I-Africa Group e-WTO ithathe isinqumo mayelana nentengo yohwebo efanelekile yemikhiqizo yasemapulazini emqulwini "Izindlela Zokuxoxisana Ngezindaba Zempahla Yezolimo Isiphakamiso Esithunyelwe IQembu Lase-Afrika Engqungqutheleni Ekhethekile YeKomidi LezoLimo."1
Ngokwazi kwami, I-Africa Group iqukethe amazwe alandelayo: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt , Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar , Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone , South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda , Zambia, Zimbabwe.2 Amazwe angaphezu kwengxenye yalamazwe angamazwe Angathuthuki Kancane. Ama-LDC angama-70% asemaphandleni. Bangamazwe afuywayo, adinga uhwebo olunobulungiswa, amanani entengo amapulazi aphilayo, ukuze akhuthaze umnotho wawo.
Kulo mbhalo, i-Africa Group yathi: “Izinkinga amazwe ase-Afrika ahlangabezana nazo ekuthatheni izinyathelo zenqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zokuqeda ubumpofu kanye nokwenza ngcono izimo zokuphila ezindaweni zasemakhaya zihlanganiswa umkhuba wesikhathi eside wokwehla kwamanani ezinto eziyisisekelo zezolimo kanye nokuntengantenga kwazo okuthinta kabi abakhiqizi nabathengisa kwamanye amazwe.” Qaphela lapha ukuthi iqala igcizelela izintengo "zokwehla" zesikhathi eside, bese ingeza ingxenye mayelana "nokuguquka kwesimo." Ingxenye yokuguquguquka ibhekisela emananini aphezulu, ikakhulukazi uma efika ngokushesha.
Icaphuna i-GATT, idokhumenti ye-Africa Group igqamisa “isenzo ngezinhlelo zamazwe ngamazwe 'zokuzinza nokwenza ngcono izimo zezimakethe zomhlaba' ezimpahleni," okuhlanganisa "izinyathelo 'eziklanyelwe ukuthola amanani azinzile, alinganayo futhi akhokhayo okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo enjalo'…."
Lo mbhalo uqhubeka ugxile enkingeni lapho “ukuhlanekezelwa kwezintengo kuwumphumela wokutholakala ngokweqile ... ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe.” Izixazululo zingatholakala ezibandakanya "amazwe akhiqizayo ngokwawo" "ekuphathweni kwempahla ... ngokulawula ukukhiqizwa kanye/noma ukubekwa kwemikhawulo ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe." Bese becela ukucaciswa kwezomthetho ukuze basize ekuzuzweni kokuphathwa kwempahla ngaphansi kwe-GATT.
I-NFFC ne-Africa Group
Ekuboneni inkinga yokwehla kwamanani entengo isikhathi eside, i-Africa Group ikhuluma ulimi olufanayo nolweNational Family Farm Coalition e-US3 Eqinisweni, lokhu kukhathazeka bekuyingxenye yenhlangano yezobulungiswa bamapulazi yomndeni wase-US emlandweni wonke. Muva nje, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950, iNational Farmers Organisation yasungulwa ngalo lolu daba. I-NFO yabhikishela ukwehliswa kwamanani aphansi kanye nokwehliswa kokulawulwa kokuhlinzekwa kwempahla e-US4 Lezi zinqubomgomo zaqala ngo-1953. Izitezi zamanani ezinto ezinkulu zehliswa kusukela ngo-1953-1995 futhi zaqedwa, kanye nezinhlelo zokunciphisa ukuhlinzeka. ukuze izimpahla ezigciniwe zihambisane nesivinini emakethe lapho amanani enyuka kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-US sekuyisikhathi eside ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wempahla yasemapulazini,6 besilokhu sihamba phambili emananini ezinto ezinkulu.7 Singabeka amanani omhlaba. Ngokwamasheya emakethe ommbila nobhontshisi wesoya, ngokwesibonelo, besisikhulu kune-Middle East emafutheni.8
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, impahla enkulu yasemapulazini ayinakusabela emananini kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zokuhlinzeka nezidingo.9 Leyo yimbangela yezomnotho yamanani aphansi epulazi esibe nawo ngokujwayelekile iminyaka eyi-140 Izimakethe zamahhala azisebenzi kahle neze. impahla yasepulazini. Amanani nezimpahla azilungiseki ngokushesha noma kakhulu nhlobo ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi zemakethe zamaqembu ezimpahla ezinkulu ezitshalwa ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zase-US. Uma amanani ephansi, abantu abadli ukudla okungu-10, 4, 5 ngosuku, futhi abalimi abayeki ukutshala wonke amapulazi abo. Abalimi basenazo zonke izindleko zepulazi okufanele bazikhokhe, njengezintela zezakhiwo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinqubomgomo ze-NFFC's Food from Family Farms Act ziyadingeka (intengo yaphansi kanye nosilingi, ukuphathwa kwempahla, kuhlanganise nezimpahla ezibekiwe).11 Lezi kwakuyizinhlelo ze-New Deal, kanye ne-Steagall Amendment ka-1941. I-US yayinobulungiswa. uhwebo, amanani okuphila amaholo epulazi njalo ngonyaka 1942-1952. Izintengo zakamuva eziphezulu azicishe zibe phezulu njengezintengo zeqiniso zohwebo zangaleso sikhathi. Ilungiselwe ukwehla kwamandla emali, isilinganiso samanani amaphakathi wonyaka ka-2007-10, $4.00, ngokwesibonelo, singaphansi kokukodwa kwesine inani lentengo lonyaka lika-1947, $17.37 (ngamadola ka-2010).12 Ukwehliswa nokuqedwa kwalezi zinhlelo kuyinqubomgomo enkulu. imbangela yamanani aphansi epulazi ezimakethe zomhlaba abangela ubumpofu emazweni e-Africa Group.
