Ngisalokhu ngibuzwa abafundi nabanye ukuthi ngicabangani ngombhalo ka-Edward S. Herman noNoam Chomsky ka-1988 Imvume Yokukhiqiza: Umnotho Wezombangazwe WeMedia Media. Impendulo yami ihlale ifana: kuwucwaningo olubalulekile, lwakudala, futhi oludumile ngendima yenkampani yezindaba yase-United States njengengxenye yenkulumo-ze yokusungulwa kombuso walelo zwe. Kwabaningi bethu ngakwesobunxele, Imvume Yokukhiqiza kwakuyivolumu esambulayo, eyalola kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi kungani abezindaba "abavamile" base-US bawenza lowo msebenzi. Le ncwadi yayingikhanyisela ngokukhethekile ngeqhaza elibalulekile elibanjwe (hhayi kanjalo) amaphiko enkululeko "kwesokunxele" aleyo mithombo yezindaba - New York Times ikakhulukazi - ekubekeni imingcele emincane yombuso yenkulumompikiswano eyamukelekile yezepolitiki nenqubomgomo yezigaba ezifundile zesizwe.
Ngale Kwezindaba
Noma kunjalo, u-Herman no-Chomsky abazange benze sengathi banikeza abafundi okuthile okungaphezu nje kokuthatha isizotha nokuvula indima evelele yemithombo yezindaba yase-US yokusebenzela amandla. Ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe okuhlakaniphile “nemodeli yenkulumo-ze” uHerman noChomsky abathuthuke kuyo Imvume Yokukhiqiza igxile endleleni leyo mithombo yezindaba ebike futhi yaphawula ngayo ezindabeni “zenqubomgomo yangaphandle” yase-US (Umbuso Wase-US). Imodeli efanayo eyisisekelo kanye nokuhlaziywa kungashintshwa futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe kunqubomgomo yasekhaya yase-US kanye nomphakathi futhi (futhi ngempela ibilokhu ikhona emibhalweni ehlukahlukene kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise naleyo kaHerman noChomsky). Izinkampani zemithombo yezindaba zonxiwankulu zase-US ngokwemvelo azizinikele ngokuncane ekuthuthukiseni izinhlaka zengcindezelo “yezwe” kanye nemibono yazo kunokuba zizibophezele ekuhwebeni kwezinqubomgomo zombuso ezihlobene nenkulumo-ze.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Imvume Yokukhiqiza ayizange ihlole ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye enkulu yomnikelo wemithombo yezindaba yase-US kubunjiniyela “bemvume” enkulu. Lowo msebenzi wabezindaba wokudlulisa imibono nenkulumo-ze enkonzweni kulabo abasezikhundleni eziphezulu zezifunda zombuso nokungalingani akukhawulelwe ezindabeni. Ngokulinganayo uma kungabalulekile kakhulu kulowo msebenzi imidiya "yokuzijabulisa". Kunokuba bakhawulele amandla abo athonya izinhliziyo nezingqondo zabo emisebenzini ye-(Aldous) “Huxlean” yokuphambukisa abantu abaningi, ukuphazamisa, nokuzala izingane, amamuvi ase-US (njengama-sit-coms wethelevishini yase-US namadrama nemidlalo yevidiyo) alayishwe ngokucebile “i-Orwellian. ” okuqukethwe kwezepolitiki nemibono. Njengoba iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-United States yachaza uJustice Bennett C. Clark ekusekeleni ukugwetshwa kwababhali nabaqondisi abayishumi baseHollywood abenqaba “ukuvuma” ubulungu beQembu LamaKhomanisi lamanje noma lesikhathi esidlule ngo-1949, izithombe ezinyakazayo zase-United States zidlala “indima ebaluleke kakhulu” “njengenamandla amakhulu.” indlela yokusabalalisa inkulumo-ze.” Okufanayo kungashiwo ngokunembile emashumini ayisithupha nangaphezulu kwamashumi eminyaka kamuva mayelana nama-sit-coms kamabonakude wase-US, amadrama, “imibukiso engokoqobo,” izinhlelo zezingxoxo, ngisho nezikhangiso, kanye nemboni yamabhayisikobho, ingasaphathwa imidlalo yamavidiyo kanye nokushicilelwa kwezincwadi nomagazini okuningi. .
