Cuba selikulungele ukuba yizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuba nemifelandawonye eyenza ingxenye enkulu yomnotho walo. I-Cuba ibambe iqhaza ekubunjweni kabusha okuyisisekelo komphakathi wayo. Liyibiza ngokuthi ukuvuselelwa kobusoshiyali noma ukuvuselelwa kobusoshiyali, izwe liphinde lakha uhlelo lwezomnotho lisuke endleleni yombuso yezenhlalakahle eyamukelwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970 libheke kokuthile okusha. Akukhona okokuqala iCuba yenze izinguquko eziphawulekayo, kodwa lokhu kuthembisa ukujula kunemizamo yangaphambilini, ukuqhela kumodeli yezibalo. UFidel wavuma ngo-2005 ukuthi “phakathi kwamaphutha amaningi esawenza, iphutha elikhulu kakhulu kwaba ukukholelwa ukuthi kukhona okwaziyo ukwakha ubudlela-ndawonye.” Ukuthi othile, eqinisweni, kwakuyiSoviet Union. Ngakho-ke, iCuba isazama ukuzitholela yona ukuthi ingakha kanjani iSocialism.
Ukuze uqonde ukulungiswa kwamanje, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kobunikazi nokuba nempahla. Izinsiza ezikhiqizayo zomphakathi kufanele zihlale ngaphansi kobunikazi bombuso egameni labo bonke abantu. Izinguquko azilushintshi uhlelo lobunikazi. Izinguquko zishintsha uhlelo lokuphatha, zisondeza ukulawula kokuphatha kulabo abanempahla ngempela. Ngakho nakuba umbuso uzoqhubeka nokuba umnikazi wawo, ukuzimela okukhulu kuzonikezwa labo abanaleyo ndawo. Empeleni, i-Cuba yamukela umgomo wokusekela, othi izinqumo kufanele zithathwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu elinokwenzeka futhi amazinga aphezulu kufanele anikeze ukusekelwa kwendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuzimela okwengeziwe kwamabhizinisi emabhizinisini kahulumeni futhi kusho imifelandawonye engaphandle kombuso.
Kulindeleke ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, amaphesenti angama-46 e-GDP yezwe abe sembonini yezomnotho engekho ngaphansi kombuso. Lokho kubandakanya imifelandawonye namabhizinisi amancane azimele. Ama-co-op kungenzeka abe yingxenye ehamba phambili yalowo mkhakha okungewona okahulumeni.
Imifelandawonye
Kakade amaphesenti angama-83 omhlaba wezolimo usemihlanganweni yama-co-op. Okuningi kwalokho bekukuma-UBPCs (Basic Units of Co-operative Production) akhiwe ngeminyaka yawo-1990 ephuma emapulazini kahulumeni wangaphambili. Kodwa lawa bekungewona amadlelandawonye eqiniso kwazise asaphethwe yizinhlaka zikahulumeni. Manje banikezwa ukuzimela ukuze babe ama-co-op eqiniso.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ama-co-op amasha asemadolobheni ayasungulwa ezinsizeni nasezimbonini kanti ama-co-op angama-222 azovulwa ngo-2013. Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Julayi, angu-124 akhiwe ezimakethe zezolimo, ezokwakha, nezokuthutha. Ukwanda okukhulu kule nombolo kulindeleke ngo-2014.
NgoZibandlela wezi-2012, isiGungu Sikazwelonke saphasisa umthetho wokubambisana wasemadolobheni osungula isisekelo esingokomthetho sala ma-co-op amasha. Nazi ezinye zezinhlinzeko zayo eziyinhloko:
- I-co-op kufanele ibe namalungu okungenani angu-3, kodwa ingaba namaningi afinyelela kwangu-60 noma ngaphezulu. Ivoti elilodwa emphakathini ngamunye. Njengamabhizinisi azibusayo, ama-co-op kufanele asungule ezawo izinhlaka zokuthatha izinqumo zentando yeningi zangaphakathi.
- Ama-co-op azimele kuhulumeni. Kufanele baphendule emakethe. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukunqoba imingcele ebithikameza amanye ama-co-op esikhathini esedlule.