Ubumbano phakathi kwenhlangano yezobulungiswa bamapulazi omndeni wase-US kanye nezizwe zase-Afrika buqinisekiswa ubudlelwano obufanayo phakathi kwe-NFFC ne-La Via Campesina. I-Via Campesina idokhumenti enkulu yenqubomgomo ibonisa ukwesekwa okuqinile kwendlela ye-NFFC, njengebhulogi yami ethi “Via Campesina ne-NFFC: Ukusekelwa Kwamanani Asepulazini Alungile” imibhalo.13
I-EWG Ayiqondi Ngenqubomgomo Yeqembu Lase-Afrika
Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba kwakamuva okuvela ku-Environmental Working Group kanye ne-ActionAid14 yethula imephu15 “yezindawo ezishisayo” emhlabeni wonke enkingeni yokudla yomhlaba wonke. Impela leli ithuluzi elihloselwe kahle neliwusizo. Ekuhlaziyweni kwenkinga yokudla, nokho, amanani entengo yakamuva aphezulu ahlonzwa njengezimbangela, kodwa hhayi umlando omude wamanani aphansi. Akukho ukwesekwa okunikezwayo ekukhathazekeni okukhulu kweQembu lase-Afrika mayelana “noku umkhuba wesikhathi eside wokwehla kwamanani entengo yezimpahla zezolimo eziyisisekelo,” okuwumthelela wesikhathi eside ebuphofini babo abawugcizelele emqulwini ophawulwe lapha. Okuhlukile nje ukugxila kwe-EWG kanye ne-ActionAid: ukucindezela kokubuyela emananini aphansi kakhulu epulazi. Alikho izinga lohwebo olunobulungiswa, amanani entengo epulazi amaholo aphilayo, angabi phezulu kakhulu noma aphansi kakhulu, aphakanyiswayo.
Sibonile ukuthi inkinga yobubha bokudla emhlabeni wonke ibandakanya inkinga eshubile. Okokuqala, cishe iminyaka engama-60 engami, amanani ezimpahla zamapulazi ehlile.16 Kusukela ngo-1998-2005, saba namanani angu-8 kwangu-10 ommbila aphansi kakhulu emlandweni oqoshiwe, isibonelo (emuva ku-1866). amazwe okulima njengalawo akuQembu le-Afrika. Kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi nale minyaka engama-17 yokucekela phansi okwandayo, (iminyaka embalwa ngeminyaka yawo-60, ngo-1970, futhi futhi eminyakeni emine edlule,) lapho amanani epulazi abe phezulu kakhulu.
I-EWG ne-ActionAid zisitshela kahle ukuthi “Kuwo wonke amazwe ngaphandle kwamathathu agqanyiswe imephu [njengokuthi “ubungozi obuphezulu”], imali engenayo ingama-$2 nje ngosuku futhi abantu bachitha okungenani amaphesenti angama-55 omholo wabo ekudleni.”18 Okusho ukuthi, basitshela ukuthi ubumpofu bunjani. Abahlulekayo ukukwenza wukusinika inkomba yembangela yesikhathi eside yalowo mbhavu onzima ngendlela emangalisayo kulawa mazwe afuywayo kule minyaka engu-60 edlule.