Ukukhiqiza Idiocy Nonya
Kodwa ngisho nalokhu kunwetshwa kokuqonda kwethu indima yokugunyazwa yemithombo yezindaba yase-US (hhayi-njalo) eMelika “yentando yeningi” kufika kafushane. Kubonwe kabanzi umthelela wayo olethwe emaceleni amaningi futhi uphindaphindeka, lowo mgomo wabezindaba mubi kunokukhiqizwa kwemvume yobuningi. Umgomo wangempela ukwakhiwa kwe-idiocy enkulu - ukukhiqizwa kwezilima. Lapha ngisebenzisa igama elithi “idiocy” nelithi “isilima” ngomqondo wokuqala wesiGreki nowase-Athene, elingabhekiseli ebuphukuphuku kodwa kunalokho ebugovu bobuntwana nokunganaki ngamabomu izindaba zomphakathi nezinto ezikhathazayo. Njengoba i-Wikipedia ichaza, “Isiphukuphuku kuntando yeningi yase-Athene kwakungumuntu owayebonakala ngokuzicabangela yena futhi ekhathalela ngokukhethekile eziyimfihlo - ngokuphambene nezindaba zomphakathi...Enqaba ukuhlanganyela empilweni yomphakathi, njengohulumeni wentando yeningi wase-polis (idolobhakazi state),…'iziphukuphuku' zazibonwa njengabanokwahlulela okubi ezindabeni zomphakathi nezepolitiki."
Kumamuvi ase-US, ama-sit-coms kamabonakude, amadrama kamabonakude, imibukiso engokoqobo kamabonakude, izikhangiso, iLotho yezwe, nemidlalo yevidiyo, uhlobo olukahle lwaseMelika uyisilima ngokwezinga elithile ngomqondo wakudala wase-Athene: umuntu onendaba kancane kunenhlalakahle yakhe, ukuceba, ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu, isimo somuntu ngamunye kanye nezinto azifezile. Lesi siphukuphuku saseMelika asinandaba ngempela nesiphetho sabanye. Akanandaba ngokujabulisayo nezintengo ezimbi zezenhlalo nezemvelo ezikhokhwa omunye umuntu kanye nezinye izidalwa ezizwelayo ukuze kugcinwe izinhlaka zengcindezelo ezibusayo nezihlobene (isigaba, uhlanga, ubulili, ubuzwe, ubuzwe, i-anthropocentrism, umbuso, nokunye) ekhaya naphesheya.
Indikimba ebucayi, enonya futhi esabalele kulesi siko lemithombo yezindaba embi umbono wokuthi abantu abampofu, abangavikelekile, abaphoqwayo, abadonsa kanzima, futhi abaphushwa futhi bagcinwe phansi yilezo zinhlaka zengcindezelo (ezingabonakali ngokusemthethweni) bangabadali abangazibophezeli, abanobuntu kanye namasiko. ngesiphetho sabo. Inguqulo yemithombo yezindaba yase-US yobulima yase-Athene “ingacabanga,” ngamazwi ka-Left culture theory u-Henry Giroux (ohlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe okumangalisayo kwamamuvi ase-US nezinhlelo zethelevishini ezingezona ezezindaba emsebenzini wakhe omkhulu “wosiko lwe-neoliberalism” olunamandla) , "izindaba zomphakathi kuphela njengezinkathazo zangasese." Isebenzela “ukusula inhlalo olimini lwempilo yomphakathi ukuze kwehliswe” imibuzo yokungafani kobuhlanga nenhlalo-mnotho ibe “ezindabeni eziyimfihlo …zomlingiswa ngamunye kanye nokonakala kwamasiko. Ngokuvumelana “nemfundiso ye-neoliberal eyinhloko yokuthi zonke izinkinga ziyimfihlo kunezenhlalo ngokwemvelo,” kuveza ukuphela komgoqo wokulingana nokubamba iqhaza kwentando yeningi okunenjongo “ukuntuleka kokuzisiza okunezimiso nokuzibophezela kokuziphatha” nokukhetha okubi komuntu siqu. (Giroux). Imizamo kahulumeni yokulungisa nokulungisa (ingasaphathwa eyokuqeda) ukuhlukana okubukhali komphakathi ngokobuhlanga, isigaba, ubulili, ubuzwe, ubuzwe nokunye okunjalo kuvezwa njengento eyize, engakhiqizi, engenangqondo, eyingozi, ekhohlisiwe, engakhiqizi, futhi "i-anti-American."
