I-SOUTH END PRESS: Ungakwazi yini ukusho amaphrojekthi athile angokomlando aseNxele obheka kuwo njengezibonelo zomzabalazo omuhle woshintsho?
I-MARABLE: Ngokuphathelene nomlando oqinile, amashumi amabili eminyaka abantu abahlale bethanda ukuwasho ngeminyaka yawo-1930 nawo-1960โi-Old Left neNew Left. Ngawo-1960, izinhlangano enginomuzwa wokuthi zazibaluleke kakhulu ekufanekiseni kusengaphambili lokho okungenzeka kugagasi elilandelayo elinamandla lekusasa kwakuyiNhlangano Yabasebenzi Abamnyama Benguquko kanye neKomidi Lokuxhumanisa Elingenalo Udlame Lwabafundi.
I-SNCC ibibalulekile ngoba ibizibona njengenhlangano engeyona eye-Leninist vanguard. Amalungu alo azibiza ngokuthi โamakholwa eqiniso.โ Babezimisele ukukhuluma inkulumo bahambe. Babezimisele ukuya ejele ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo. Bahlele ngokuya emiphakathini futhi banikeze izinsiza namakhono okukhuthaza nokweseka ukuthuthukiswa kwabaholi bemvelo ngendlela yokuthi abaholi abanesiphiwo abafana noFannie Lou Hamer baqhamuke kulolu hlelo.
Imodeli yabo yokungenelela yayifana kakhulu naleyo u-CLR James, umguquki wase-West Indian, aphakamisa ngayo: ukuthi umsebenzi wezihlakaniphi eziqinile kanye nokuhlela umphakathi uwukufunda kubantu nokusebenzisa amakhono nemibono kanye nezinsiza ukusiza izinhlangano ezigxile ekulweni. ezindabeni zabo ukuze bazuze amalungelo abo kanye nokuzakhela obabo ubuholi. Akuyona imodeli ephezulu phansi; kuyimodeli ephansi phezulu yenguquko yezenhlalo. U-Ella Baker ukhulume ngaleli qhinga: akufanele ubeke abaholi ezicathulweni. I-SNCC inikeza imodeli yokuhlela eqinile okufanele ibhekwe.
Imodeli yesibili yi-League of Revolutionary Black Workers. Lokhu bekuyimpi ngaphandle kwenhlangano yezinyunyana, kodwa endaweni yokukhiqiza. Lolu phiko lwaluhlela izisebenzi ezicindezelwe kakhulu efekthri, zisebenza ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu zemboni yezimoto. Laba kwakungabafowethu nodadewethu abasebasha ababehleleka ngezimiso zentando yeningi eqinile, i-socialism, kanye nokunikezwa amandla kwabaNsundu ngokombono osuka phezulu-bengabheki enkundleni yokhetho ukunikeza ubuholi emphakathini, kodwa bezithathela umlando ngezandla zabo nokulwa namandla. .
Ngicabanga ukuthi ikusasa le-radicalism kumele lithathele emafa esikhathi esedlule kanye nezibonelo zentando yeningi eqinile ekhona, ngisho namamodeli anephutha. I-SNCC kanye neligi benza amaphutha namaphutha okwahlulela, kodwa kulokho ababezama ukukwenza, kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Baqaphela ukuthi ukuhlela ngempumelelo kwezombusazwe kufanele kusekelwe ezintweni abantu abazibona nsuku zonke, ezindabeni ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke, njengezempilo, umsebenzi, indawo ezungezile, izindlu kanye nemfundo yezingane zabo.
Kuzungeze ukungqubuzana nezinkinga zempilo yansuku zonke lapho ukungenelela okunamandla kungavezwa khona. Eminye imikhakha ye-Left ihlale ibamba ukuthi sifana noMose ephuma ehlane nethebulethi yezimiso okufanele sizilandele ukuze sizuze ikusasa lenguquko kanye nezwe lesithembiso. Kunenkinga ejulile ngakwesobunxele se-elitism kanye namamodeli aphezulu-phansi oshintsho lwezenhlalakahle olundiza ebusweni bentando yeningi.
