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Le nyanga iphawula isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-40 Sokuvukela KwaseParis ngoMeyi 1968. Futhi kwakuyinyanga edlule lapho umgxeki wefilimu we-New York Times u-AO Scott ebhala, "Okungenani ngokwenganekwane, 'izenzakalo zikaMeyi'-iziteleka neziyaluyalu ezaphazamisa iFrance entwasahlobo ka-1968-zaqala kumabhayisikobho." ("I-Sprit of 68: Lokho U-Goardard kanye Nabaguquki Abakanye Naye Abasazositshela Ngayo," Ephreli 27, NYT)
AbeNxele bacabanga ukuthi izibhelu zango-1968 eFrance nasemhlabeni wonke zihlobene kakhulu nezimo zomlando kanye nesimo samazwe ngamazwe okwenza izimo zilungele ukuvukelaโfuthi ngisho nangokwengeziwe, ngemizamo yokuhlela ekhuthele yabantu abaningi phezu kwabaningi. iminyaka yangaphambili nangalezo zikhathi, ngaphandle kwalokho, bekungeke kwenzeke luthoโkunokuba kube ne-celluloid ngeseshini ngayinye.
Ngempela, izici ze-celluloid zangaleso sikhathi, njengazo zonke ezinye izici ezinesiyaluyalu, izici ezinhleโkokubili kwakuyimbangela nomphumela entweni ehlukahlukene yokuhlangana egxilile kukho konke kusuka ekuphenduleni kuye empini enyantisayo kuya ekucasukeni kwengcindezi yasekhaya kanye nekhampasi, ukuzenzisa okukhona yonke indawo, kanye nosuku nosuku. ukuphila ngaphandle kwenkululeko yansuku zonke.
Ngo-Okthoba 1967 uChe Guevara wabanjwa futhi wabulawa eBolivia. NgoJanuwari 31, 1968, ekuseni kakhulu ngeholide likaNcibijane, i-National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam kanye ne-People's Army yaseVietnam yethula i-Tet Offensive. EFrance iyodwa imibhikisho yabafundi eyadlondlobala, iziteleka zezisebenzi, kanye nokungqubuzana namaphoyisa konke kuhlangene kwashesha kwaba ukuvukela umbuso lapho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-10, bangena emigwaqweni, baphendulela umphakathi phansi, base bebuyela ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Njengoba ngithanda amamuvi kanye nolwazi olwabiwe lwesinema yomphakathi, kufanele ngiphikisane nesisekelo sikaScott. Akukhona lokho kuphela, kodwa yini iphuzu lokucabangela ukunyakaza okuguquguqukayo kanye ne-Cinema kusukela kuma-60s nama-70s uma kungekho uxhumano olwenzelwe namuhla? Ngabe singama-voyeur noma siyizakhamizi ezikhuthele ezibhekene nezinkinga ezinkulu zesimanje sibheka emuva ukuze siye phambili?
Ingoma kaScott ethi "The Spirit of 68" ayikhulumi ngenhlangano yaleli khulu leminyaka emelene nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukuhlela kwamanje Kwesokunxele eLatin America, ukuguquguquka kwenhlangano yanamuhla yokulwa nempi yamazwe ngamazwe, ngisho nokuthi lezi zihloko zingase zidlala kanjani kumamuvi anamuhla noma imiphumela yawo. okwanamuhla Kwesokunxele.
UScott uphakamisa ukuthi ukudilizwa kuka-Henri Langlois ngomhlaka-9 kuFebhuwari 1968 esikhundleni sakhe njengomongameli we-National Cinรฉmathรจque Francaise eParis kwaba ngumqhumisi wokuqala wokuvukela umbuso. UScott akuyena yedwa ophakamise lokhu njengesenzakalo esiyimbangela. Umqondisi wamafilimu odume umhlaba wonke uBernardo Bertolucci usebenzise i-Cinรฉmathรจque, ukwehliswa kwe-Langlois, kanye ne-Paris Uprising njengengemuva lefilimu yakhe ethi "The Dreamers" (2003). Le filimu iyinhlanganisela yomculo omnandi ovela ku-Hendrix, Joplin, Dylan, nabanyeโukuhlonipha umlando wefilimu, i-cinematography evusa inkanuko, kanye nobudlelwano bobulili obuhlukile buka-Bertolucci (obuyinqaba futhi ekugcineni obucwasa ubulili). U-Bertolucci waze waphonsa umlingisi we-French New Wave u-Jean-Pierre Lรฉaud ukuthi alingise kabusha ukufunda kwakhe ngo-1968 umyalezo ka-Goardard esixukwini esingaphandle kwe-Cinรฉmathรจque ephikisana nokususwa kuka-Langlois, okufakwe phakathi ku-movie ngevidiyo yangempela ye-reel yomcimbi.
