Ngisanda kufunda isimemezelo sokukhuphuka kokulingana kwezomnotho okuvela emthonjeni othakazelisayo. Umbhali wesikhalazo kwakunguBill Gross, Isikhulu Esiyinhloko Sokutshalwa Kwezimali kanye nomsunguli we-Pacific Investment Management Company (PIMCO), okuyifemu yomhlaba wonke yokutshalwa kwezimali eyibhiliyoni engu-$14 ekomkhulu eCalifornia. Forbes ibala i-Gross njengabangama-778 emhlabenith usozigidigidi ocebe kakhulu. Isamba sakhe singu-$2.4 billion futhi “uhola” u-$200 million ngonyaka. “Ungaqasha othisha besikole abangu-2,000 XNUMX ngaleyo mali,” kusho uWilliam Popejoy, owayeyisikhulu sezezimali osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili engumphathiswa wePacific Investment Management Co.
“Akujwayelekile”
NgoJulayi 15, 2014 E-USA NAMUHLA I-Op Ed enesihloko esithi “Invest in Normalcy for All,” uBill Gross uthe ukhathazwa ukuthi i-United States njengamanje ayilingani njengoba ibinjalo noma nini kusukela ngawo-1920s. Ubalule ngokudumala ukuthi i-Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) ikleliswe e-US 31.st phakathi kwezizwe ezingama-34 ezihlolelwe ukulingana kwemali engenayo. I-US "idlulwa kuphela okuthandwa yiChile neTurkey," kukhononda uGross. I-gross iphazamisekile (noma ithi) izinkampani zase-US zijabulela inzuzo erekhodiwe ngemva kwentela elingana no-10% womkhiqizo wasekhaya wase-US (GDP) - "edlula amazinga we-Roaring [19]20s" - kuyilapho amaholo ase-US ehlile Amaphesenti angama-57 e-GDP ngo-1970 kuya ku-43% we-GDP namuhla.
Lokhu kungalingani, kubhala uGross, “akujwayelekile.” Uthi futhi, kubi ebhizinisini ngoba kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha. I-US, i-Gross igcizelela, idinga ukuba "ijwayelekile" ngokuhlehlisa "ukulahlekelwa okungapheli kwamandla okuthenga ngabasebenzi okuhlobene nokwehla kwamandla emali kanye nenzuzo yebhizinisi." Ingakwazi futhi kufanele ikwenze lokhu, uthi, ngokunyusa amaholo amancane, ikhuphule ukuqoqwa kwentela ezinkampanini, iqede uhlelo lokunciphisa intela “inzalo ethwalayo” kubantu abacebile, kanye “nokukhuthaza imfundo yabasebenzi ukusiza ekufundeni amakhono adingwa awu 21st umnotho wekhulunyaka.”
I-Gross isekela lezi zinto egameni lonxiwankulu. Esigabeni sokuphawula kwakhe esinesihloko esithi “CAPITALISM IN DANGER,” ubhala okulandelayo ukuze asekele lokho akubiza ngokuthi “isixazululo sikaHenry Ford”[okubili]: "Umthetho wokunyuswa kwamaholo amancane, nakuba ubonakala uphikisana nobunxiwankulu futhi ungahambisani nentando yeningi, kungase kudingeke ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu - abasebenzi nezinkampani ngokufanayo."
