Lapho uJohn Maynard Keynes enyathelisa i-GENERAL THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT, INTEREST, AND MONEY ngo-1936 umhlaziyi waphawula: “okuyiqiniso akukusha futhi okusha akulona iqiniso.” Umlando ubonise ukuthi umbuyekezi unephutha. Kodwa ngencwadi entsha kajeremy Rifkin, BEYOND BEEF, iyingqikithi efanelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba lencwadi igxila kakhulu emithonjeni engabazekayo, yesibili yokwaziswa kwayo, kuningi futhi okukulencwadi okungekusha noma okuyiqiniso.
Kuyishwa lokho. I-Rifkin yaziwa njenge-gadfly evelele kwezenhlalo nezolimo. Ezinye zezincwadi zakhe zenze iminikelo ebalulekile ekukhathazekeni komphakathi. Kodwa le ncwadi entsha ayithembekile. Ayinayo idatha eyiqiniso, yenza izindaba ezilula kakhulu, futhi ibeka iziphetho ezingenakuthethelelwa ngokunengqondo.
Umlayezo ka-Rifkin ulula. Hlukana nenyama yenkomo futhi sixazulula izinkinga eziningi zomhlaba. U-Wendell Berry usikhumbuze eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ukuthi uma sizama ukuxazulula inkinga ngokuyehlisela kwezinye “isici sayo esibonakala kalula nesilula,” siphumelela kuphela ekuyenzeni inkinga engamanga. BEYOND BEEF kunombukiso we-A.
Lokhu akukona ukukhulula imboni yenkomo. Amakhulukhulu abakhulumeli abacabangayo (abaningi babo Embonini yenyama yenkomo) bavumile ukuthi kunezinkinga ezinkulu ngezolimo zenyama yenkomo. Kodwa kukhona nezinkulungwane zabafuyi abahlale befuye izinkomo ngendlela yesiko, ubuntu, nokunakekela imvelo. Ukwengeza, izinkulungwane ezengeziwe zisanda kwamukela iziphakamiso ze-Holistic Resource Management zika-Allan Savory futhi zibonise imiphumela enenzuzo kakhulu yezemvelo. U-Rifkin ukushaye indiva konke lokho futhi uthatha amashothi ebhodwe ashibhile ngenyama yenkomo ngokwayo.
Ake ngibale izibonelo ezimbalwa nje:
U-Rifkin uphinda impikiswano endala, ekhathele yokuthi izinkomo ziyimbangela yendlala emhlabeni wonke ngoba zidla inqwaba yokusanhlamvu okufanele isetshenziselwe ukondla abantu. Okokuqala okungenani u-80% womsoco odliwa izinkomo uvela emithonjeni engafanele ukudliwa abantu, njengotshani, izinsalela zezitshalo, nezinhlamvu ezilimele ngenxa yesimo sezulu. Ukube lokhu kudla bekungadliwa imfuyo bekuzolahleka njengezakhamzimba ezidliwa abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukube bekungengenxa yezilwane ezelusayo, umhlaba wamahektha angaphezu kwebhiliyoni wase-US ubungeke usetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ukudla kwabantu ngoba awukulungele ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. Ipulazi lami eliseNyakatho Dakota alifani nalokhu.
Kumahektha ayi-3,100 epulazi lethu lezinto eziphilayo, ngaphezu kwamahektha angama-900 awutshani bendabuko futhi azohlala enjalo njengoba umhlaba untekenteke kakhulu ukuthi ungakhiqizwa izitshalo. Ukube bekungezona izinkomo zethu lawo mahektha angama-900 abengeke akhiqize amaprotheni adliwe abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho nohlamvu olulodwa lokusanhlamvu kwethu olunikezwa izinkomo zethu. Zidliswa utshani bendabuko, futhi zidliswa utshani be-alfalfa (etshalwe emhlabathini obuntekenteke kakhulu ukuba bungakwazi ukukhiqiza izitshalo zaminyaka yonke) utshani bemilili (insalela esele ngemva kokuvunwa okusanhlamvu) kanye nokuhlolwa okusanhlamvu (imbewu yokhula kanye nezinhlamvu eziphukile ezikhothozwe ohlangeni). Abalimi nabafuyi ngokuvamile bakhetha izindlela ezinjalo zokondla ngoba nje zibiza kancane kunokondla okusanhlamvu.