- Ama-Co-ops angenza ibhizinisi namabhizinisi kahulumeni kanye nezizimele. Bazozibekela amanani abo ezikhathini eziningi, ngaphandle kwalapho kukhona amanani asungulwe umbuso.
- Amanye ama-co-ops kuzoba ukuguqulwa kwamabhizinisi kahulumeni, isb izindawo zokudlela. Bangaba nezivumelwano zokuqashisa ezivuselelekayo zeminyaka eyi-10 zokusetshenziswa kwendawo, bangakhokhi irenti onyakeni wokuqala uma kwenziwa ngcono.
- Abanye bazoba ama-co-op aqalayo.
- Kuzoba khona ama-co-op eziqu zesibili okuyizinhlangano zamanye ama-co-ops.
- Ukwenziwa kofeleba kuzovela emalini ebolekiwe yasebhange kanye nesikhwama esisha soMnyango Wezezimali sama-co-op kanye neminikelo yamalungu
- Iminikelo yamalungu ithathwa njengemalimboleko (hhayi ukulingana) futhi ayinikezi amavoti engeziwe
- Imali mboleko kufanele ikhokhwe ngenzuzo
- Ama-Co-op kufanele akhokhe intela enzuzweni nasekuvikelekeni komphakathi kwezenhlalo
- Ukusatshalaliswa kwenzuzo kuzonqunywa izinhlangano zomphakathi ngemuva kokubeka eceleni isikhwama esibekiwe
- Ama-co-op angaqasha abasebenzi abakhokhelwa isikhashana (kufika ezinsukwini ezingama-90)
- Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-90 isisebenzi setoho kufanele sinikezwe ubulungu noma sidedelwe
- Isamba sesikhathi somsebenzi wetoho asikwazi ukweqa amaphesenti ayi-10 ezinsuku zokusebenza zonyaka, okunikeza ama-co-ops amandla okuqasha abasebenzi abengeziwe ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka noma ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwezidingo zemakethe, kodwa kuvimbele ukuxhashazwa okukhulu ngokuhlanganyela kwamaholo.
Lesi yisinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili eCuba. Kusukela ngo-1968, umbuso ubufuna ukuqhuba yonke into kusukela ezindaweni zokudlela kuya ezindaweni zokugunda izinwele namatekisi. Ezinye zenziwa kahle, eziningi azizange. Enye inkinga kwaba ukugqugquzelwa kwabasebenzi. Izinqumo zenziwa phezulu futhi njengabasebenzi bombuso, abasebenzi babejabulela ukuphepha emsebenzini ngisho nalapho bengasebenzi kahle. Nokho, iholo labo laliphansi. Manje njengemiphakathi emifelandawonye bazoba nezikhuthazi zokwenza ibhizinisi libe yimpumelelo. I-co-op iyodwa ukuze iphumelele noma ingene ngaphansi. Imali engenayo kanye nokuvikeleka kwelungu ngalinye kuncike ekuqoqeni. Futhi ngamunye unelungelo lokuvota elifanayo ku-General Assembly lapho kuzokwenziwa khona inqubomgomo yokubambisana. Ama-Co-ops ahlanganisa izinto ezikhuthazayo nezinhle, axhumanisa intshisekelo yomuntu ngamunye nentshisekelo eqoqwe. Umphakathi ngamunye uyachuma kuphela uma bonke bephumelela.
Izikweletu: Ingxenye enkulu yemali yokuqala evela kumalungu kungenzeka iqhamuke emalini ethunyelwa yizihlobo ezihlala phesheya. Lena indlela enhle yokusebenzisana ukuze kuzuze umphakathi enye yezigidigidi ezi-2.455 zamaRandi wemali ethunyelwayo (izibalo zika-2012) eziza eCuba. Yize u-62.4% wabantu bethola imali ethunyelwayo, ingxenye enkulu yale mali kungenzeka ifike kwabamhlophe baseCuba. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu baseCuba abaMnyama bazogcina bengameleli kahle kulo mkhakha wezomnotho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuveza izingozi zomphakathi.