Ezinye Izinto Ezishiyiwe
Umuntu angasho okuningi kakhulu kunokushiwo i-Gross uma kuziwa ekuqondeni nasekunciphiseni ukungalingani kwezomnotho e-US. Kuthiwani ngokungalingani kwengcebo, okwedlulele kakhulu kunalokho - futhi okubaluleke kakhulu njengokuthi (uma kungabalulekile kakhulu kunoku) - kunokungalingani namuhla? (I-1% ecebe kakhulu yase-US inenani elikhulu kakhulu elihlanganyelwe kunama-90% aphansi e-US.) Ukugunyazwa kabusha kwezinyunyana ezihlelekile e-US (izisebenzi ezihleliwe sekuyisikhathi eside kuwuhlelo lwezwe oluphumelela kakhulu lokulwa nobumpofu) ? Izinhlelo ezinkulu zemisebenzi yomphakathi zokuqasha izigidi zabantu “abangaphezu kwamaMelika” abangaqashiwe emsebenzini owusizo emphakathini futhi odingekayo ngokwezemvelo? Imikhawulo ekundizani kwemali nasekuhambeni? Ukuxoxisana kabusha kwezivumelwano ze-neoliberal "zohwebo olukhululekile" (amalungelo abatshalizimali) ukuze kufakwe umsebenzi obalulekile kanye nokunye ukuvikelwa komphakathi kwabantu abasebenzayo? Ukuhlukana nokuqiniswa komthetho noma ngisho nokufakwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni kwezikhungo zezimali ze-United States 'ezinkulu kakhulu ezihlulekayo' (eziphihliza umnotho ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezindleko ezinkulu zomphakathi)? Uguquko olunamandla lwentando yeningi lwezepolitiki nokhetho (njengokuxhaswa ngokugcwele kwezimali komphakathi okhethweni lomphakathi, ukumeleleka ngokulinganayo emijahweni yezomthetho, ukuqedwa kwezithiyo ezingokomthetho emaqenjini esithathu nesine) ukuze kubuyiselwe emuva umbuso weningi wase-US onyanyekayo? Ukushintshwa komshwalense wezempilo okubucayi (okhokha oyedwa) (I-Medicare Ethuthukisiwe Yabo Bonke) ukwenza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwekhwalithi ephezulu kube ilungelo elifinyeleleka emphakathini kubo bonke? Ingabe uphakamisa i-cap ehlehliswayo yentela yokukhokha ye-Social Security kanye nenzuzo yemali yentela ukuze kuxhaswe Ukuvikeleka Komphakathi nokunakekelwa kwezempilo? Ukwehliswa kwenhlalakahle yebhizinisi edlangile, efana nesihlengo kanye nokuqondiswa kabusha kwemali egcinwe ezindlekweni zomphakathi? Ukubuyiselwa kanye nokwandiswa kwentela yezokuphepha encishisiwe yamaholo omphakathi? Ukwabelana ngomsebenzi ukuze kumiswe ibutho labantu abangasebenzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okuxoxisana kwabasebenzi, kusatshalaliswe amaholo kanye nezinzuzo, futhi kubuyiselwe emuva isihlava sokusebenza ngokweqile? Ukuphela koxhaso lokulondoloza amalungelo ezikole zikahulumeni ngenxa yengcebo yendawo yendawo? Imfundo yomphakathi yamahhala yase-K? Ukuhlikihla isabelomali esikhulu se-Pentagon (ngokwaso siwuxhaso olukhulu lwezinkampani zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu) kanye nokuqondiswa kabusha kwezinsiza kusuka embusweni wezempi kuya ezidingweni zomphakathi? Linyuke ngendlela emangalisayo izwi lesisebenzi nokubamba iqhaza ekuqondeni kwamabhizinisi?
Konke lokhu nokunye okuningi kuzokwamukelwa ngokulangazela iningi lezakhamizi zase-US.
Futhi ikuphi yonke leyo misebenzi yaseMelika enamakhono abasebenzi base-US okuthiwa abanalo uqeqesho, noma kunjalo? (Bheka uPaul Street, “Izinto Eziyisikhombisa,” I-ZNet-Telesur, Julayi 10, 2014,https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/seven-things/)
Izinkolelo Ezihlukene
ngingaqhubeka. Kodwa inkinga enkulu ngokuphawula kukasozigidigidi u-Gross akukhona mayelana nenqubomgomo. Imayelana nomlando. Kuphinde futhi kumayelana nemvelo ye-capitalism, umbuso wenhlalo-mnotho u-Gross ngephutha awuhlanganisa nentando yeningi kanye “nokulunga okuvamile.” Kungumbono kaGross ukuthi ukungalingani okuphelele “akukona okuvamile” (a) ngaphansi konxiwankulu kanye (b) nomlando wase-US.
Akudingeki ukuthi ube yi-Marxist noma olunye uhlobo oluphikisana no-capitalist ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-capitalism imayelana nokungafani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Njengoba isazi sezomnotho esikhululekile u-Lester Thurow aphawula eminyakeni engu-18 edlule:
“Intando yeningi kanye ne-capitalism kunezinkolelo ezihluke kakhulu mayelana nokusabalalisa amandla ngendlela efanele. Omunye ukholelwa ekusatshalalisweni okulinganayo ngokuphelele kwamandla ezombusazwe, 'indoda eyodwa [sic] ivoti elilodwa,' kuyilapho omunye ekholelwa ukuthi kuwumsebenzi wabafanele ngokwezomnotho ukukhipha abangafanelekile ebhizinisini futhi bashabalale. 'Ukusinda kwezinga eliphezulu' kanye nokungalingani emandleni okuthenga yikho okumayelana nokusebenza kahle konxiwankulu. Inzuzo yomuntu ngamunye iza kuqala futhi amafemu asebenza kahle ukuze acebe. Ukuyibeka esimweni sayo esibucayi, i-capitalism ihambisana ngokuphelele nobugqila. Intando yeningi ayikho.” (Ikusasa Le-Capitalism [NY, 1996], 242, kugcizelelwe).