Kungani singenayo i-SNCC noma iLeague manje?
Ake sibheke izizathu zokuthi singabi nazo izinhlangano ezinohlonze ngobuningi. Omunye wezazi eziyinhloko zenhlangano yesimanje yamalungelo abantu kwakunguBayard Ruskin, umxhumanisi we-1963 March eWashington, DC. Ngemuva kokuphasiswa koMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota we-1965, uRustin waphikisa ukuthi i-Civil Rights Movement kufanele isuke esenzweni esiqondile kanye nokungalaleli komphakathi okungezona ubudlova kuya ekusebenzeni enkundleni yokhetho. Incazelo yethu yalelisu โkwakungubuso Obumnyama endaweni ephakeme.โ Besifuna umuntu osesikhundleni esivelele ofana nathi. Lokhu ngikubiza ngokuthi โukumelela okungokomfanekiso.โ Inkinga ngokumelela okungokomfanekiso ukuthi kuthatha izinga lokuziphendulela phakathi kommeleli kanye nesifunda sakhe. Uma ukuxhumana kungenye ye-phenotype noma ubulili, leso yisisekelo esinzima kakhulu sokwakha ukunyakaza. Ngoba umuntu othile omnyama noma ongumLatino noma ongqingili noma gay nanoma yini akuqinisekisi ukwethembeka komuntu endikimbeni yezombusazwe enikeza amandla indawo ethile okuthiwa bayimele.
Isibalo sabantu base-Afrika baseMelika ababekuKhongolose eminyakeni engama-30 edlule sasicishe sibe yi-5; namuhla ingaphezu kuka-40, ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-800. Kodwa ingabe abaNsundu bathole ukwanda ngamaphesenti angama-800 emandleni angempela? Akukenzeki. Inkinga yesibili eyenzeka kwaba ukuwohloka kwepharadigm yenkululeko yenguquko yezenhlalo eyavela esivumelwaneni esishaโiNew Frontier kanye neNhlangano Enkulu. Umfelandawonye wepolitiki yenkululeko wabhidlika. Ingxenye yesizathu esenze yabhidlika ukuthi iNxele yayingasekho njengamandla ahleliwe. I-Left ibilokhu ikhiqiza imibono abakhululekile abayithathile, balinganisa, futhi bazama ukuyisebenzisa ezakhiweni zamandla. Kodwa ngaphandle kwe-Left enamandla anolaka, abakhululekile babodwa. Uma zisele zodwa, ziyawa. Esinye isibonelo sakamuva ukwehla kuzwelonke kweRainbow Coalition.
Omunye umbuzo omkhulu uthi: kwenzekeni kwaNxele kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960? Ngicabanga ukuthi ingxenye yalokho okwenzekile ukuthi abantu base-US ababezibophezele ekushintsheni okukhulu bavame ukuvela kokuhlangenwe nakho kweminye imiphakathi ngezinye izikhathi eyayiphindaphinda ezinye zezici ezimbi kakhulu zezinguquko noma amamodeli angaphandle kwezwe, ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi umzabalazo wesisekelo esiyisisekelo. ushintsho lwezenhlalo luqala ngokuqonda okuningiliziwe komphakathi lapho ukhona. Lokhu akusho ukuthi yonke inguquko ingaqondwa kuphela njengenqubo kazwelonke. Kepha kukhona ukungqubuzana okuthile kanye nama-nuances athile enza imibuzo yenhlangano icace kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezenhlalo okuhlukile.
Ungene kanjani kwezombusazwe?