I-EWG ne-ActionAid ayisho lutho ngokusekela kwamathuluzi okuphatha izimakethe e-NFFC, ngisho nophahla lwamanani aphezulu kanye nempahla egciniwe ehlobene nohlangothi olulodwa lwenkinga abayilungisayo. I-EWG ayizange ixhase neyodwa yalezi zinqubomgomo ekusebenzeni kumthethosivivinywa wepulazi ka-2008. Namuhla i-EWG ibika ukuthi inohlu lwe-imeyili lwamakheli ayi-1,000,000 Bakulungele ukukhulumela. Afrika, qaphela!
Isimemo Sezintengo Eziphansi Nokukhiqiza Ngokweqile Ukuze Kuxoshwe Abalimi Emhlabeni
Inhlangano yezobulungiswa bamapulazi omndeni wase-US ibilokhu ilwa nokuxhashazwa kwebhizinisi lezolimo eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, futhi nangemuva kwesivumelwano esisha. Isibonelo esisodwa somqondo webhizinisi lezolimo umbhalo othi, “Uhlelo Oluguquguqukayo Lwezolimo,” oluvela eKomidini Lokuthuthukiswa Komnotho, ithangi lokucabanga elinamalungu angama-200 ezinkampani. , ukolweni nezinye izinto ezithengiswayo, ukuze “ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu” yabalimi base-United States iphume ezweni “esikhathini esingeqile eminyakeni emihlanu.”20 Lowo kwakuwumgomo weshumi leminyaka, futhi bazincoma ngombiko ka-21. ukuze bafeze izinhloso zabo, ngeKhongolose yase-US. Lokho akulimanga nje abalimi base-US. Kwalimala abalimi emhlabeni wonke. Lokho bekuyimbangela yenqubomgomo “yenkambiso yesikhathi eside yokwehla kwamanani” ebambe iqhaza elikhulu ebuphofini bokudla kuyo yonke i-Afrika.
Ngokuqeda abalimi, i-CED yasiza ngokuqondile i-agribusiness output complex ukuthi ithenge impahla yasemapulazini ngamanani ashibhile futhi ashibhile, ngaleyo ndlela ibaxhase ngokusobala. Baphinde basiza inkimbinkimbi ye-CAFO, ngokunikeza imfuyo yommbila inzuzo kunotshani. Lokhu kwasusa imfuyo emhlabeni, futhi kwathatha kokubili ukuguquguquka kanye nale mali engeziwe yengeza imali kubalimi. I-CED isize i-agribusiness input complex ngokubasiza ukuthi badayisele abalimi imikhiqizo eminingi, njengoba izinhlelo ebekelwe eceleni zancipha futhi zaqedwa, njengoba amadlelo emfuyo kanye namasimu otshani ayetshalwa ukuze kukhiqizwe izitshalo eziwumugqa. Endleleni, ekuxosheni abalimi abaningi kangaka emhlabeni baye emadolobheni ase-US, i-CED nayo yasiza ukwehlisa amaholo asemadolobheni.
Namuhla ibhizinisi lezolimo lilwa namanani aphezulu esibe nawo iminyaka embalwa. Bahlaba ikhwelo lokuthi wonke umkhiqizo “wondle umhlaba,” ukusindisa izindawo ezinjenge-Afrika ekusweleni kokudla. Inkinga enkulu yeminyaka engama-60 (noma engu-140 e-US), kube yinsalela yokudla emhlabeni, nokho, hhayi ukushoda kokudla. Asifuni nanini ukushoda kokudla emhlabeni wonke, kunjalo, kodwa kufanele sithathe indlela elinganiselayo, ngokuvikeleka kwezinhlangothi ezingaphezulu neziphansi.
Umbuzo webhizinisi lezolimo, "Singakwazi ukondla umhlaba?" umbuzo ongalungile wokubhekana nezimbangela zenkinga yobuphofu bokudla. Kunalokho kufanele sibuze: Singabuqeda kanjani ubumpofu bokudla? Amazwe eQembu lase-Afrika ngamazwe afuywayo. Badinga ukugqugquzelwa kwezomnotho, ingcebo kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwemisebenzi yohwebo olunobulungiswa, amanani entengo yamapulazi amaholo okuphila. Badinga nosizo olukhulu ukuze banqobe ubumpofu obubhubhisayo obusukela eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-60 yokwehla kwentengo yamapulazi. Ingxenye yalolo sizo kufanele kube usizo lokudla ukuze abantu bangabulawa indlala kuyilapho amanani epulazi ephakeme.22
Ekuceleni ukwenyuswa kwezidingo kanye namanani entengo aphansi emazweni ase-Afrika kanye namazwe e-LDC yonke indawo, ibhizinisi lezolimo liphinda izimpikiswano ezindala zombiko we-CED. Babona ama-LDC, nenani elikhulu labalimi, njengezindawo lapho bengathengisa khona izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezengeziwe, bathathe imfuyo eyengeziwe enenani elikhulu, futhi basize ekugcineni amanani entengo epulazi eshibhile ukuze baqinise inzuzo yabo. Bangakwazi ukufaka izibulala-zinambuzane esikhundleni sezigidi zabalimi base-Afrika. Bangashintsha amathani omquba wamahhala wemfuyo ngokuthengisa umanyolo. Bangashintsha i-nitrogen emidunjini enamandla njengamasimu e-berseem clover hay ekujikelezweni kwezitshalo okonga izinsiza (ezinhlelweni zemfuyo), nge-annhydrous ammonia abayithengisayo. Bangenza i-Afrika incike kuma-GMO abawalawulayo kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bangaxosha izigidi zabalimi emhlabeni futhi baye ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, lapho bengakwazi ukwehlisa amazinga amaholo asemadolobheni.