Ikhophi yami endala enothuli I-Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary ichaza i-capitalism ngokuthi “uhlelo lwezomnotho lapho zonke noma eziningi zezindlela zokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa…zikhona ezizimele futhi zisetshenziselwe inzuzo, ekuqaleni ngaphansi kwezimo zokuncintisana ngokugcwele: it ngokuvamile kubonakala ukuthambekela ekuqoqeni ingcebo futhi, isigaba sayo sokugcina, ngokukhula kwezinkampani ezinkulu, ukwanda kokulawula kukahulumeni, njll..”
"Inkathi Yegolide" yayiyi-Real Anomaly
Yini “engajwayelekile” ngokungalingani kwengcebo nemali engenayo ngaphansi kwalesi simiso sokuziphatha somthetho wesigaba? Uma kuneqiniso elilodwa elingaguquki ongalisusa kuvolomu egujwa ngokushesha kasomnotho waseFrance uThomas Piketty Inhlokodolobha ku-21st Century (2014) iwukuthi ingcebo, eshiywe ezandleni zayo, igxile ngokungenakuvinjelwa emnothweni wonxiwankulu. Ukufakazela le thesis ngedatha engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, u-Piketty ukhombisa ukuthi akukho lutho olukhona ekusebenzeni konxiwankulu “wemakethe yamahhala” ukuvimba, ingasaphathwa eyokuhlehlisa lokho kuthambekela. Okuwukuphela kwezinto ezinciphise ukungalingani ngaphansi kwesimiso sonxiwankulu kube (a) izinhlekelele ezingajwayelekile ezifana nokuDluliswa Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kanye nezimpi zomhlaba ezimbili zekhulunyaka elidlule kanye (b) nokungenelela kwezombusazwe/kwenqubomgomo egameni lokwabiwa kabusha okwehlayo.
Njengoba ukungalingani emazweni acebile njengamanje kusondela “emazingeni alingana nalawo abonakala ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili neleshumi nesishiyagalolunye,” uPiketty uphawula ukuthi “ingcebo [inhloko-dolobha] isiphinde yachuma. Ngobubanzi,” ebonisa, “kwakuyizimpi zekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili ezasusa inkathi edlule ukuze kwakhiwe umbono wokuthi ubunxiwankulu babuguquliwe ngokwesakhiwo” (Inhlokodolobha ku-21stCentury, p. 118). “Ukukhula komnotho wesimanje kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi,” ubonisa uPiketty, “azikashintshi izinhlaka ezijulile zemali kanye nokungalingani - noma kunoma yikuphi hhayi okuningi njengoba umuntu ayengase akucabange emashumini eminyaka anethemba ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II" (p.1, kugcizelelwe).
Kwakuyinkathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Golden Age ye-western capitalism (1945-1970) elandela Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kanye nezimpi zezwe ezimbili eziyinhlekelele - isikhathi sokwehla kwengcebo ephawulekayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo emazweni angumongo (acebile) ohlelo lonxiwankulu lomhlaba - lelo. kwaphawula ukudida kwangempela emlandweni wonxiwankulu. Ukugxilwa kabusha okugcwele kwengcebo nemali engenayo emashumini amane eminyaka adlule e-hyper-capitalist "neoliberalism" kube ukubuya kwenkambiso yesistimu.
Izithunzi zikaDewey noMarx
Lokhu akulona iqiniso elincane e-United States kunanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe esicebile. Eminyakeni emithathu ekuwohlokeni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, ngokwako okwabangelwa amazinga ashaqisayo okungalingani kwase-US phakathi neminyaka yawo-1920, isazi sefilosofi esikhulu saseMelika uJohn Dewey saphawula ukuthi ezombangazwe zase-US zazingaphezu nje “kokuthi amabhizinisi amakhulu avinjwe umphakathi emphakathini.” Wabikezela ukuthi izinto zaziyohlala zinjalo inqobo nje uma “ibhizinisi lenzuzo yangasese” lilawula izindlela zesizwe zezimali, ukukhiqiza, nokuxhumana.