Uhlobo lokukhathazeka komphakathi kanye nokuzibandakanya, ngokuqinisekile, luyavela futhi luthathe ukukhanya okuhle kusiko lenkampani yemidiya. Kuthatha isimo sokusabela okuvame ukuba nonya, ngisho nobudlova obudabukisayo kulabo abangafaneleki nababi Abanye abehluleka ngokungenakuthethelelwa ukuthobela amakhodi amasiko emithombo yezindaba yonxiwankulu abanonya. Isistimu yezokuxhumana yokukhiqiza i-idiocy ayiphikisani nohulumeni ngayodwa. Kuyaphikisana nalokho isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu sase-France u-Pierre Bourdieu akubiza ngokuthi “isandla sobunxele sezwe” - izingxenye zomkhakha womphakathi ezinikeza izidingo zomphakathi nezentando yeningi zabaningi abangadlanga. Ibungaza futhi ngenye indlela ithuthukisa "isandla sokunene sikahulumeni" - izingxenye zikahulumeni ezisebenzela idlanzana elicebile, ikhiphe isijeziso kwabampofu, futhi ihlasele umbukiso oshintshayo "wabantu ababi" labo abamelana noma ababhekwa njengabamelana kabi. i-US inkampani kanye ne-oda lombuso okuthiwa linomusa ekhaya naphesheya. Amaphoyisa, abashushisi, kanye namasosha (okubandakanya ngisho nomdubuli wezenhlalo odunyiswa ngokubulala abantu base-Iraq abangaphezu kwe-150 abaphikisana nokuhlaselwa nokuhlaselwa kwesizwe sabo nguMbuso wase-US ohloniphekile) kanye nabaphathi abalwa futhi babulale "ababi" abahlukahlukene ( “Abamelene namaMelika” “abashokobezi” kanye “namaphekula” kanye namakhohlakali nama-radical ahlukahlukene phesheya kanye “nasezweni”) amaqhawe avame kakhulu kanye nezibonelo kule mithombo yezindaba; abavikeli bomphakathi, abanye abameli bezokuvikela, ama-civil libertarians, abameli bamalungelo omphakathi, izishoshovu zokuthula nokunye okunjalo kuvame ukwethulwa njengabangenangqondo nabacasulayo “abenza okuhle” futhi okubi kakhulu njengama-coddlers kanye nama-ejenti obubi.
Ukuthonya Okungenangqondo kanye Nokukhangisa Kwe-elekthronikhi
Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kobuwula ngomqondo wamanje wobuwula obuphelele akuyona ingxenye eyinhloko yemishini yemidiya "evamile". Ubulima obunjalo butshalwa kabanzi kuyo yonke inkundla yezindaba “yezwe lasekhaya”. Akukho ndawo lokhu okubonakala ngokucace kakhulu kunoxhaxha lwezikhangiso ezisheshayo ezigcwala abezindaba zase-US. Njengoba umgxeki wezamasiko wase-US u-Neil Postman aphawula eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, ukuhweba kwesimanje kukamabonakude wase-US kuwukuphikisana nokucatshangelwa komnotho okuphusile okwakuthi oshampeni baseNtshonalanga bakuqala bohlelo lwenzuzo babethi bawumnyombo okhanyisiwe wobunxiwankulu. “Izazi zakhona eziyinhloko, ngisho nezazi zakhona eziqavile,” kuphawula uPostman, “bakholelwa ukuthi ubungxiwankulu busekelwe embonweni wokuthi kokubili umthengi nomthengisi bavuthwe ngokwanele, banolwazi oluningi, futhi banengqondo ukuze bahileleke ekuhwebeni kokuzuzisana.” Izentengiselwano zenza "hashi" ngalolu kholo. Zizinikele ekukhohliseni abathengi ngezimangalo ezingenangqondo, azincikile ekwethulweni okujulile kobufakazi kanye nempikiswano ephusile kodwa ekuboniseni imizwelo okuyela ngasocansini kanye nesithombe esivusa amadlingozi.