Awulungisi ukwehla kweminyaka engama-60, ukucekelwa phansi okuqinile kwekhulu leminyaka elivela ngaphansi kwezindleko zokulahlwa kokuthekelisa epulazini eminyakeni embalwa. Iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yokulahlwa kwamapulazi aseMelika kwamanye amazwe akhuthaze futhi abe nomthelela kwezinye izinkinga eziningi zezomnotho, ezombusazwe, ezobuchwepheshe, ezemvelo nezenhlalo. Silahlekelwe yimali ekuthunyelweni kwepulazi lase-US ikhulunyaka lekota, sidonsa izigidigidi zamadola wezindleko eziphansi zempahla yasemapulazini siyiswe kwamanye amazwe. Njengoba umbhalo ovela eQenjini lase-Afrika ucacisa. Leyo mikhuba ayizange “isindise” i-Afrika. Bawufaka ebumpofu nakakhulu.
I-EWG ne-ActionAid, futhi icela ukukhiqizwa okwengeziwe namanani aphansi, futhi ibuza ukuthi “Singawondla kanjani umhlaba?” nazo zibeka i-Afrika engcupheni. Iminyaka embalwa yokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo ibe nomthelela omubi emhlabeni jikelele, lokho kungenye yezingqinamba ezishubile zenkinga yobubha bokudla emhlabeni jikelele. Yebo, baqinisile ngalokho. Lokho kungenye ingxenye yenkinga. Abakugejayo ngesinye isigxobo, esabekwa phambili yi-Africa Group ngo-2006, ukwehla kwezintengo zempahla yasemapulazini cishe iminyaka engama-60. Ubukhosi bokudla bufika kuphela uma sesiyiphethe kahle le nkinga.
IZINDAWO ZOLWAZI
1. “Izindlela Zokuxoxisana Ngezindaba Zempahla Yezolimo, Isiphakamiso Esithunyelwe IQembu Lase-Afrika Kumhlangano Okhethekile WeKomidi LezoLimo,” Ukuxhumana kweQembu Lase-Afrika. Inhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba. IKomidi LezoLimo Ezikhethekile. TN/AG/GEN/18. 7 Juni 2006, http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum_e/comm_position_afr_group_june706.pdf.
2. Umhlangano Wongqongqoshe Wezohwebo Wase-Afrika We-WTO,“Ukuhlanganisa Ubukhulu Bentuthuko,” Cairo 28 October 2009, http://www.iatp.org/tradeobservatory/library.cfm?refID=106957, p. 1, umbhalo waphansi we-1.
3. http://www.nffc.net/.
4. Willis Rowell, Uhlanya Njengesihogo: Indaba Engemuva Kwezigcawu ze-NFO, 1984; Willis Rowell, I-NFO: Umlando Ophelele, Ames, IA: Sigler Printing and Publishing, 1993.
5. Bona amashadi abonisa idatha yokwehliswa kwezitezi zamanani ezimpahla ezimbalwa kumavidiyo ami e-YouTube, “U-Michael Pollan Rebuttal 1: Impikiswano Yomxhaso Wommbila Ka-Pollan,” kanye “no-Michael Pollan Rebuttal 2.” Thola imithombo yedatha yamanani entengo lapha: USDA:ERS: Ukunikezwa Kohlelo Lwezitshalo Zohlelo: Isizindalwazi sango-1961-90, http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ages9010/. Eminyakeni edlule, bona i-USDA-NASS: Izibalo Zezolimo Zonyaka, http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/ (izindaba ezahlukahlukene).
