Ngiyohlale ngikhumbula isigameko sosuku lwami lwesibili e-Afghanistan, lapho u-Abdulhai oneminyaka engu-16 engibuza, “Ingabe lesi yisikhathi sakho sokuqala ezweni elisalele emuva?” Ngabona ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi amazwi akhe ayekhulunywa endaweni yokukhungatheka kwangempela ngenxa yemifula egcwele udoti, izakhiwo eziwohlokayo, umoya ogcwele izintuli, nendlela izindimbane zabantu abaswele umsebenzi abaphoqeleka ukuba bahlale ematendeni noma ngaphansi kwamabhuloho. Noma kunjalo, kuyiqiniso elidabukisayo ukuthi intsha eningi yase-Afghan engahlangana nayo inomkhuba wokuzibheka ngale ndlela: “njengabantu bezizwe” ababamba “isiko lamaqhawe.”
Lezo ezinye zemisindo ephonswa ngabezindaba ukuze ichaze ukwehla kwemvelo kwe-Afghanistan ekuwohlokeni nasekuweni. Esivunguvungwini esihle kangaka, kulula ngomphakathi ukuphuthelwa yizindima ezidlalwe amabutho ahlaselayo nezimakethe ezikhohlisayo kulokhu kucekelwa phansi komzimba nomuntu.
NgoSepthemba, u-Abdulhai kanye nomfowabo womphakathi u-Ali kungenzeka ukuthi babechaza lezi zici zesikhathi samanje zempilo yansuku zonke yase-Afghan ngqo kubabukeli kuzo zonke izifundazwe zase-US. Bamenywa ukuba bahlanganyele “Kumahamba-nendlwana Wokuthula,” eholwa inhlangano yaphansi yaseMexico iMPJD (Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity). Ngithi "kungenzeka ukuthi" ngoba, naphezu kwezikhalazo ezivela ezinkulungwaneni zabantu, inxusa laseMelika eKabul lasichitha isicelo sabo se-visa. Manje njengoba benze esinye isikhalazo, bathole izinsuku zokuqokwa eziba iviki ngemva kokuba ikharavani ihlelelwe ukuphela. Kuze kube manje, inxusa linqabile ukusheshisa izinsuku zenhlolokhono naphezu kwezicelo zoKhongolose abayisikhombisa.
Ngesikhathi ngihlala e-Afghanistan, ngahamba ngayokhuluma nabafundi esikoleni samabanga aphezulu sabesifazane esiphethwe yi-USAID (Agency for International Development). Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, abafundi abayisithupha bakulesi sikole banikezwa ama-visa okuhamba izinyanga ezintathu ohambweni lwezifunda ezihlukahlukene zase-United States. Laba besifazane abasebasha babeneminyaka efanayo nesizinda njengo-Ali no-Abdulhai—kungenzeka ukuthi babengenazo iziqephu zomhlaba ezibhaliswe ngamagama abo futhi bengenawo ama-akhawunti amakhulu asebhange. Nokho i-USAID ngokusobala ayizange ibe nenkinga yokubakhipha bobathathu.
Akunjalo ngohambo lwekharavani oluklanyelwe ukubekela inselele uhulumeni osabalalisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwawo kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ake sibonise imiklamo embalwa eqoqweni lase-US.
Honduras
Ukuketulwa kwezempi okusekelwe e-US ngo-2009 kukahulumeni okhethiwe eHonduras kwaphumela ohlelweni lwezomthetho olukhetha ngentshiseko. Ngenkathi izishoshovu zentando yeningi zibekezelela ukuhlukunyezwa okunonya, ubugebengu obunodlame kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa akuzange kujeziswe kakhulu, inqobo nje uma abenzi bobubi bebesebenza ngokubambisana nezimboni ezinkulu zezwe: i-biodiesel, izimayini zegolide, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezokuvakasha.
Namuhla, izigebengu eziyingozi nezinqola zezidakamizwa zisaqhubeka nokusebenza zingakathintwa. Inqubomgomo ye-hands off elungiswe yaqina endaweni ngisho nangaphakathi kwenxusa lase-US e-Tegucigalpa.