Ngingakutshela mhla ngiqala ukuba yipolitiki. Kwakungo-April 4, 1968. Ngangingumfundi ophakeme esikoleni samabanga aphakeme e-Dayton Ohio, futhi ngabhala isihloko sephephandaba sephephabhuku lendawo lamasonto onke eliNsundu elalinesihloko esithi, โYouth Speaks Out.โ Ngemva kokubulawa kukaMartin Luther King, Omncane, umama wacabanga ukuthi kuwumqondo omuhle kakhulu ukuba ngindize ngiye e-Atlantaโngangingakaze ngindize ngaphambiliโfuthi ngihlanganise umngcwabo we-Black weekly, ngenza kanjalo. Ngangino-anti owayehlala e-Atlanta ohlangothini olusentshonalanga. Ngavuka ekuseni kakhulu ngagibela ibhasi eya enkabeni yedolobha. Ngandlela thize ngathola i-Ebenezer Baptist Church emphakathini wabaNsundu eduze kwedolobha lase-Atlanta. Ngafika lapho ngabo-6:30 ekuseni ngazibonela umngcwabo wonke. Kwakukhona amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ezungeze isonto phakathi no-ntambama. Ngahamba nomngcwabo owawuya e-Atlanta University naseMorehouse College lapho uKing ayephothule khona. Ngenxa yokuthi nganginencwadi yokunyathelisa, ngavunyelwa ukuba ngingene ekamelweni lokunyathelisa elalihlala esitezi sesibili sesakhiwo esasingamele umcimbi. Ngangineminyaka engu-17 ubudala futhi ngangiwubonile umlando uqhubeka futhi ngangifuna ukuba yingxenye yokwenza umlando wabaNsundu uye phambili. Ngakho kwaba ukungena kwami โโkwezombusazwe.
Njengeningi lesizukulwane sami esasikhula ngeminyaka yawo-1960, ngangihileleke emisebenzini yokubhikisha. Lapho ngisemusha ngakhethwa njengosihlalo Wenyunyana Yabafundi Abamnyama eyayisanda kumiswa ekhempasini yethu. Ngabamba iqhaza emibhikishweni emelene neMpi yaseVietnam esikoleni esineziqu futhi ngaqhubeka nokubhalela amaphephandaba abafundi. Kodwa isigaba sesibili sokuhileleka emsebenzini wezombangazwe asizange senzeka kwaze kwaba ngemva kokuba ngiqede isikole ngo-1976. Cishe ngaleso sikhathi, ngaba matasa kokubili kuyinhlangano yenkululeko yabaNsundu kanye nengxenye enkulu yeNxele. Ngajoyina i-New American Movement (NAM) ngo-1977 futhi ngo-1976 ngaba yingxenye ye-National Black Political Assembly (NBPA), eyayiwuxhaxha lwabahleli bomphakathi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, kanye nezishoshovu zezombusazwe ezazivela ku-Gary Convention ka-March 1972. , eyazama ukwakha inhlangano yezombangazwe yabaNsundu ezimele. Ngangihileleke kuzo zombili lezi zinqubo futhi ngazibona zihambisana, ngokusekelwe endleleni yami yonke yepolitiki esekelwe ngokobuhlanga nangesigaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngase ngiphethe ngokuthi ukuhlaziywa kobuhlanga ngokwako kwakungenele ekuqondeni ukuphikisana okusenhliziyweni yomphakathi wonxiwankulu. Ngakho lapho ngiseminyakeni ephakathi kuka-20, ngase ngizibona ngiyiSocialist. Kodwa empeleni kwaba kuphela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 lapho ngaqala khona ukuzichaza njengenkolo kaMarx.
Wafika kanjani kwezombusazwe zikaMarx?
Phakathi nenkathi esukela cishe ngo-1976 kuya ku-1980, ngangiyilokho engangikubiza ngokuthi i-Left nationalist; Bengiyisizwe esimnyama. Ngangiqonda ukuthi ubuzwe babantu Abamnyama busho ipolitiki ekhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zomphakathi kanye nokwakhiwa kweqembu elizimele, elihlanganisa abantu abamnyama bonke noma ukwakheka kwepolitiki. Ngangikholelwa futhi ohlotsheni oluthile lwenguquko yobudlela-ndawonye yentando yeningi emphakathini wase-US. Ngangikholelwa ekusebenzeni nabamhlophe abaqhubekayo kanye namaLatinos mayelana nephrojekthi yezenhlalakahle. Ngo-1979, ngenkathi i-NAM iphikisana ngokuthi ngijoyine i-Democratic Socialist Organising Committee (DSOC) noma cha, ngangisohlangothini lokujoyina i-DSOC ukwakha iDemocratic Socialists of America (DSA). Isizathu esiyisisekelo sasiwukuthi ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi ukwakha inhlangano enezisekelo ezibanzi esukela kuhulumeni wentando yeningi kuya kuMarx kwakunethuba elikhulu lokuthuthukisa ukusekela okuthandwayo kwemibono yezenhlalakahle. I-NAM yayinabantu abangu-1,000 kuphela futhi yayisekelwe ngokwemibono encane kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngaba omunye wamasekela-sihlalo we-DSA.