Amasu afanayo anobuthi kwezombangazwe zokhetho zase-US. Ukutshalwa kwezimali ezikhangisweni zomkhankaso ezikhohlisayo nezikhohlisayo kuvame ukunquma impumelelo noma ukwehluleka emiqhudelwaneni yezwe yokumaketha nokufaka amabhrendi okudangele kakhulu phakathi kwabantu ababuka amabhizinisi. Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, izindleko ezixakile zalokhu kuthengiswa okubi kwezombusazwe kuqhuba izindleko zomkhankaso ziphakeme kangangokuthi abantu abaqokelwe ukungenela ukhetho bancike ngokungenangqondo kakhulu kubaxhasi bezimali bezinkampani ezinkulu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ikhono elikhulu lokucabanga lihlaselwe ukuncipha, ukutholakala kwezikhangiso ngesivinini esikhulu, ezihlasela amandla okugxilisa ingqondo okugxilile kanye nengxoxo enengqondo cishe imizuzu eyishumi nesithupha yehora ngalinye kumabonakude wekhebula (ngamaphesenti angama-44 ezikhangiso ezingazodwana manje ezigijimayo. imizuzwana eyishumi nanhlanu nje). Isici mhlawumbe esiwubhadane oselunesikhathi eside lukhala e-United States lwe-“Attention Deficit Disorder” (ADD)?
Ama-Treetops ne-Grassroots
Lapha kulapho umfundi onolwazi we New York Times, lo Washington Post, lo Izikhathi Zezezimali, lo Wall Street Journal kanye nezincwadi ezibucayi zase-US Ezinxele zingase ziphazamise ukuthi leyo naleyo mithombo yezindaba kanye neminye emikhulu yezinkampani ikhiqiza inani elikhulu, elifundisayo, elisezingeni eliphezulu futhi elivamise ukuphumela obala kanye nokuphawula okuvame ukucashunwa ongqondongqondo beNxele nezishoshovu ukuze basekele amacala abo oshintsho olukhulu nolwentando yeningi. . Okuphawuliwe kuzobe kulungile.
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi uphiko lwesokudla lwe-Tea Party ye-FOX News yesitayela se-paranoid lulungile uma lithi imidiya "evamile" inokuchema okukhululekile ngisho nakwesokunxele? Nakancane. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani abafuna iqiniso abaNxele abaphikisana nezinhlaka zamandla ezisekelwa yimithombo yezindaba ngokuvamile bengathola ulwazi oluwusizo ezindabeni ezisunguliwe nasezindaweni zokuphawula, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abezindaba abavelele benza izinguqulo ezimbili ezihlukene zenqubomgomo yase-US, ezombusazwe, umphakathi, “impilo ” nemicimbi yamanje yezethameli ezimbili ezihlukene. Ukulandela umsebenzi womgxeki okhaliphile we-propaganda wase-Australia u-Alex Carey (omsebenzi wakhe wasiza ukukhuthaza uHerman noChomsky ukuthi babhale Imvume Yokukhiqiza), singabiza izethameli zokuqala ngokuthi “aphansi.” Ihlanganisa inqwaba yezakhamizi ezisebenzayo nezisezingeni eliphansi. Mayelana nezikhulu zamabhizinisi ezingabanikazi nabaphethe imidiya enkulu kanye nezinkampani ezikhokhela leyo midiya ngokuthenga ngokukhangisa, lesi “siphithiphithi” asinakuthenjwa ngolwazi olujulile, olungagunci, noluqondile. Indima yayo ebalulekile emphakathini iwukuthula, ukusebenza kanzima, ukuzijabulisa (ngezindlela ezicebile zenkulumo-ze nemibono, kufanele sikhumbule), ukuthenga izinto, futhi ngokuvamile senze lokho esikutshelwayo. Kumelwe bashiye izinqumo ezibalulekile zomphakathi kulezo umshisekeli ophambili womphakathi wase-US wekhulu lama-20 ongqondongqondo emphakathini kanye nomshisekeli wezindaba njengenkulumo-ze u-Walter Lippman (umqambi wenkulumo ethi “ukwenziwa kwemvume,” njengoba uHerman noChomsky baphawula) ababiza ngokuthi “amadoda anomthwalo wemfanelo.” Lowo “ohlakaniphile,” onomusa, “ochwepheshe,” kanye “nomthwalo wemfanelo” - unomthwalo wemfanelo, ngempela, wezifezo ezikhazimulayo ezifana nokuwohloka okukhulu, iMpi YaseVietnam, ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq, Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Komnotho, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kanye nokwanda komnotho. i-Islamic State – yayidinga, ngokubona kuka-Lippman, ukuthi ivikelwe kulokho akubiza ngokuthi “ukunyathelwa nokubhonga komhlambi odidekile” (ocashunwe ku-N.Chomsky, Izinhlelo Zamandla [2013], 81). Isixuku esikhohlisiwe, izakhamuzi ezingaphansi, ingxenye enkulu yesigaba sabasebenzi esiyingozi (“ama-proles” ku-George Orwell ethi Nineteen Eighty Four ) kaGeorge Orwell akuzona izethameli zezinhlaka eziphakeme ezifana Times, lo Thumela, kanye Journal.
