Impendulo yakhe yayihloselwe ukususa umbono womphakathi onenqubekela phambili osekunesikhathi eside (kanye nokuziphatha okuhle okuyisisekelo) ngalolu daba. Wakhetha “ilungelo lomuntu.” Ngokuphambene nalokho kukhetha kanye nephupho lakwesokudla lika-Obama njengokungathi kwesokunxele, nokho, uMongameli Obama kanye "noguquko" lwezempilo lweDemocrats bagcina amalungelo ezinkampani kanye nesimo sokunakekelwa kwezempilo saseMelika siqinile. Umthethosivivinywa wezempilo ka-Obama-Democrats ushiye izinkampani zomshwalense ezizimele ezihamba phambili ezenza inzuzo kanye nezinkampani zezidakamizwa - nezikhulu zazo ezinkulu nezimba eqolo (ezibiza ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-400 ngonyaka) ezinikezelwe ekwenqabeni ukunakekelwa kanye nokuvikela izintshisekelo zabatshalizimali - eziphethe uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Kushiye abantu baseMelika abaningi bencike kakhulu kubaqashi babo kanye nenkokhelo yabo eyehlayo kanye nokonga kwabo ukuthenga umshwalense wezempilo othengwayo (odingeka abantu baseMelika abaningi ukuze kuthengwe ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwangempela) kanye…impahla. Ngokudelela ngesibindi isikhundla sakhe sokunakekelwa kwezempilo esishiwo njengelungu lephalamende lesifunda sase-Illinois entwasahlobo ka-2003. 2 isikhundla esishiywe lapho u-Obama enquma ukuthi udutshulwe kabi ehhovisi likazwelonke), umongameli wenqaba abameli bomshwalense wezempilo wokuxhumana nabantu - "I-Medicare Ethuthukisiwe Yabo Bonke" kumodeli "yaseCanada" - ngisho nesihlalo esincane emaphethelweni etafula lezingxoxo. engxoxweni "yenguquko" yezempilo ka-2009.
Ngaphansi kwemodeli yokukhokha eyodwa eyamukelwa abagqugquzeli bezinguquko zezempilo eziqhubekayo iminyaka eminingi, umshwalense wezempilo ubungeke usetshenziswe. Bekuzoguqulwa kube yilungelo lomuntu futhi uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngempela ngabe “lulawulwa uhulumeni” ngokweqiniso. Kodwa, ngokuhambisana neseluleko salowo owayeyisikhulu sabasebenzi u-Rahm Emmanuel sokuthi “angabanaki abathuthukayo,” u-Obama ngeke ahlanganise lutho nomkhokhi oyedwa – okuyisixazululo esisobala esilula nesentando yeningi, esinciphisa izindleko zezwe elibizayo, elinzima. kanye nendlela engalingani yokukhokhela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo. Lapho u-Obama osanda kumiswa ebambe ingqungquthela yakhe yokuqala yokunakekelwa kwezempilo ekuqaleni kwalowo nyaka, umakadebona wekhongolose omnyama kanye neHouse Judiciary Usihlalo u-John Conyers (D-Michigan) - owaziwa kakhulu njengomqambi we-US House single payyer bill (HB 676) - akamenywanga ngisho nokumenywa. Futhi wayengeyena u-advocate okhokhelayo oyedwa ohamba phambili kuzwelonke uDkt. Quentin Young, odume ngokuba umngane omkhulu ka-Obama waseChicago. Njengomongameli, abangani baka-Obama begalofu bafake izikhulu eziphezulu zomshwalense, izidakamizwa, nezokunakekelwa kwezempilo, abanxenxe umongameli kanye nabeluleki bakhe ngemuva kwezigcawu bengahambisani nezithembiso zika-Obama zokubeka zonke izingxoxo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo “ku-C-Span.”