It izikhwepha kubonakala sengathi uDewey ukhulume ngokushesha. Phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1930 nawo-1970, ukwehla okukhulu kokungalingani kwezomnotho kukonke (nakuba kungekona ukungalingani ngokobuhlanga) kanye nokwanda kwezinga lokuphila lezigidi zabantu baseMelika besigaba sabasebenzi kwenzeka e-United States. Lokhu “Kucindezelwa Okukhulu” kwenzeka ngenxa yokuvela nokwanda kwenhlangano yabasebenzi bezimboni (eyagqugquzelwa kakhulu amaKhomanisi namanye amasosha angakwesokunxele), ukusabalala kwezingxoxo ezihlangene, ukukhuphuka kwesifunda senhlalakahle ye-New Deal. kanye nezingcindezi zasekhaya zentando yeningi kanye nentela eqhubekayo edingekayo emzabalazweni omkhulu womhlaba wonke nge-German and Japanese fascism (WWII). Njengoba isazi sezomnotho saseMelika esikhululekile uPaul Krugman ephawulile:
“IMelika ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kwakuwumphakathi ophakathi, ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunalokho owawuyikho ngawo-1920—noma kunalokho oyikho namuhla. . . . Abasebenzi abavamile kanye nemindeni yabo babenakho isizathu esihle sokuba nomuzwa wokuthi babehlanganyela ekuchumeni kwesizwe kunanini ngaphambili. Futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abacebile babengacebile kakhulu kunangaphambili. . . . Ngandlela thize, uFranklin Roosevelt noHarry Truman bakwazile ukwengamela ukwehliswa kabusha okumangalisayo kwemali engenayo nengcebo okwenza iMelika ilingane kakhulu kunangaphambili. . . .Isizukulwane sangemva kwempi kwaba isikhathi lapho cishe wonke umuntu waseMelika enomuzwa wokuthi izinga lokuphila lalikhuphuka ngokushesha, isikhathi lapho abantu baseMelika abavamile babenomuzwa wokuthi babefinyelela izinga lokuchuma elingaphezu kwephupho labazali babo.”
Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1950, isimangalo sasithuthukiswe kakhulu I-Readers' Digest ukuthi iMelika yangemva kweWWII yayithathe isikhundla sobunxiwankulu kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwezigaba zakudala ngokuthi “mutualism,” “intando yeningi yezimboni,” “distributism,” “productivism,” kanye/noma “intando yeningi yezomnotho.” [2] Lokhu kwakuwubuwula impela. Amalungelo kanye nezimpahla zongxiwankulu - "ukulawula okuzimele" kukaDewey "nebhizinisi lenzuzo" - akuzange kukhishwe, ngokuhambisana nokuqhosha kukampetha weNew Deal uFranklin Roosevelt ngokuthi "usindise uhlelo lwenzuzo" oguqukweni olukhulu.
Izinzuzo ezijatshulelwa abantu base-US-America abavamile abasebenzayo zenziwa zaba nokwenzeka ngezinga elincane ngenxa yesikhundla esithandwayo nesinamandla somnotho wase-US kanye namazinga enzuzo amangalisayo ajatshulelwa izinkampani zase-US emhlabeni wangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Lapho leso sikhundla kanye nalezo zinzuzo ziphonselwa inselelo kakhulu ukuncintisana kwezomnotho kwaseNtshonalanga Yurophu kanye naseJapane ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, ukuthambekela kokulingana okuqhathaniswayo kweMelika yangemva kwempi kwahoxiswa abantu abaphakeme bonxiwankulu ababengakaze balahlekelwe ukulawula kwabo okubalulekile kwezikhungo zezwe zezomnotho nezombusazwe. .
Isigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika bakhokhe inani kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Emashumini amane eminyaka adlule, ingcebo nemali engenayo kugxilwe kakhulu phezulu, kubuyela emazingeni angaphambi Kokuwohloka Okukhulu, okuphawula Inkathi Entsha noma Yesibili Ekhiqiziwe elandelelwa kuzinqubomgomo eziningi ezihlehlayo nezingahlangene nhlobo nanoma yiliphi ilungelo lokushintsha. emphakathini futhi empeleni iphikisana nombono womphakathi wase-US ongabalulekile. (Amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu aphethe u-40% womcebo wesizwe kanye nengxenye enkulu yezikhulu zaso “ezikhethwe ngokwentando yeningi”.)