Iqembu lesibili okuqondiwe kulo lihlanganisa isigaba sezombusazwe esifanelekile sabantu baseMelika abavela engxenyeni enkulu yesihlanu yomphakathi. Lona ubani ofunda i-Times, the Post, kanye neJournal. Biza lezi zethameli (futhi ezilandela u-Carey) ngokuthi “ama-treetops”: abantu ababalulekile nabafaneleka futhi abangathenjwa ngokuthile okusondele eduze kwendaba yangempela ngoba izingqondo zabo ziye zaqondiswa ngokufanele futhi zathotshiswa ngamaholo aphakeme, ukuzimela okubalulekile kwendawo yokusebenza, kanye. isitifiketi esithuthukisiwe, "esikhethekile" sezemfundo nesomsebenzi. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa abantu abakhethekile nabafundiswe kakhulu njengabaphathi bezinkampani, abameli, abaphathi bomphakathi, kanye (iningi) nosolwazi basenyuvesi. Njengoba lezi zakhamuzi eziphezulu zenza imisebenzi esemqoka ephuma phezulu yomphakathi yokugada, isiyalo, ukuqeqesha, ukuqeda amandla, ukukhetha ngokubambisana, kanye nokufundisa, azikwazi ukudukiswa ngokuphelele mayelana nezehlakalo zamanje kanye nenqubomgomo ngaphandle kwemiphumela elimazayo yokusebenza kahle kwabavelele. ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Badinga ulwazi olwanele futhi akufanele bathonywe ngokweqile inkulumo-ze enonya newubuwula esungulelwa isixuku. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulwazi kanye nokuphawula kwamabhizinisi afanelekile nahloniphekile kanye nezigaba zezombusazwe kanye nabaphathi bawo nabaxhumanisi ngezinye izikhathi kubonisa izinga lenkulumompikiswano phakathi kwezikhulu zokuthi umphakathi ungawuphatha kanjani kangcono abantu abanelungelo. Kungakho umcabango oshisekayo nesishoshovu engathola okuningi okungasetshenziswa ezithweni zemidiya eziphakeme njenge New York Times, lo Washington Post, lo Wall Street Journal, lo Izikhathi Zezezimali nakweminye imithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene. Umcabango onjalo noma isishoshovu, ngempela, kungaba ubuwula ngokungabuzi le mithombo uma benesikhathi namandla okwenza kanjalo.
Incwadi yakamuva ka-Paul Street ithi They Rule: The 1% v. Democracy (Paradigm).
3 Amazwana
Emqondweni wami, lesi yisici esichazwa kalula sokukhiqizwa kwamasiko kodwa kukhona ingxenye yemibono esebenza ngezinga elicashile nelingabonakali. Cabanga ngefilimu yezingane ethandwayo i-Wally, lapho izinhlangano ezihahayo zibhubhisa umhlaba. Noma amamuvi i-Matrix noma i-V ye-Vendetta, ukugxeka okusobala konxiwankulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi, isiko ligcwele ukugxeka kwe-capitalism ngoba ezingeni lemibono, singakwazi esikwenzayo kodwa noma kunjalo siyaqhubeka sikwenza (njengoba wonke umuntu "ayazi" ukuthi izikhangiso zezohwebo nezombusazwe ziyizinkunzi kodwa ziyaqhubeka nokungenangqondo kwazo. izinkolelo.