Ingqungquthela kamongameli yokunakekelwa kwezempilo eWhite House - ngaphambi kokuthi iCongress yenze noma yini - yaqala futhi yaphetha ngokuthi imboni yomshwalense ikhulume. Kwakubonakala ukuthi bayaphi. Akweneliswanga nje ukukhaphela abaqhubekayo abasele kanye nombono wezakhamizi eziningi ezithuthukayo mayelana nokhokha oyedwa, ngempela, ithimba lika-Obama lidlale umdlalo ogulayo ngezethembiso zenqubomgomo ezingacacile futhi ezilulaza ngento ebizwa ngokuthi “inketho yomphakathi” - inketho yomshwalense kahulumeni oyinganekwane walabo ayikwazanga ukuthola umshwalense ohlelweni oluzimele. Maphakathi noNovemba ka-2009, Owake waba unobhala wezabasebenzi kaBill Cinton, uRobert Reich waphawula ngokunembile ukuthi “Kuyinketho yomphakathi, inketho yomphakathi ye-ersatz, isenzo esidlula ngokushesha esibhekise kumbono wenketho yomphakathi, encane kakhulu futhi engathandeki kangangokuthi akufanele neze ikhulunywe ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi (hefuzela) iqukethe igama elithi 'umphakathi.'"3 “Inketho yomphakathi” (noma ngabe ibiyini noma ngabe ibiyini…yayilokhu incipha ngaphambi kokuthi inyamalale ngokuphelele) ayizange isondele ekubonakaleni njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. Futhi nombono ka-Obama ocatshangelwe kafushane wokwelula i-Medicare kuze kufike eminyakeni engama-55 noma umkhankaso wakhe uthembisa ukuqhubekisela phambili izingxoxo zikahulumeni ngamanani ezidakamizwa.4
Okwavela futhi kwaphumelela, kunjalo, kwakuwumthethosivivinywa umlobi webhizinisi we-New York Times uDavid Leonhardt awuchaza kahle ngokuthi “Eqinisweni… Kuyabhala,” kubhala uLeonhardt, “kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu kunohlelo lukaMongameli uBill Clinton lwango-1993 noma uhlelo lukaMongameli uRichard Nixon lwango-1974 (lapho uhulumeni wobumbano ubuyokhava noma ubani owayengafakwanga umshwalense ngomqashi). Kungcono kakhulu kunokwandisa i-Medicare ukumboza wonke umuntu. Ngokusobala kungenye yezindlela ezincane kakhulu zokuthi i-United States iqede isimo sayo njengezwe elicebile kuphela elinezigidi nezigidi zabantu abangaqinisekisiwe.”5
Ukwenqaba ukukhokhela ukunwetshwa kokuhlinzekwa kwabantu baseMelika abampofu kanye nalabo abanezimo ezikhona ngaphambilini ngokukhulula i-Big Insurance embusweni wayo wenzuzo eyisinambuzane, umthethosivivinywa ka-Obama uncike ekuhlanganisweni kwentela eqhubekela phambili kanye nemfuneko yokuthi bonke abantu baseMelika babengakafaki ukuthenga. umshwalense wezempilo emakethe evulekile…njengempahla. Igunya, elahlongozwa ekuqaleni amaRiphabhulikhi ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 (ephendula “i-Hillarycare”), lihloselwe ukunxephezela izinkampani zomshwalense ezisanamandla ngezindleko ezimbi (ama-CEO aphezulu omshwalense akholelwa) abekwa wona (bacabanga) izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinonya ezigcizelela ukuthi zihlinzeke iziguli ezigulayo nezikhubazekile. Uma bezophoqeleka (cabanga nje!) ukuthi baqinisekise ukuthi labo abangaphumeleli kahle abaphilanga kahle, bayaphikelela ukuthi ngeke kube khona abagibeli bamahhala. Kufanele bathole amaphrimiyamu omshuwalense kwabancane nabanempilo, abazokhokha ngaphandle kokudinga ukubuyiselwa okuningi ku-mafia yebhizinisi elawula uhlelo.
IJaji u-Hudson ukhathazekile ngokuthi igunya lokuthenga umshwalense weRiphabhulikhi-Obama "limema ukusetshenziswa okungalawuleki kwamandla wamaphoyisa enhlangano" kodwa igunya likahulumeni lisebenza ekusebenzeni kwamandla enkampani, elixhumene kakhulu nemfuneko yokuthi ukufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kuhlungwa ngenzuzo. umbono wempahla, hhayi amalungelo abantu. Okuxakayo ukuthi, ukube umongameli kanye neCongress ngandlela thize (ngomlingo) bawuhlukumezile “ubushiqela bemali obungakhethwanga” (ibinzana elihle kakhulu lika-Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson) ukuze baphasise umthethosivivinywa wokuguqula impilo oqhubekayo owasusa umshuwalense wezempilo, i-Hudson's. isinqumo sophiko lwesokudla ngeke sisebenze.