Kwakusekuqaleni kwawo-1980 lapho kwavela khona uhlobo oluthile lwebhuloho emsebenzini wami. Ngihlanganise incwadi ebizwa I-Blackwater: Izifundo Zomlando Ngomjaho, Ukuqaphela Ikilasi, kanye Nenguquko okuyiqoqo lezindatshana ezabhalwa ukuphendula ukubulawa kukaWalter Rodney, ukukhethwa kukaRonald Reagan, ukudlondlobala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi yesibiliโeyaqala lapho nje uReagan eba umongameliโkanye nohlobo lwezinkinga zezombangazwe ababhekana nazo e-US ngaleso sikhathi. Ngabona ukuthi ukuhlaziywa komphakathi kwe-Marxist, uma kungakhulunywanga njengemfundiso, kodwa njengendlela yokuhlaziya umphakathi, kwakungcono kakhulu ekuvumbululeni nasekuchazeni ukuphikisana okukhulu komphakathi. Incwadi yami elandelayo, Indlela I-Capitalism Ayithuthukisa Ngayo I-Black America, yagqugquzelwa yincwadi kaRodney ethi How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Ngokuyisisekelo isebenzisa โukungathuthuki kahleโ njengesingathekiso sokuqonda ukuthi umbuso wonxiwankulu kanye nonxiwankulu njengohlelo lwezenhlalo-mnotho babaxhaphaze kanjani abaNsundu. Yathi ubunxiwankulu buqinisa ukukhula kwengilazi phakathi komphakathi wabaNsundu futhi buthenge uhlaka lwezenhlalo, iqembu elinelungelo, elisezingeni eliphakathi labantu base-Afrika-baseMelika ukuze bahambisane nalolu hlelo. Ngesikhathi incwadi ishicilelwa, umqondo wencwadi wawusungichithile ohlakeni lwepolitiki nethiyori lwentando yeningi yezenhlalo, okuyilokho i-DSA eyayimele kakhulu.
Ngaba nabangane abambalwa e-DSA. Ngangimhlonipha uMichael Harrington, owayengumgqugquzeli wenhlangano, kodwa ngangingavumelani ngokuqinile nombono wakhe wamasu wokufinyelela inhlalakahle e-United States. UMichael wayekholelwa ukuthi iKhohlo kufanele libe โngakwesobunxele salokho okungenzekaโ ngaphakathi kweDemocratic Party futhi kufanele libe nobudlelwano obuseduze bokusebenzisana nenkululeko ukuze kugcinwe inkululeko ithembekile. Ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi sidinga indlela yangaphakathi-ngaphandle. Ngangikholelwa ukuthi ukugcizelela kwethu kufanele kulingane phakathi kokweseka abalandeli be-Democratic Party kanye nokuzama ukuqalisa iziphakamiso zezombusazwe ezizimeleโkanye nokwenza ubushoshovu endaweni engakhethi ukhetho. Lowo mbono awuzange uphumelele. Ngakho-ke ngo-1985, ngase ngisuka nje enhlanganweniโhhayi ikhefu eliphikisayoโukuqaphela nje ukuthi imodeli ye-DSA cishe yayingeke ibe yimpumelelo kuleli zwe ekwakheni enye indlela esebenza Ngakwesokunxele ekwazi ukuzuza amandla ombuso.