Lena indawo yetiyetha edinga umsebenzi owengeziwe, ngokubona kwami. Ngokuqondene noChomsky, uphinde athi ukuhunyushwa kwengqondo akuphumeleli, okuholela "ekuntulekeni kwentando yeningi". Ngamanye amazwi, ubonakala efuna ngazo zombili izindlela. Alikho itulo, konke kwenzeka ngokusobala (isibonelo, i-Davos) kodwa ukuqaphela kwethu kufanekisela ngezindlela ezingamelwe kahle.
esinye isihloko esibalulekile nesishukumisa ingqondo sikaPaul. Ngithumele isixhumanisi ku-Facebook ku- https://www.facebook.com/frank.kashner . U-Michael, ukwedelela kwakho imidiya yonxiwankulu njenge-FB, kukhawulela ukusatshalaliswa kokuqukethwe kuka-Z, ngendlela elimaza ababhali be-Z kanye nalabo bethu abafuna ukubona izethameli eziningi ngomsebenzi wabo.
Abaningi bazobe bejwayelene nencwadi kaJames Loewen ethi, MY TEACHER TOLD ME (uma kungenjalo, yifunde ngokushesha). Lapho ubhekisela ocwaningweni olubalulekile lwabantu base-U.S. olwabonisa ukuthi lapho umuntu enemfundo eyengeziwe, kwaba nokusekelwa okwengeziwe kweMpi YaseMelika eViet Nam. (Labo abahlomule kakhulu ngokwezimali/ngokomsebenzi ohlelweni, bavame ukukholelwa kulo nasemilayezweni yalo.)
Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukufana, labo okungenzeka bafunde i-NYTimes, bathonywe yikho ngqo. Lokhu kunengqondo, futhi le ndikimba yabafundi ingase ichazwe njengocwaningo lukaLoewen akhuluma ngalo njengabaphezulu, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwegama elingcono.
Lokho uPawulu akushoyo mayelana ne-TV namamuvi kufinyelela kubabukeli/iqembu elikhulu kakhulu futhi labo abakha i-elite ngokusobala bayakuqonda lokhu futhi le midiya isetshenziswa kakhulu kune-NYTimes namaphephandaba ayo amakhulu afanayo ukuze akhe noma alolonge umcabango omkhulu.
Amamuvi ne-TV yase-U.S. ifinyelela izethameli zomhlaba wonke futhi ngenkathi ngihlala ngaphandle kwase-U.S. iminyaka eminingi ngangikwazi ukufinyelela lokhu kumabonakude. Ngangivame ukucabanga ngesithombe esakhiwe hhayi e-U.S kuphela kodwa emhlabeni wonke ngale mithombo yezindaba.
Okubizwa ngokuthi "amanani okukhiqiza" e-TV namamuvi athuthukiswe kakhulu futhi asebenza ngempumelelo ekudwebeni ababukeli. Ukuhlelwa njalo kwezinhlelo ezifana ne-“Law and Order” kanye “ne-NCIS,” uma sibala ezimbili kuphela, kwakha isithombe esinamandla segunya, amaphoyisa, amasosha, nezinye izinhlangano ukusebenza kahle nobuqotho—noma ngabe kwakuwukuhlola okungokoqobo noma cha.
“Idiocy” igama elifanele ukuchaza lokho okwakhiwayo, ubuwula bokuziphatha, ngokunembe kakhudlwana, e-U.S. Nokho, ngokuvamile, abantu bakwamanye amazwe banokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela kwempilo negunya lase-U.S. namandla okuthi ngezinga elithile kunciphisa lokhu, kodwa hhayi cishe. ngokwanele.
Lapha e-U.S., kaninginingi, ngibona indlela abantu abangochwepheshe abanolwazi oluncane ngayo noma abangenalo nhlobo ngalo ngeqiniso, isihlungi (izi)hluzo esakhiwe ukufundiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu siyamangalisa. Ngokuvamile lapho “abantu abaziyo” bebona ezimweni ezingazodwa isithombe esingumgunyathi singasibhala njengezenzakalo “ezikhethekile” zokwenza okungalungile noma “amaphutha,” hhayi ukubukisa ubulima obujwayelekile besiko elizungezile. Isibonelo esisobala “iphutha le-Viet Nam,” hhayi njengesibonelo sobuwula, udlame, ubuwula, nonya oseluvamile e-U.S. Izibonelo eziningi ezengeziwe zinganikezwa—amakhulu eminyaka obugqila abansundu, ukuqothulwa kwabantu bomdabu… asikho isidingo sokuqhubeka kule mpendulo emfushane esihlokweni sikaPawulu.