6. UDaryll E. Ray, “Imibuzo yenqubomgomo yezoLimo VI: Ingabe Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Ngaphandle Kungase Kube Amandla Okushayela Esikhathi Eside
Ngemuva Kwezimakethe Zase-United States Zokusanhlamvu Nesoya?” Policy Matters, Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 3, http://www.agpolicy.org/archive/policy/pmvol5no3.pdf.
7. UDaryll E. Ray, Daniel G. De La Torre Ugarte kanye Kelly J. Tiller, Ukucabanga Kabusha Inqubomgomo Yezolimo Yase-US: Ukushintsha Izifundo Ukuze Kuvikeleke Izimpilo Zabalimi Emhlabeni Wonke, Isikhungo Sokuhlaziya Inqubomgomo Yezolimo, IYunivesithi yaseTennessee, p. 24.
8. “I-Farm Bill 2, The Farm Crisis,” “America’s Stake in the Farm Bill 1985,” 5:34-5:58 http://www.youtube.com/user/FireweedFarm#p/c/A1E706EFA90D1767/7/6VdFNHWLGxM, League of Rural Voters, 1985.
9. U-Daryll E. Ray, Ukusabela Kwentengo! Ukusabela Kwentengo!! KUYUKUPHENDULA INANI!!!” Ukubhalwa Kwepholisi # 248, 5/6/05 Isikhungo Sokuhlaziya Inqubomgomo Yezolimo, Inyuvesi yaseTennessee, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/248.html.
10. U-Daryll E. Ray, “Inqubomgomo Yezolimo Yekhulu Lamashumi Amabili Nanye kanye Nefa Le-Wallaces,” Isikhungo Sokuhlaziya Inqubomgomo Yezolimo, IYunivesithi yaseTennessee, ngo-2004, http://agpolicy.org/pubs/RayLecture2004FromGretchen1st.pdf.
11. “Umthetho Wokudla Okuvela Emapulazini Omndeni: Isiphakamiso Somthethosivivinywa Wepulazi wase-US ka-2007,” i-National Family Farm Coalition, http://www.nffc.net/Learn/Fact%20Sheets/FFFA2007.pdf
12. Imithombo yalolu hlobo lokuqoqwa kwedatha ihlanganisa: “Irekhodi Lethrekhi Yomlando – Ukukhiqizwa Kwenqampuna,” http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1593; “Ukulinganisa Ukufaneleka,” http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=GDPDEFLATION&year_source=1947&amount=2.16&year_result=2009. Cf. www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FarmIncome/Data/Constant-dollar-table.XLS.
13. U-Brad Wilson, “I-Via Campesina nge-NFFC: Ukusekelwa Kwamanani Epulazi Alungile,” zspace, 9/16/10, https://znetwork.org/via-campesina-with-nffc-support-for-fair-farm-prices-by-brad-wilson.
14. U-Patricia Brooks no-Donald Carr, “Imephu Entsha Yembula Izindawo Ezishisayo Enkingeni Yokudla Ekhulayo Yomhlaba Wonke,” i-ActionAid kanye neQembu Lokusebenza Kwezemvelo (EWG), 3/3/11 kanye no-3/18/11, http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2011/03/03-0. Bheka futhi ukuphawula kukaBrad Wilson.
15. http://www.ewg.org/hot-spots-emerging-global-food-crisis.
16. Bheka inothi 12 ukuze uthole imibhalo.
17. Lokhu ngamadola angashintshi. Bheka inothi 12 ukuze uthole imibhalo.
18. Bheka isitatimende sabezindaba, inothi 14.
19. “Abalandeli be-EWG Banamandla Angaphezu Kwesigidi,” 3/1/11, http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2011/03/01-8.
20. IKomidi Lokuthuthukiswa Komnotho “An Adaptive Programme for Agriculture,” (1962), http://www.normeconomics.org/adaptive.html.
21.Ibid., Ikhasi. 59.
22. USophia Murphy no-Kathleen McAfee,
I-US Food Aid: Isikhathi Sokuthola Kahle, Isikhungo Senqubomgomo Yezolimo Nezohwebo, Julayi 27, 2005, http://www.iatp.org/iatp/publications.cfm?accountID=451&refID=73512.
UKUZE UFUNDE OKWENGEZIWE
Carin Smaller, “Emzileni Olungile Wokuthuthuka: Amazwe ase-Afrika Avula Indlela,” IATP, Juni 19, 2006, http://www.iatp.org/tradeobservatory/genevaupdate.cfm?messageID=120055
Daryll E. Ray, “Amazwe ase-Afrika asitshela ukuthi afunani e-Doha,” Policy Pennings (ikholomu) #308, 6/30/06, http://www.agpolicy.org/weekcol/308.html, noma http://www.agpolicy.org/weekpdf/308.pdf.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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