U-Rifkin akanandaba nakho konke lokho. Uze afake umbimbi omusha enkomeni vs human polemic: izinkomo nazo zinesibopho sokungabi nakhaya! Uyabhala: “Nakuba sigcwele ndawonye emihubheni yasemadolobheni eqinile, cishe amaphesenti angu-29 omhlaba wase-United States asetshenziswa njengendawo yamadlelo, ngokuyinhloko ukondla izinkomo.” U-Rifkin uyavuma ukuthi ukuminyana kwabantu emadolobheni kwenzeka ikakhulukazi eduze kwamabhodi olwandle kuyilapho izindawo ezidla izinkomo zisentshonalanga ye-Mississippi. Nokho akufiki kuyena ukuthi maningi indawo yokuthi abantu basemadolobheni bahlale ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neMelika naphezu kokuba khona kwezinkomo. Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amahlanu epulazini lami eNyakatho Dakota, ngokwesibonelo, kunezindlu zamapulazi ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ezilahliwe. Ngigcine ukubheka ukuthi azikho izinkomo ezingenile.
I-Next Rifkin igomela ngokuthi izinkomo zibangela inhlekelele yemvelo engakaze ibonwe. Izinkomo “zingenye yezinto ezisongela kakhulu indawo ezungezile enkathini yanamuhla.” Lesi siphetho esishubile sisekelwe ezinsolo zokuthi izinkomo yizo ezibangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuklaba ngokweqile, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nokusetshenziswa kwawo, kanye nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Kusobala ukuthi imfuyo ibe nomthelela kulezi zinkinga, kodwa iphutha aliba sezinkomo ngomzuzwana. Izinkomo azishadelwa unomphela ezindaweni zokudla kanye namahlathi emvula. Izinkomo zazingakwazi (futhi kufanele) zibuyiselwe ezweni. Njengoba zihlakazekile emapulazini ahlukahlukene, izinkomo zazikwazi ukuguqula izinsalela zezitshalo zibe ukudla kwabantu. Umquba wabo unganikeza ingxenye enkulu yezidingo zokuvunda kwenhlabathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi emhlabeni wonke bakhombisa ukuthi izinkomo zingaba yizinsiza zethu ezibaluleke kakhulu zokongiwa. Isibonelo, umquba wezinkomo (obizwa u-Rifkin ngokuthi "i-organic WASTE") ungomunye wemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo yokwakha izinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvunda emhlabathini. Uma uvundisiwe ngendlela efanele, umquba ungomunye wemithombo kamanyolo engenabungozi emvelweni. Ukube ibisetshenziswa ngokugcwele ibinganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen yokwenziwa, eyaziwa njengenye yemithombo eyinhloko ye-nitrate emanzini. Njengoba inhlabathi eningi ezintweni eziphilayo imunca futhi igcine amanzi engeziwe, umquba unganciphisa nesidingo sokunisela futhi unqande ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi okubangelwa ukugeleza kwamanzi. Izinkulungwane zabalimi nabafuyi manje zisebenzisa umquba ukufeza lezi zinhloso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, utshani bungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwakha kabusha inhlabathi. ENingizimu ye-Italy naseLebanon lapho inhlabathi iguguleke kabi ekukhiqizeni izitshalo okuqhubekayo, amasimu atshalwe otshanini ukuze kukhiqizwe utshani bemfuyo njengendlela yokubuyisela umhlabathi. Emapulazini amaningi aseYurophu amasimu ashintshwa njalo abe utshani ukuze kudliwe imfuyo njengendlela engapheli yokwakha nokulondoloza inhlabathi. Ukwengeza, njengoba u-Allan Savory ebonise ngokungaguquki ukuthi “umthelela womhlambi” uyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokukhiqiza izitshalo zemvelo.
Ngokusho kuka-Rifkin, izinkomo nazo ziyimbangela enkulu yokufudumala komhlaba. Kodwa i-methane ukuphela kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okungase kuthiwe yenziwa izinkomo. Okunye okuphumayo kungenxa yezinqubo ezithile zokuphatha ezingabalulekile ekukhiqizeni inyama yenkomo. Ngakho-ke lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi kungavalwa ngaphandle kokuqeda izinkomo. Futhi uma i-methane iyisigebengu kufanele siphendule ukunaka kwethu kweminye imithombo. Amaxhaphozi angumthombo we-21% yawo wonke umoya we-methane. Ukulinywa kwelayisi kuhlanganisa u-20%. Zonke izilwane ezifuywayo zihlangene zenza u-14% kuphela wengqikithi yokukhishwa kwe-methane. futhi izinkomo zase-US zakha u-1.1% kuphela.