Isincomo: Izinqubomgomo zokubolekwa kwebhange ezikhethwayo zingagwema le nkinga. I-Cuba ayidingi ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuqinisekisa ezisekelwe kuhlanga ukuze kulungiswe lokhu kungalingani. Amabhange anganikeza okuncamelayo kuzinqubomgomo zabo zokubolekwa kwemali kulawo ma co-op antula uxhaso lwezimali eziphumayo. Kulowo nalowo ngokwesidingo sakhe.
Uhlelo Lombuso. Uma ama-co-op ezimele ngempela, lo mkhakha wezomnotho ungachazwa kanjani ngokuhlela? Isiqondiso #1 ithi isimiso sokuhlela sobusoshiyali siwukuba sihlale “siwumgomo wokuqondisa umnotho wezwe.” Ukuthengisa nokuhlela kungasebenza kanjani ndawonye? Ngokungeziwe ekuphenduleni imakethe, ama-co-ops nawo akhokhiswa (nge-charter?) "ngento yomphakathi." Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano zendawo zingaphinda zicele ukuthi zisize kumaphrojekthi athile omphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela kwabo kungokuzithandela. Lokhu kusebenza kuma-co-op angawodwana.
Kodwa ngale kwalokhu, umsebenzi wokutshalwa kwezimali ungasetshenziswa ukuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwalo mkhakha. Okubalulekile ekubolekeni kwebhange kungase kusekelwe ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukiswa kombuso. Imodeli yentando yeningi yezomnotho eyakhiwe isazi sefilosofi saseMelika uDavid Schweickart ikhombisa ukuthi lokhu kungasebenza kanjani. Ku Ngemuva kweCapitalism, U-Schweickart unombono womphakathi owakhiwe amadlelandawonye aphethwe ngentando yeningi ohwebelana ngezimpahla namasevisi emakethe yamahhala. Kodwa ukwabiwa kwezimali zokutshalwa kwezimali kwenziwa yizikhungo zikahulumeni ezingeni likazwelonke, lesifunda kanye nelasekhaya ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zenhlalo ezinqunywa ngentando yeningi. Okuthile okufana nalokhu kungabonakala kuwufanela kahle umnotho omusha othuthukayo eCuba namuhla.
Ama-Co-op abonwa njengohlobo lwenhlangano ye-socialist kokuthi Izinkombandlela noma i-lineamientos. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bakhuthaza ukwazi komphakathi. Ngokuhlanganisa abantu empilweni yabo yansuku zonke ezinhlanganweni ezilawulwa ngentando yeningi, ama-co-op akhulisa ubuntu bentando yeningi futhi umuntu uthuthukiswa ngokugcwele. Leli phuzu likhuthazwe kakhulu ngusomnotho waseCuba uCamila Piñeiro Harnecker. Uphikisa ngokuthi ama-co-ops "akhuthaza ukuthuthuka kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi, izimo zengqondo kanye nemikhuba (ukulingana, umthwalo wemfanelo, ubumbano, ukubekezelelana kwemibono ehlukene, ukuxhumana, ukwakha ukuvumelana)." Ama-Co-op yizikole ezincane zentando yeningi lapho umuntu omusha we-socialist angathuthuka, kakhulu kunalokho obekungenzeka ngaphansi kwe-socialism yombuso. Ngakho-ke ama-co-op azenzela ngokuzenzakalelayo umfutho womphakathi kulowo mphakathi wabakhiqizi abahlobene okuyinhloso ye-socialism. Ama-Co-ops awuhlobo lwesikhungo esingenza i-socialism ingahlehliseki ngokushumeka imikhuba yayo empilweni yansuku zonke.
Amabhizinisi Azimele
Enye ingxenye yomkhakha okungewona okahulumeni wakhiwe ngamabhizinisi azimele. Lawa mabhizinisi azimele amancane naphakathi abizwa ngokuthi ukuziqasha noma ama-cuentapropistas. Nakuba izindawo ezilinganiselwe zokuziqasha zavulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 (isb. ama-paladares), lokhu kwandiswa kwaba yimisebenzi engu-178 ngo-2011. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kwakuklanyelwe ukumunca ngokushesha inani elikhulu labasebenzi bakahulumeni ababengenamsebenzi ababezoxoshwa. Kuphinde kwavumela imisebenzi yangasese ebithuthukile kusukela kuNkathi Ekhethekile ukuthi iphumele obala futhi isebenze ngokusemthethweni lapho inganikezwa khona ilayisense, ilawulwe futhi intela.