Inhlangano yabaMnyama ezimele nayo yaqala ukuwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 ngenxa yokungqubuzana phakathi kokwakheka, ukuthambekela kokubheka phambili, ukuhlukana kwezepolitiki, nezinye izinkinga. Ngo-1983 nango-1984, kwase kuvele isimo esisha e-United States. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana ye-Reaganism, saqala ukubona izinselele ku-ajenda ye-Reagan: ukukhethwa kuka-Harold Washington njengeMeya yokuqala Emnyama yaseChicago ngo-1983; umkhankaso ka-1984 uJackson wokuba umongameli; ukubunjwa kwe-Rainbow Coalition; imikhankaso ka-1985 kanye no-1986 yokulwa nobandlululo. Konke lokhu kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-1988 ngasemkhankasweni kaJesse Jackson. U-Jesse wathola amavoti amaningi ngalowo nyaka kunalawo atholwa nguWalter Mondale ngo-1984. Kwabonisa ukuthi kwakukhona isifunda esiqinile esingakwesokunxele esasihlanganisa abaNsundu, amaLatinos, kanye nenani elikhulu labamhlophe ababezosekela enye indlela yentando yeningi nenqubekelaphambili yamasiko amaningi. Inhlangano ye-Rainbow yayingeyona inhlangano ye-socialist, kodwa yayiyinhlangano yobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle lapho abaningi abashisekeli bobuzwe, amaKhomanisi, ama-Marxists, kanye nama-socialists entando yeningi bahlanganyela ngokukhululekile. Yayinamandla amakhulu.
Ubuthakathaka obukhulu beRainbow Coalition kwaba ukwehluleka kwayo ukuhlanganisa inhlangano yentando yeningi, esekelwe kubulungu nobuholi obukhethiwe obuziphendulela kuwo wonke amalungu. UJackson wayethanda ubuholi obusha, obuthanda abantu abaningi bobuholi babantu abamnyama, okwacekela phansi i-Rainbow Coalition.
Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991, kokubili ezombangazwe zabaNsundu kanye nezombangazwe zeNxele e-United States zaphonswa enkathini yokudideka nokudumazeka. Ngaleso sikhathi, izibonelo ezaziphethwe abantu beQembu LamaKhomanisi, abantu ababenikele ukuphila kwabo kwezombusazwe ze-Marxist, zahlakazeka. Kwakukhona ukusabela okuningi okuhlukene kulokho. Abanye abantu babenomuzwa wokuthi iMarxism njengendlela yokuhlaziya umphakathi yayithathelwe indawo umlando, ukuthi sase sifinyelele uhlobo โlwesiphetho somlandoโ โnokuphela kwemibonoโโukuthi okungcono kakhulu esingathemba kukho kwakuwunxiwankulu olunobuntu lapho okungenani kwakuyisithembiso sobulungisa bezenhlalakahle endaweni ethile esikhathini esizayo.
Kwakungaleso sikhathi lapho u-CLR James aqala khona ukuba nomthelela omkhulu nakakhulu endleleni engangiqonda ngayo izinqubo zokushintsha komphakathi emphakathini. KuJames, ngathatha umbono wokuthi indlela eya kwesobunxele kuleli zwe kufanele itholakale ekuqondeni nasekulaleleni izindaba eziphakanyiswa abantu njengezinkinga zokuphila kwansuku zonke, ezimweni zabo, nasekukhulumeni ulimi abantu abangalukhuluma ngokushesha. qondaโhhayi ukukhuluma phansi nabantu, kodwa ukukhuluma nabo futhi ufunde kubo. Lawa kwakungamandla amakhulu okuqonda ngentando yeningi yabantu abanjengoJames kanye nomguquki wase-Afrika u-Amilcar Cabral.
Ngaphikisana encwadini yami Inkululeko yabamnyama e-Conservative America ukuthi izisekelo zepolitiki yoguquko kumele zisekelwe ezindabeni zomsebenzi, umphakathi, kanye nobulili. Umsebenziโhhayi nje indawo yokukhiqiza ngomqondo wezomnothoโkodwa wonke umqondo wokusungula nokukhiqiza kanye nomsebenzi, uyindawo eyinhloko yokunyakaza kokumelana nemizamo yokuhlela. Indawo yemizabalazo yobulili nemizabalazo yomphakathi nayo ibalulekile. Ukuthambekela kwe-Old Left kwakuwukuba nesigaba esikhethekile phezu komphakathi nobulili ngezindlela zezomnotho. Kufanele sibone ukuthi ukuhlangana kwezindawo ezixhuma le mizabalazo eziphambana nalezi zindaba ezinjengomphakathi nobulili, noma umphakathi kanye nabasebenzi (ngokwesibonelo, nakuba imikhankaso yamaholo aphilayo).