Ikhebula eliputshuziwe loMnyango Wezwe kusukela ngoMashi 19, 2004 lidalule ukuthi iHonduran Air Force ibiqopha amathrekhi ezindiza zezidakamizwa ezihlala endaweni yomuntu ocebe kakhulu ezweni, i-biodiesel tycoon uMiguel Facussé. Ikhebula likubiza ngokuthi “ngokwesithathu ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanhlanu ezedlule lapho abashushumbisi bezidakamizwa bexhunyaniswa nale ndawo kaMnu. Facussé.”
Naphezu kwemibhalo yokubeka icala, uhulumeni wase-US akazange athathe isinyathelo sokulungisa leli cala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhebula langomhla ziyisi-8 kuSepthemba 2009 liveza ukuthi lowo owayeyinxusa u-Hugo Llorens umeme u-Facussé esidlweni sasemini ukuze acele iseluleko sezepolitiki. Akakaze acelwe ukuthi aziphendulele ngokunyakaza okusolisayo okwenzeka endaweni yakhe.
Ngokuphambene, ngoMeyi 11, 2011, indiza enophephela emhlane ye-US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) yabona kufanele ukuthi idubule esikebheni esincane somfula eyayisibonile ngenkathi sindiza phezu kwehlathi lemvula lase-Ahuas, isola ukuthi kungenzeka inezidakamizwa. Kunalokho bekugcwele abantu bakule ndawo abebehamba phakathi kwamadolobha, abane kubo asebeshonile okubalwa nowesifazane okhulelwe nabanye abane abalimele kanzima. (Oyedwa kwabalimele angase adinge ukunqunywa yomibili imilenze.) Abasindile basinda kuphela ngokugxumela emfuleni. I-DEA yenqaba noma yisiphi isibopho noma isibopho kwabahlukunyeziwe nemindeni yabo. Lesi sikhungo siphinde sibe ne-video yesigameko esingafuni ukuyikhipha.
Ukuthi i-DEA iyathanda noma ayithandi, osekukhululiwe amakhebula ezokuxhumana aqinisekisa ukungabi nabulungisa okukhulu kophenyo lwayo olukhethekile kanye nokuqiniswa komthetho okukhethekile. Ngokwencazelo, alukho lolu phenyo nezenzo zokuxhamazela ezike zibonakale zihambisana nabo bonke ubufakazi obutholakala kalula.
Ngemva kokuxabana kwezintambo eziputshuziwe, inxusa u-Llorens wasula esikhundleni wabe esechitha cishe unyaka efundisa e-United States ngaphambi kokwamukela ukukhushulwa esikhundleni sokuba Umsizi Wesikhulu Semishini e-Kabul, e-Afghanistan. Eqinisweni, manje usengamele ihhovisi elifanayo elenza izinqumo ngama-visa.
Afghanistan
Afghanistan Sekuyisikhathi eside iwumthombo oyinhloko we-opium emhlabeni, futhi, kusukela ngo-2010, iphinde ibe ngumnikezeli ohamba phambili wensangu. Izici ezingenantando yeningi zikahulumeni wase-Afghan zandisa le nkinga. Umthethosisekelo owabhalwa eWashington, DC kanye nomongameli okhethwe eBonn, eJalimane (futhi wagunyazwa okhethweni oluthathwa kabanzi njengoluntshontshiwe) kwakungeyona into abantu abaningi base-Afghan ababengayilindela ekuqaleni emsebenzini wezempi owaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi “Ubulungiswa obungapheli” futhi kamuva, “ Enduring Freedom.”
Lesi akusona isimiso lapho abantu abavamile benomuzwa wokuthi bangasinda ngokuhlanganyela imibono nemizamo yabo, bazinikele emsebenzini onokuthula nokukhiqizayo, njengokutshala izitshalo eziwusizo ukuze bondle abantu base-Afghan. Esikhundleni salokho, ukungavikeleki kokugaya kanye nokuntuleka okuphelele kokuphakelayo kokuziphendulela komphakathi izikhuthazo zokukhula kwe-opium nokuyicubungula ibe yi-heroin ukuze kube nenzuzo elula uma kuqhathaniswa.