Ndawana thize emgwaqeni, sizobona ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme YaseRiphabhulikhi kaRoberts inquma kanjani embonweni wokuthi "inguquko" yezempilo yenkampani ka-Obama iqhubekisela phambili amandla enhlangano ecindezela ngokungafanele. Umqondo wami onamandla ukuthi bazohambisana nomthethosivivinywa wokuthenga umshwalense wezempilo wesitayela saseRiphabhulikhi, lokho phela odinga ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo oluphethwe ezimele esikhundleni sokuphathwa nguhulumeni. Singaqiniseka ukuthi isinqumo sabo ngeke sisho lutho mayelana namandla e-veto of capital, usongo lwangempela lwentando yeningi, ukuhlonipha, kanye nokuphila komuntu ngempela. [6] ekhulwini loku-21.
U-Paul Street (www.paulstreet.org) ungumbhali wezihloko eziningi, izahluko, izinkulumo, nezincwadi, kuhlanganise noMbuso Nokungalingani: IMelika Nomhlaba Kusukela ngo-9/11 (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2008); Ukucindezelwa Kohlanga e-Global Metropolis (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007; Izikole Ezihlukanisiwe: I- Educational Apartheid in the Post-Civil Rights Era (New York: Routledge, 2005); u-Barack Obama kanye Nekusasa Lezombangazwe ZaseMelika (Boulder, CO: I-Paradigm, 2008); Izingubo Ezintsha Zombuso: U-Barack Obama ku-Real World of Power (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2010); kanye (ebhalwe ngokuhlanganyela no-Anthony Dimaggio) Crashing the Tea Party (2011). Angafinyelelwa ku- [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
AMANOTHI
1 Usolwazi wezomthetho waseNyuvesi yase-Iowa uDavid Orentlicher, “Igunya Lokunakekelwa Kwezempilo Ngokomthethosisekelo,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, Disemba 1, 9A.
1A. Njengoba uLarissa MacFarquhar aphawula esithombeni sika-Obama sangoMeyi 2007 esinesihloko esithi “Umxhumanisi,” izisombululo ezanikezwa emibhalweni ka-Obama, izinkulumo, kanye nemihlangano yamahholo edolobha “zazimincane futhi zasendaweni kunokuba zifinyelele ngokujulile futhi zihlelekile.” Bakhetha futhi bakhetha ngendlela ye-eclectic kunoma yisiphi isiko lemibono ebonakala ilula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waphawula, u-Obama wayenelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga ezijulile zomphakathi akukho nqubomgomo nhlobo, encamela ukufaka esikhundleni sezinkulumo zezombusazwe ezingenalutho kanye nemibono epholile yethemba kanye nokuhlangana ukuze kuphakanyiswe isenzo senqubomgomo esibambekayo. “Uma ekhuluma ngobumpofu,” MacFarquhar waphawula, “uthambekele ekungakhulumini ngokudla ama- plutocrat nokukhokhiswa intela ngokungafanele: uthi singabagcini babafowethu, ukuthi ukunakekela abampofu kungenye yamasiko ethu.” Ukwenqaba okunjalo ukuthuthukisa izinguquko ezinkulu - isb umshwalense wezempilo okhokha oyedwa kumodeli yaseCanada - ubonise ukuthi yini MacFarquhar kutholwe njengokuthatha kuka-Obama “ukucophelela okujulile” emlandweni, emphakathini kanye nepolitiki:
"Ngokubuka kwakhe umlando, ekuhlonipheni kwakhe isiko, ekungabazeni kwakhe ukuthi umhlaba ungashintshwa nganoma iyiphi indlela kodwa kakhulu, kancane kakhulu, u-Obama ubambelele ngokujulile. Kukhona izikhathi lapho ezwakala cishe Burkean. Akakwethembi izifinyezo, ama-generalizations, ama-extrapolation, ama-projections. Akukhona nje ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi ukuvukela umbuso akunakwenzeka: wazisa ukuqhubeka nokuzinza ngenxa yabo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphezu kwalokho ekwazisa ushintsho kube kuhle. Ngokwesibonelo, thatha ukunakekelwa kwempilo. Uthi: 'Uma uqala phansi, khona-ke uhlelo lomkhokha oyedwa'—uhlelo oluphethwe uhulumeni olufana nolwaseCanada, olunqamula umshuwalense wezempilo emsebenzini—'cishe lungaba nengqondo. Kodwa sinazo zonke lezi zinhlelo zefa, futhi ukuphatha inguquko, kanye nokulungisa isiko kusistimu ehlukile, kungaba nzima ukuyikhipha. Ngakho-ke singase sidinge uhlelo olungaphazamisi kangangokuthi abantu bavele bazizwe sengathi lokho abebekwazi impilo yabo yonke kuphonswe endleleni'…Ebuzwa ukuthi ngabe usewushintshile yini umqondo wakhe nganoma yini kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, uthi, 'Mhlawumbe sengithobekile manje mayelana nesivinini izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezingaxazulula zonke izinkinga. Isibonelo, ngicabanga ukuthi umthelela wabazali nemiphakathi okungenani ubaluleke njengesamba semali efakwa kwezemfundo.”