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngemva kokuwa kwemodeli yaseSoviet, abantu abaningi bayeka ukusebenzisa i-socialism. Ngacabanga kabusha ngephrojekthi ye-socialist futhi ngavela ngaleso sikhathi ngicabanga ukuthi i-socialism njengohlelo lwentando yeningi yokubamba iqhaza elikhulu ayisenangqondo nje kuphela, kwakuwukuphela kwekusasa elinobuntu esingalilwela. Ngicabanga ukuthi okudingekayo kwesobunxele ukunqoba i-parochialism yenhlangano kanye namafomu enhlangano aqhubekisela phambili ukwahlukana. Kunesidingo sento efana neyomhlaba, kwesokunxele emaphakathi, inguqulo eqhubekayo ye-Christian Coalition. Lokhu kuzoba ukwakheka okuxubile, hhayi iqembu lezepolitiki elisemthethweni, kodwa inhlangano yobulungu emele i-ajenda yenqubomgomo yomphakathi eqhubekayo. AmaSocialists kanye nama-Marxists angasebenza ngokukhululeka kuwo, kanye nama-radical feminists kanye nezishoshovu eziqinile ezigay kanye nama-lesbian. Izokhankasela izindaba eziyisisekelo mayelana nenqubomgomo kanye nohlelo lomphakathi-imfundo yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, izindlu-ezingaqhubekisela phambili umnyakazo. Okudingekayo futhi into efana neNxele esungulwe kabusha kanye nenhlangano yenkululeko yabaMnyama esungulwe kabusha. Kokubili kuzomele kuthuthukiswe mayelana nemigomo nezinqubo zentando yeningi, ngokuzibophezela kwinkulumo-mpikiswano ekhululekile nevulekile, futhi kugxiliswe amandla nezinsiza zabo ezindabeni ezibalulekile zenqubomgomo kazwelonke kanye nomzabalazo womphakathi.
Ungasichaza kanjani isimo sepolitiki yabaNsundu?
Kuthe uma kubhidlika iRainbow Coalition, yashiya isikhala esikhulu kupolitiki yabaNsundu. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kwakukhona konke lokhu okwenzeka ku-Malcolm X. Okwakumayelana nesizukulwane se-hip hop esasizama ukuveza ulaka, ukuhlukana, kanye nempi, kodwa singatholi imoto noma ubuntu bokuveza lokhu. Ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba bavuselele othile ukuze aveze lokho abakuzwa namuhla. Yingakho "i-Malcolm mania" yenzeka. Lapho uMalcolm mania efa, uLouis Farrakhan, inhloko yeSizwe samaSulumane, waphinde wavela. UFarrakhan waqonda ukuthi esizukulwaneni esazalwa ngemva kwenhlangano yamalungelo abantu, kwakukhona ukungabaza okujulile mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi umphakathi waseMelika ukwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga kanye nokukhathazeka kwabantu abamnyama. Ngandlela thize, umphakathi wabaNsundu wahlukaniswa ngokwesizukulwane phakathi kwesizukulwane esithi โsizosinqobaโ kanye nesizukulwane se-hip hop. Kubantu abazalwa phakathi nesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1950โsabona ukuvukela umbuso, sasisekela futhi sasisebunyeni namavukelambuso ezwe lesithathu, ngezinselele futhi sisiza ekukhipheni umongameli wase-United States esikhundleni, okuyinselele. Inqubomgomo yaseVietnam, inselele i-imperialism yase-US, ukuvikela i-Cuba, ukulwela amalungelo ongqingili nama-lesbian, amalungelo abesifazane, inkululeko yabantu abamnyama kanye neLatino. Kubantu abazalwa ngemva kuka-1965 noma 1970, kwakuwumbono ohluke kakhulu womphakathi. Usopolitiki abamkhumbula kakhulu, okungenani phakathi neminyaka yabo yokukhula, kwakunguRonald Reagan. Babone isenzo sokuvuma sihlaselwa kusukela ngesinqumo sika-Bakke ngo-1978, esavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezilinganiso zobuhlanga ekwamukelweni ezikoleni zobungcweti. Babebone umongameli weDemocratic Alliance, uBill Clinton, ephishekela izinqubomgomo eziningi ezazingakwesokudla sikaRichard Nixon. Ngakho-ke akumangalisi ukuthi intsha eningi emnyama yaba nomuzwa wokuthi noma iluphi uhlobo lwenkululeko noma inqubekelaphambili engenzeka e-United States yayiyize futhi yayiyize futhi kwadingeka siguqule ngaphakathi sibe ipolitiki yokuhlukana ngokobuhlanga nokubalulekile ngokobuhlanga. UFarrakhan wayekuqonda konke lokho.