Vele, noma ubani kunoma yisiphi isizinda sempilo angabheka isikhathi, athole ukuvukela umbuso okuphathelene nezinto ezibakhathazayo, ezobuciko, ifilimu, ezemidlalo, impi nokuthula, imali engenayo, ubulili, uhlanga, kanye neziceloโngokungafanele, njengokuqhunyiswa kwesibhamu esikhulu. kuphela kulo eqinisweni elingokoqobo nelibalulekile. Ukuvukela kwangempela kwamaFulentshi kwaqala ngezimpi zasekolishi ngenxa yokulawula imithetho ehlobene nobudlelwano phakathi kwabafundi, futhi ikakhulukazi amadoda nabesifazane, ama-akhawunti amaningi abikaโkodwa lokho akufani nokuthi lokhu kwakuyimbangela. Isizathu, vele, kwaba ukusabela okunhlobonhlobo ngempi kanye ne-imperialism, ingcindezelo, kanye ne-capitalism, impilo yansuku zonke njengoba abantu babhekana nayo, kanye nemibono entanta kuwo wonke umphakathi evela eminyakeni yokuhlela, ngisho, ngombono omude, amashumi eminyaka wokuphikisa. ukuhlela.
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Njengomsunguli we-Cinรฉmathรจque Francaise ngeminyaka yawo-1930, u-Langlois wayeyingqalabutho yokugcinwa kwerekhodi nokubuyisela amafilimu owabonakala engomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wefilimu. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaNazi eFrance, uLanglois wasiza ekusindiseni inqwaba yamafilimu amaNazi ayesabisa ngokuwabhidliza okuhlanganisa nengoma kaCharlie Chaplin ethi "The Great Dictator" (1940), ifilimu yakudala engasho lutho ethi "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (1920), kanye abanye abaningi. Ngemva kokuxoshwa kukaLanglois, kodwa hhayi njengendawo eyodwa, noma ngisho nesenzakalo esivamile sokuvukela umbuso okwalandela, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabafundi namaphoyisa eNyuvesi yaseNanterre, kanye nezinye izisekelo eziseduze nezinde, kwaqubuka ngoMashi. Izingxabano zanda futhi zasakazekela nakwamanye amanyuvesi, izindawo zokusebenza, kanye nomphakathi wonkana. Njengomguquli osafufusa owazalwa ngo-76, engikuthola kukhuthaza kakhulu mayelana ne-68 umoya owandile wentshiseko yenguquko eyayifuna ukuguqula umphakathi ngokuphelele futhi lokho kuwumnyombo woguquko oludinga ukuvuswa namuhla.
Ukubuka amafilimu amaningi ngeminyaka yama-60s, pre-60s, kanye nenkathi yama-70s namuhla, umuntu angakwazi ukulandelela ukuphawula komphakathi kanye noguquko oluqhubekayo, hhayi esikrinini kuphela, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-cinema, endabeni yobudlelwane obuchazayo bomphakathi.
E-US, amafilimu afana namahlaya othando "Ubambo Luka-Adam" (1949) adalula ngobuhlakani ubulili besistimu yangaleso sikhathi, kuyilapho "uDkt. Strange Love" kaKubrick (1964) edlala inhlekisa ngezombangazwe zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nokwesaba kwe-apocalyptic yama-50s; izizukulwane ezilandelayo intsha efundile yabhekana nokuhlukaniswa kanye nokushintshashintsha kobudlelwane bezenhlalo nezocansi obuvezwe ku-"The Graduate" (1967), kanye ne-counter-culture yama-60s ngasekupheleni kanye nokufuna inkululeko yaseMelika ehlala ingekho kwaba ukulandisa kwe "Easy Rider" (1969). ).
Emhlabeni wonke, umoya omusha efilimini wavela ekuhlukumezekeni kweMpi Yezwe II wephula izithiyo eziningi zezenhlalo nezamasiko zangaleso sikhathi, ezifanekiselwa u-Godard, kanye nokugqugquzela ukunyakaza kweNew Wave kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eJapane, eKorea, eNdiya, eLatin. America, futhi ekugcineni umhlaba. Okuqukethwe kwamaningi alawa mafilimu kuhambisana nokuphikisana namasiko nokuguquguquka kwezikhathi ezinetimu Amandla Amnyama Namalungelo Omphakathi, Amalungelo Abesifazane, kanye nemizabalazo kazwelonke yenkululeko.