I-MacFarquhar ithole ukuthi "u-conservatism ojulile" ka-Obama yingakho "amaRiphabhulikhi eqhubeka nokumthola ekhululekile, ikakhulukazi labo abaphikisana nempi ngezizathu ezifanayo nalezo ayenzile." Ubalule ukuthi abanye babaqoqi besikhwama abaphezulu bakaBush babe negalelo emkhankasweni ka-Obama futhi waphawula ukuthi u-Obama wathola amavoti angama-40 ekhulwini lamaRiphabhulikhi ekunqobeni kwakhe iSenate ngo-2004. Larissa MacFarquhar, “Umxhumanisi: Uvelaphi uBarack Obama?," The New Yorker (May7, 2007).
2 Ngenkathi u-Obama ethi ungumongameli wokuqala owaphasisa uguquko lwezempilo lwangempela e-US, akashongo lutho mayelana namazwana alandelayo awenza njengelungu lephalamende lesifundazwe ekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-2003 ku-Illinois AFL-CIO: "Ngenzeka ukuba ngumsekeli wohlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo olukhokhelayo oyedwa. Angisiboni isizathu sokuthi kungani i-United States of America, izwe elicebe kunawo wonke emlandweni womhlaba, ichitha amaphesenti angu-14 e-Gross National Product ekunakekelweni kwezempilo ingakwazi ukunikeza umshuwalense wezempilo oyisisekelo kuwo wonke umuntu. Futhi yilokho uJim akhuluma ngakho lapho ethi wonke umuntu angene, kungaphumi muntu. Uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lomkhokhi oyedwa, uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo jikelele.” "U-Obama Kumshwalense Wezempilo Okhokha Oyedwa," Juni 30, 2003, isiqeshana sevidiyo ye-YouTube ku- http://www.1payer.net/All-
3 Robert Reich, “The Ersatz Public Option,” Huffington Post (November 19, 2009), ifundwe kuhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/
4 Ukuze uthole irekhodi elicindezelayo lenqubo “yenguquko” yezempilo ka-Obama, bheka iSahluko 3 (esinesihloko esithi “Inguquko Yezempilo Ephethwe Yinkampani”) sencwadi yami entsha ethi The Empire's New Clothes: Barack Obama in the Real World of Power (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2010).
5 UDavid Leonhardt, "Ukuphikisa Umthetho Wezempilo Kugxilile Esikweni," i-New York Times, ngoDisemba 15, A1, ifundwe ku- http://www.nytimes.com/2010/
6 Bheka i-Istvan Meszaros, i-Socialism noma i-Barbarism: Kusukela ku-"American Century" kuya e-Crossroads (New York: Ukubuyekezwa Kwanyanga zonke, i-2001); Herve Kempf, Indlela Abacebile Ababhubhisa Ngayo Umhlaba (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2007); UJames Gustave Speth, Ibhuloho Ekupheleni Kwezwe: I-capitalism, i-Environment, kanye Nokuwela Ukusuka Enhlekeleleni Kuya Ekuqhubekeni (New Haven: Yale, 2008); futhi (ukuze sibheke okudabukisayo ukujula nezinga lenhlekelele yemvelo esivele iqhubeka encwadini engafisi ukucacisa ukuba netyala kwe-capitalism/capitalism, Bill McKibben, Eaarth: Making Life on a Tough Planet (New York: Times Books , 2010), 1-101.