Ngenkathi kuphuma ubizo lweMillion Man March ngo-1995, izikhulu ezikhethiwe zabaNsundu kanye nobuholi obukhona bamalungelo omphakathi baphazanyiswa yilo mbono omkhulu. Inkinga ukuthi uFarrakhan akanalo uhlelo lokuphonsela inselelo ukucwasa ngokwebala futhi alukho uhlelo lokuqhubekisela phambili umnyakazo. Wayeyinguqulo yakamuva yekhulu lama-20 ye-Booker T. Washington. Wayezonda ongqingili, emelene namaJuda, ebambelele ngokujulile, futhi eyinzalamizi. Wayephikisana namalungelo abesifazane okuzala; wakha ubuhlobo bezombangazwe noLyndon Larouche; waya eNigeria futhi wamukela ibutho elabulala u-Ken Saro-Wiwa, umbhali kanye nesishoshovu se-Ogoni. Umele uhlobo lokugunyazwa kwabantu Abamnyama okungenakubekezelelwa futhi okungeke kwamukelwe njenganoma yiluphi uhlobo lohlelo lokuqhubekisela phambili izindaba nezintshisakalo zabaNsundu. Kodwa njengoba umama ehlale esho, kukhona okuhlale kuhlula lutho. Besingabekanga imodeli yoshintsho lwezepolitiki nezenhlalo ukumela enye indlela esebenzayo ye-Farrakhan phakathi kwabantu abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika.
Iyiphi impendulo ocabanga ukuthi yayidingeka?
Ekuqaleni kuka-1996, ngaqala uchungechunge lwezingxoxo nomnyombo wezishoshovu ezimakadebona: uBill Fletcher, manje osengumqondisi wezemfundo we-AFL-CIO; U-Abdul Akalimat, isishoshovu se-socialist sesikhathi eside nomholi wenhlangano yezifundo zabaMnyama; U-Barbara Ramsey, owavela njengomholi wenhlangano yabafundi eNyuvesi yaseMichigan ngeminyaka yawo-1980 futhi namuhla ungowesifazane oMnyama nosomlando ovelele; kanye no-Leith Mullings, isazi se-Marxist se-anthropologist futhi esilwela abesifazane. Sobahlanu saqala ukukhuluma ngalokho okufanele kwenziwe enhlanganweni yabaNsundu. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yalezi zingxoxo, kwaba nomzamo wokwakha i-Black Radical Congress, okwakuhloswe ngayo ukuba ibe inhlangano yobulungu bentando yeningi yezishoshovu eziMnyama Kwesokunxele kanye nabaMnyamaโabashisekeli bezwe abaMnyama, abezenhlalakahle bentando yeningi, abantu benhlangano yabasebenzi, umphakathi. -amaqembu azinze, izishoshovu zomphakathi, ama-Marx, bonke abantu abaphikisana nokwenziwe umnotho wobunxiwankulu baseMelika. Uchungechunge lwemihlangano yenhlangano lwenzeka eChicago, Washington DC, Atlanta, naseNew York, lwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngeNgqungquthela Kazwelonke eChicago.