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Kodwa imbangela yayiseminyakeniโngisho noma amafilimu abebuye abe neqhaza emdansweni ofanayo onethonyaโnjengomculo wezikhathi, futhi. Amafilimu afana nehlelo lika-Renรฉ Viรฉnet lakudala elithi "Ingabe I-Dialectics Ingakwazi Ukuphula Izitini?" (1973) kungenzeka ukuthi bekungeyona into yokuzijabulisa edumile, kodwa bebemelene nonxiwankulu ngokusobala endimeni yabo yokugqugquzela kanye nesiyaluyalu. Ingoma ka-Gillo Pontecorvo ethi "The Battle of Algiers" (1966) kanye nethi "Queimada" (1969) isalokhu iyimifanekiso enamandla yokuvukela umbuso emelene nobukoloni. Futhi konke lokhu akusho lutho mayelana namafilimu, noma amaphrojekthi e-cinema ahambahambayo asemaphandleni, amazwe abizwa ngokuthi "Amazwe Akhona Ezenhlalakahle" ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union, iChina, neCuba; kanye namafilimu amaningi adlule namanje namafilimu enza idrama ngeMpi Yombango YaseSpain kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Uma i-cinema yama-60s nama-70s ihlinzeka ngewindi lesikhathi esedlule futhi isiza ukuhlanganisa ukuqonda kwethu isikhathi samanje, siwahumusha kanjani amanye amafilimu anamuhla aphezulu nabukwa kakhulu?
Ukulingiswa kwefilimu ye-"Iron Man" ye-Marvel Comic kube i-box office hit eyenza imali engaphezu kuka-$222.5 million e-US kanye ne-$428.5 million emhlabeni jikelele. Kulabo abangalazi itulo, u-Tony Stark (uRobert Downey Jr.) uyindlalifa yomkhiqizi wezikhali wase-US ohamba phambili, okuthi ngokuphenduka okumbalwa kwezindaba, abe iqhawe le-Iron Man emkhankasweni wokuqeda izikhali.
Yebo, iqhawe yindoda, akukho okusha lapho. Futhi ifilimu futhi, ngokumangazayo, inecala lokukhiqiza kabusha ukuvezwa okucwasa ngokwebala kwabalingiswa bamaphekula base-Asia naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kodwa iphuzu abaningi abaNxele abangalikhumbula, ukuthi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi leli hhovisi lebhokisi lishaya itulo eliphathelene nokulimala kwezikhali nempi iningi longqondongqondo beNxele nesishoshovu esithululela imini nobusuku ukuze zidalule, bezidela bona kanye nobuntu babo. kanye nobudlelwano bezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa abathandi befilimu benziwa ukuthi bazizwe sengathi Ubulungiswa buye banikezwa lapho u-Iron Man elwa nobunhloli bezinkampani zemboni yezempi kanye nobudlova benqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US.
Kukhona cishe izibonelo ezingapheli ezifana nalezi kumidiya evamile kanye ne-pop-culture. Kungani Abakwesobunxele bengakwazi ukudlulisa ulwazi nokuhlaziya okukwazi ukujabulisa, ukukhanyisela, nokuletha amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-2-4 ukusiza ukuxhasa ukunyakaza kwethu?! Akukhona nje ukuthi asinakho ukulawula izindlela zokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa umkhiqizo wethu ngobuningiโyize lokho kuyisithiyo esikhulu. Iningi lamaNxele alinaso intshisekelo yokuxhumana nabantu ngokuthanda isiko asebenalo.
Ukuphusha leli phuzu, iningi lama-Leftists lingahleki ngokungalungile ukuthi yini ezodlula ekunambithekeni kwesigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika kumamuvi. Isibonelo, ifilimu yakamuva ye-Val Kilmer "Uzungu" (2008), lapho u-Kilmer edlala udokotela wezilwane waseDesert Storm kanye nama-ops akhethekile Marine "William MacPherson." UMacPhereson "uthola ukuthi inkampani enethunzi eyaziwa ngokuhlukumeza abafokazi abangekho emthethweni ibandakanyeka kakhulu ekunyamaleni komngane wakhe omkhulu." (Netflix) Okuningi kokulingisa kwefilimu kubi, kanjalo nemiphumela ekhethekile, izigcawu zesenzo, nezingxoxo. Kodwa-ke, noma umlingiswa ka-Kilmer engumuntu waseMelika omangele othatha izinyathelo zezombusazwe ngokumelene nenhlangano ngenxa yezizathu zokulunga komuntu siqu, itulo kanye nengxoxo eningi kunepolitiki egqamile, emelene nempi, futhi esekela abokufika.