Akuzona kuphela izikhungo ezivumela izidakamizwa nenkohlakalo, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi uhulumeni wase-Afghan osekelwa yi-US uthatha isinyathelo esibambekayo sokufaka abashushumbisi bezidakamizwa ezikhundleni eziphezulu. Lokhu kulula, ngokuhleleka, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi umongameli wase-Afghan uyakwazi ukukhetha ngesandla ababusi abangakhethiwe esifundazweni ngasinye kwezingama-34 zase-Afghanistan.
Esinye isibonelo esihlasimulisa umzimba sivela esifundazweni esisentshonalanga yeFarah lapho uMnyango Wezangaphakathi kaMongameli uKarzai wayefuna ukuqoka indoda okuthiwa u-Yousif Baghlani. Abadala abaningi e-Farah babazi ukuthi le ndoda kwakungu-Bashir Baghlani, umlingani obulalayo ka-Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, inkosi enegama elibi le-heroin nenduna yempi evela empumalanga yezwe. Uhulumeni waseKabul uguqule igama ngenhloso yokudambisa intukuthelo yomphakathi ngemuva kokubhuntsha kwemizamo yokumqoka kwezinye izifundazwe. Abantu baseFarah badlulisela ukwedelela kwabo le ndoda enkonzweni yezangaphakathi, kodwa ekugcineni inkonzo yakhetha owabo umuntu othembekile esikhundleni salokhu kuphikisa.
Isiphetho
NgoMeyi odlule, u-Hamid Karzai wafika engqungqutheleni ye-NATO e-Chicago futhi wakhuluma ngokuthi i-Afghanistan idinga kanjani usizo olwengeziwe ukuze ithuthukise izikhungo zayo, ukuze "ingabe isaba umthwalo emahlombe omphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe." Emahoreni ambalwa nje, abezindaba base beqhamuke nenye inkulumo ehehayo yokuchaza izwe: “Umthwalo Womhlaba.” Kepha abantu base-Afghan bathwele kanzima uma bebhekene nesisindo sohulumeni abakhohlakele kanye nethonya elingenabulungiswa, elihlaselayo langaphandle.
Abantu baseHondurans nabase-Afghan bangenza igxathu elikhulu kakhulu ekufinyeleleni enkululekweni yangempela-okuhlanganisa namalungelo abesifazane-uma bevunyelwe ukwenza indawo yentando yeningi yangempela emiphakathini yabo.
EHonduras, ngiye ngavakashela abantu basedolobheni abamizi yabo nezinto zabo kwakucekelwe phansi ngokuphelele yingcindezelo yezombangazwe. Bahlela ukuhlanganisa imali yabo esele ukuze banakekele izidingo eziphuthumayo zabasengozini enkulu, njengokutholela omama abakhulelwe ubisi.
Esinye isigcawu engingeke ngisikhohlwe esivela e-Afghanistan yilapho ngizama ukusiza u-Ali, omunye wentsha owenqaba i-visa, enenkinga yezibalo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngineziqu zasekolishi kulesi sifundo, u-Ali uyena owagcina engifundise ifomula ebhalwe ngesandla eside yokuthola impande yesikwele. Enkathini yokubala, ikharikhulamu yezibalo e-United States kufanele ngabe iyilahlile le ndlela yokuxazulula izinkinga “emuva” kudala ngaphambi kokuba ngithathe izibalo zebanga lesithupha.
Kuthiwani uma izindlela zakudala zokuxazulula izinkinga zisasebenza nanamuhla? Kuthiwani uma okwedlule kuhlinzeka ngobuhlakani, ubuhlakani, isiqephu sendida esisodwa esinokuqonda esidingekayo ukuze kutholwe ifomula endleleni entsha sha ukuze kuzuzwe ubudlelwano obunokuthula phakathi komakhelwane basekhaya nabasemhlabeni?
Akufanele sizithathele phansi izifundo esingase sizithole ngokuhlangana nabantu abahlukahlukene, kodwa hhayi abaphansi, okuhlangenwe nakho nezizinda. Yile ndlela esingayeka ngayo ukuhamba "phambili" sigqoke ama-blinders.
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UBuddy Bell ungumxhumanisi weVoices for Creative Nonviolence. Waya e-Afghanistan ngoMeyi nangoJuni 2012 kanye naseHonduras ne-Alliance for Global Justice ngoJulayi 2011 nangoFebhuwari 2012 neLa Voz de los de Abajo.