Ingabe uKhongolose ungaba ukwakhiwa kwezinhlanga eziningi?
Kuyinto ukwakheka Black. Emphakathini ohlukaniswe ngokwezinhlanga, ubunikazi bomuntu omnyama bungaba isisekelo sokuhlela ukunyakaza okuhlangene kokumelana. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlaziywa komphakathi waseMelika kufanele luqale ngokuhlukana okukhulu kwezenhlalo okwathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwakhuthaza izigaba zomphakathi zamandla nelungelo kanye namasethi obudlelwano obuncikile. Ukuhlukana kokuqala kwakuphakathi kwabaseYurophu nabangewona amaYurophu, ikakhulukazi izigqila eziMnyama namaNdiya aseMelika. Okwesibili kwaba ukwehlukana phakathi kwabasebenzi nemali. Okwesithathu kwakuwukuhlukaniswa kobulili phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukuphakama okunikezwa abesilisa ngesisindo somthetho wezinzalamizi nobunikazi bempahla, ubudlova obungokomzimba, nokulawulwa komphakathi. Lezo zigaba ezintathu zonke zaba nesandla ekwakhiweni komlando we-United States, i-national identity of America, echazwa ngobumhlophe. Ukuphonsela inselelo lezo zigaba ezinkulu umuntu udinga ukwakheka okuqondile okudonsa ezinkumbulo ezihlangene kanye nokunyakaza kokumelana kwalabo ababecindezelwe.
Kodwa isihluthulelo sokuqonda amandla abo futhi siwukuqonda umbono wabo olinganiselwe. Ngoba alikho isu labaNsundu lokunakekelwa kwezempilo elingasingathwa kuphela eDolobheni laseNew York ngokuhlinzeka ngezinto zokuhamba ezihloniphekile zeLatinos neLatinos kuphela; alikho isu elizohlanza imvelo kubantu baseMelika basesiqhingini sasePacific kuphela. Ngakho-ke kufanele siqaphele amandla nokubaluleka kokuhlela hhayi nje ngobunikazi, kodwa izinto ezibonakalayo zokuphila kwansuku zonke, okusalokhu ezicini eziningi kubandlululwa kubantu bemibala. Wakha kusukela kulokho, kodwa unombono womphakathi omkhulu owedlula wona futhi oqaphela amandla nemikhawulo ethathwe entweni ethile yobunikazi.
Singayivuselela kanjani i-socialist current ngakwesobunxele?
I-Socialism yalahlekelwa indlela yayo kakhulu lapho ihlukana nezinqubo zentando yeningi. Umbono wami ngomphakathi onobulungiswa yilowo wentando yeningi, ovumela amazwi abantu ukuthi azwakale, lapho kubusa abantu empeleni. U-CLR James kwesinye isikhathi wayesebenzisa isiqubulo esithi โwonke umpheki angabusaโ ukuze akhulume nomqondo wokuthi akumele kube nezigaba zamandla phakathi kwalabo abaholayo nezifunda zabo. Inselele yethu nomsebenzi awukona ukwakha ipulani ebanzi yomunye umphakathi. Kuwukukhuluma ngendlela encane ngendlela enesizotha mayelana nombono wokuthi umphakathi ubungase ubukeke kanjani ukube besingenabo abantu abayizigidi ezingama-43 ngaphandle kosizo lwezokwelapha; uma besingenabo isigamu sesigidi sabantu e-US ngonyaka odlule abaxoshwa emtholampilo wezempilo osafufusa ngoba bengenawo umshwalense wezempilo; ukube ubunomphakathi lapho abantu abayizigidi ezimbalwa bengalali emigwaqweni noma bengenazindlu. Lowo ngumbono ongafezeka ngomzabalazo, kodwa kufanele kube umzabalazo osebenzisa amakhono, ubuhlakani, intando, kanye nokuqonda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu sonke. Yilokho engikusho ngentando yeningi eqinile. Yingakho ngiyisocialistโngoba ngikholelwa ngokujulile ukuthi umphakathi oqotho nonobuntu ungenzeka ngomzabalazo.
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