Isiko elidumile kanye nemibono ivame ukuqhubekela phambili kwesobunxele kunokuba i-Leftists ikunikeze udumo futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhlaziya kwethu kuvela ku-didactic noma ukusekela okuthandwayo kwabantu abaningi kwamasiko. Udaba lokuzwela Kwesokunxele ekilasini kwezomnotho, isiko, kanye nokunambitha ekhulwini lama-21 luyisihluthulelo sokuvuselela iphrojekthi ye-68-yokuguqula ingqikithi yokucindezelwa okuhlukumeza umphakathi.
Amamuvi anazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhloso. Abantu bayajabuliswa futhi bathola injabulo yomuntu siqu kubo. Labo abafuna ukuqonda kwamasiko kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqaphela okudumile bangathola ukukhuthazwa kwezemfundo. Futhi-ke, amamuvi nawo abalulekile kubagxeki bamafilimu, abenzi bamafilimu, nabalingisi abakhiqiza amamuvi ngenhloso yokuzijabulisa noma, okungajwayelekile, ukuze kube noshintsho emphakathiniโkonke okuyingxenye yezifundo zasenyuvesi, izimboni, futhi ezikhiqiza izigidi zama-movie. imisebenzi kanye nezigidigidi zamarandi.
Yonke leyo mali iya ndawana thize futhi akusiyo eyabaqagela abahola kancane noma izisebenzi zasehhovisi kanye nezitendi zemvume ezithola izinzuzo ezincane zasemsebenzini, uma zikhona, kodwa kunalokho kungenye indlela abantu abampofu nabasebenzi abathathwa ngayo imali yabo. njengezinzuzo zehlela enkampanini ethi "Big Six": Fox, Paramount, Sony, NBC, Time Warner, kanye ne-Disney. Futhi njengoba ngithanda i-cinema yama-60s, ngiyazi ukuthi ukuphakamisa ukuthi kuhlobene nabantu ababhekene nokudliwa kwezindlu, ukukhokha imali ephezulu yokufunda, izindleko eziphezulu zezokwelapha nezezempilo, amaholo aphansi, izikweletu noma ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi cishe kuwusizo njengokucela abantu ukuthi badle. ophaya bodaka ukubhekana nokungondleki. Ukwengeza, uma abantu benziwa ukuthi bachithe phakathi kuka-$7.00 no-$12.00 ithikithi le-movie ngalinye, ingasaphathwa eyosoda ne-popcorn ebiza kakhulu, imuvi kungcono ibe yinhle kakhulu futhi ingafani nokuqopha isitini noma ukufunda umbhalo wasenyuvesi.
Abantu abaningi, abanantshisekelo kuma-cinema wama-60s futhi esikhundleni salokho bancamela i-TV noma amamuvi e-Action/Adventure ukuba abaleke osizini lwempilo yansuku zonke kunamafilimu aseduze angangeneki omuntu obhekwa kabanzi njengomunye wabenzi bamafilimu abakhulu kunabo bonke abake baba khona, futhi mina ngokwami. ngiyabonga, Godard. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungakwazi kwethu njengamaNxele ukwazisa isiko elivamile nelesigaba sabasebenzi akugcini nje kuphela ngokudalula isithiyo okufanele sisinqobe, kodwa futhi kusitshela ngokungadingeki kokuhlaziya kwethu lapho siqhubeka sitshela abantu ukuthi yini engalungile ngomhlaba kuyilapho i-box office ifika (futhi flops) ingakwenza kangcono. Kubonakala sengathi iningi labantu seliyazi ngokujulile ukuthi yonke into yonakele futhi ayimangazi ukuzwa esizokusho. Uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa nokho asikakwazi ukuzihlela, kunesixazululo senkinga ukuthi singalokhu sibatshela lokho asebekwazi kakade, kodwa ukuphikisana nenkolelo yabo ephikisayo yokuthi ayikho enye indlela ngokushintsha amandla ethu engeziwe inikeza umbono wenguquko yomhlaba wangempela engenzeka futhi efiselekayo. Qhubekani naphambili ngephrojekthi yama-68!
UChris Spannos usebenza no-Z (oqanjwe ngefilimu yaseCosta-Gavras "Z") futhi ungumhleli wencwadi. I-Utopia Yangempela: Inhlangano Ebambe iqhaza Yama-21st Century (AK Press, 2008), iyatholakala kule nyanga.