Okuxakayo ukuthi izinkomo zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane ngokungaqondile. Ukushiswa kwe-biomass kanye nokulahla imfucumfucu yemvelo ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu kubangela u-17% wokukhishwa kwe-methane. Ukube bekungengenxa yezinkomo ezidla amathani ezinsalela zamazambane, imfucumfucu yommbila, i-sugar beet pulp, ukuhlolwa kokusanhlamvu, izinsalela zembewu kawoyela, izinsalela zabaphisi botshwala nezinsalela zokugaya, le mfucumfucu ibiyoshiswa noma iphelele ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu. Ukulahla izinkomo, ngamanye amazwi, kungashintsha umthombo owodwa we-methane kwenye. Ngaleso sikhathi sizolahlekelwa amaprotheni azosetshenziswa abantu.
Ekugcineni, sitshelwa ukuthi “izigidi zibulawa [ukudla] inyama yenkomo evundliwe”. U-Rifkin ugomela ngokuthi ukudla inyama yenkomo kwandisa i-cholesterol. Okungelona iqiniso. Ososayensi manje babonakala bevuma ukuthi inani elilinganiselwe lenyama enamafutha, ebomvu ayikhulisi i-cholesterol. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDkt. Maria Linder, isazi sokudla okunempilo kanye ne-bio-chemist e-California State University uphakamisa isimo esihlukile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukungabikho komquba wemfuyo (ocebile ngezakhamzimba ezincane) emasimini ethu kubangela ukungabikho kwama-micro=izakhamzimba ezibalulekile ekudleni kwethu. Njengoba ezinye zalezi zakhi zomsoco zithuthukisa amandla omzimba okukhipha i-cholesterol, uDkt. Linder ukholelwa ukuthi ukungabikho kwalezi zakhi zomsoco kungase kube umthombo wenkinga yethu ye-cholesterol njengenani le-cholesterol esiyidlayo. Uma eqinisile. , ukuqeda izinkomo kungase futhi kube yindaba yokudala yona kanye le nkinga esizama ukuyixazulula.
Usizi olungase lube khona lwencwadi ka-Rifkin ukuthi ukuntula ukwethembeka kwayo kungase kudlulele nakubantu namaqembu asebenza kanzima azibophezele ekuqoqeni imininingwane eyiqiniso kanye nokuthuthukisa imifelandawonye esebenzayo ukuze kube noshintsho. Ushintsho lwangempela luba khona lapho abalimi, abafuyi, izazi zemvelo, abashisekeli bokudla, nabamele imboni yezokudla behlala etafuleni elilodwa ukuze baxazulule izinkinga zangempela futhi baveze izixazululo ezingokoqobo ezilungele abantu, ezilungele izilwane nezilungele umhlaba. Buncane ubukhazikhazi kulokho, umsebenzi onzima nje, onzima. I-Humane Society yase-United States igqama njengenye yezinhlangano ezihamba phambili ezihambela lo msebenzi lapho izilwane zithinteka khona.
Enye indlela yokudlulela ngale kwe-Rifkin ukunikeza i-Humane Society ucingo futhi uthole ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela.
[Umlando wokuphila: UDkt. Kirschenmann ungumphathi we-Kirschenmann Family Farms, ipulazi le-Biodynamic elingamahektha angu-3,100 eningizimu emaphakathi neNyakatho Dakota. Uphinde asebenze njengomongameli weFarm Verified Organic (FVO), kanye nomongameli we-Organic Foods Production Association yaseNyakatho Melika (OFPANA).] Ishicilelwe okokuqala ngo- Imvelo yemvelo Umagazini. Lesi sihloko sisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele ngaphansi komthetho we-copyright wase-US ngoba (1) ayikona okokuhweba, (2) iyashintsha ngokwemvelo, futhi (3) ayiqhudelani nomsebenzi wokuqala futhi ayinakuba nomthelela omubi emakethe yayo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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