Kulokhu, onxiwankulu/izinkampani zase-US zenze umsebenzi wazo wokukhiqiza nokuthengisa emhlabeni wonke ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Amandla okuthenga ezisebenzi zase-US awabalulekile kakhulu ekubalweni kwenhloko-dolobha yase-US namuhla kunangesikhathi sikaHenry Ford noma “ngenkathi yegolide.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-US ngobuningi namuhla kwandisa amathuba okuqashwa kwabasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe (i-China ikakhulukazi). Njengoba kunezinkampani eziningi ezihamba phambili “zaseMelika” ezidonseleka “ezimakethe ezisafufusa ezisezingeni eliphakathi” kanye nabasebenzi ababiza kancane eNingizimu naseMpumalanga Asia (phakathi kwezinye izindawo zokuthengisa nokutshalwa kwezimali), sekunomehluko omkhulu manje futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokho okuhle ezinkampanini “zaseMelika” (inhloko-dolobha) nokuthi yini elungele abasebenzi base-US kanye nomnotho wase-US. Leli qiniso elibuhlungu libuza ukuhlobana “kwekhambi likaHenry Ford” (bheka inothi 1).
E-US njengakwezinye izizwe, ukungalingani okukhulu kuyisisekelo futhi ingxenye “evamile” yonxiwankulu eqondwa phezu kwe isikhathi eside. Njengoba isihlabani esisha somculo we-rock esifundiswa uThomas Piketty (owenza iphuzu elikhulu lokungabi umlandeli kaMarxist), evuma, uKarl Marx ukuthole kahle: ukungalingani kugxilile emisipha yesikhungo yonxiwankulu. Ngakho-ke, abaningi ku-eco-socialist kwesokunxele (kuhlanganise nalo mbhali) bayaphikisana, inhlekelele yemvelo - ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo ephilayo okubonakala ngokungenakuphikwa namuhla. Le nkinga ye-capital-o-genic eco-cide (ayiyona into encane) ayingeni emqondweni kaBill Gross wokuthi yini engalungile (“hhayi okuvamile”) ngonxiwankulu besimanje base-US. Ngokudabukisayo, akubonakali kangako ekucabangeni kukaPiketty ngenhloko-dolobha ku-21st ikhulu leminyaka - inkinga engizobuyela kuyo ekuhlaziyeni okulandelayo.
Angenzi sengathi ngazi kahle ukuthi kungani umcebi omkhulu uBill Gross ethatha amakhasi E-USA NAMUHLA ukubiza ukulingana “okujwayelekile” okwengeziwe ngaphansi konxiwankulu base-US. Mhlawumbe ukholelwa ngempela ukuthi uhlelo lwakhe lonxiwankulu lokuphathwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho lusengozini ngenxa yamazinga amanje ashaqisayo okungafani kwe-US. Mhlawumbe naye noma uzama nje ukuzwakala elingana ukuze aphikisane nalabo abagxeka iholo lakhe lokubonisa ukunotha kanye nokuceba. Noma ngabe yini, ngingamqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olusondelene kakhulu nokulingana kwezomnotho (kungaba umphumela noma “ithuba”) noma ngaleyo ndaba intando yeningi iyoke izuzwe “esithunzini somphakathi” ngokubusa kwezimali ezizimele – okuyithunzi okwamanje. Inkathi "ye-neoliberal" isiphenduke "ifu elimnyama elimboze umphakathi kanye nesistimu yezombangazwe. Amandla ebhizinisi, manje ayingxenye yezimali eziningi,” uNoam Chomsky wasikhumbuza eminyakeni emithathu edlule, “afinyelele ezingeni lokuthi zombili izinhlangano zezombusazwe, manje ezicishe zifane namaqembu endabuko, zikude kwesokudla nomphakathi ezindabeni ezinkulu ezidingidwayo.”
Okunye futhi okungeke kufinyelele emphakathini okhungethwe isithunzi sikaDewey kanye nefu elimnyama likaChomsky ukusindiswa kwemvelo ephilayo - isihloko engizophendukela kuso esikhathini esizayo. I-Telesur ukuhlaziya.
Incwadi yakamuva kaPaul Street ithi Bayabusa: I-1% v. Democracy (I-Paradigm, 2014, http://www.paradigmpublishers.com/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=367810)
amanothi
1. Lokhu kubhekisela ekuzimiseleni komenzi wezimoto wase-US uHenry Ford ukuthi abasebenzi base-US badinga ukukhokhelwa imali eyanele ukuze bathenge futhi imikhiqizo abayenzile (“usuku lwamadola amahlanu” ngokwezibalo zeFord ekuqaleni kuka-20.th ekhulwini) ukuze ugweme inkinga yokukhiqiza ngokweqile/ukusetshenziswa kancane.
2. Bheka uFrederick Lewis Allen, Ushintsho Olukhulu: IMelika Iyaziguqula, 1900-1950 (NY: Harper, 1952), 249