Ukwamukelwa kwamabhizinisi amancane azimele kusho ukuthi ubuholi buyabona ukuthi onxiwankulu abancane bayahambisana nesocialism. Njengoba kushiwo njalo, umbuso awukwazi ukwenza yonke into. Ngokuphambene nesimangalo esivamile kwabezindaba base-US, lesi akusona isiqalo sobunxiwankulu. Iziqondiso zithi ukuqoqwa kwengcebo kufanele kugwenywe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi onxiwankulu abancane ngeke bavunyelwe ukuthi bakhule babe ngonxiwankulu abakhulu, isigaba sonxiwankulu.
Ngokungafani nama-co-op athuthukisa ukwazi komphakathi, amabhizinisi azimele akhuthaza ukuzenzela abantu ngabanye. Ukuzithakasela kuba into esemqoka yamabhizinisi azimele. Ngaleso sizathu onxiwankulu abancane bayisigaba esinqunyiwe sokungesona esosocialist. Nakuba ubukhona bayo buvunyelwe, ukukhula kwayo akufanele kukhuthazwe lapho ama-co-op engenza umsebenzi esikhundleni salokho.
Ngokungafani nama-paladare, angaqasha amalungu omndeni kuphela, lawa mabhizinisi azimele angaqasha nabanye. Nakuba lokhu kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ukuzisebenzela, empeleni kuwumsebenzi wamaholo. Nakuba ukuxhashazwa okuzimele kwezisebenzi zamaholo kuqondwa kabanzi njengokungahambisani nesocialism (kanye nokwephula umthethosisekelo waseCuba), kwamukelwe njengesidingo ukumunca ngokushesha abasebenzi abasele.
Eminyakeni yakamuva, amabhizinisi amancane azimele abe yisici esikhula ngokushesha emnothweni waseCuba. Uma bezokwakha ingxenye enkulu yomkhakha ongekho ngaphansi kombuso, bangathola kalula ithonya elibalulekile lezombusazwe, basuse iCuba kude nesocialism. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla esigaba ngokuyisisekelo asekelwe ekubalulekeni isigaba esinakho emnothweni uwonke futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukuncika kwezinye izigaba namaqembu okuba nakho empumelelweni yaso.
Ngaleso sizathu, ukuqhubeka kwentuthuko ye-socialism kudinga ukuthi ama-co-op kunokuba amabhizinisi azimele eze ukuze enze ingxenye enkulu yomkhakha ongewona wombuso. Lokho kungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:
- Ama-co-op athandwa nguhulumeni ngokwenqubomgomo yentela kanye nezinqubomgomo zemalimboleko.
- Emqhudelwaneni oqondile phakathi kwama-co-op namabhizinisi azimele, ama-co-op asezindaweni ezizuzisa kakhulu, isib. izindawo zokudlela zombuso eziguqulela ekubeni izindawo zokudlela ezisebenzisanayo ngokuvamile zinezindawo ezingcono kunezindawo zokudlela ezizimele.
- Ukusebenza kahle kwabasebenzi kanye nokukhiqiza kuphezulu kuma-co-op ngenxa yezikhuthazo ezinkulu zemiphakathi.
Incomo: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungaba kuhle ukuguqula amabhizinisi amaningi azimele abe ama-co-op ukuze bonke abaqashwe lapho bakwazi ukujabulela izinzuzo ngokulinganayo (akukho ukuxhashazwa) futhi babambe iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo (intando yeningi). Lokhu kungenziwa ngemikhawulo yobukhulu bamabhizinisi azimele, izinxephezelo zentela zokuguqulwa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezombusazwe kwabasebenzi bawo.
Iqhaza le-CTC (Central de Trabajadores de Cuba)
Ngokubuka ukwehlukahlukana okusha nokukhulayo phakathi kwabasebenzi baseCuba, indima yombutho wayo wabasebenzi idinga ukucatshangelwa kabusha. Ngaphansi kombuso wezenhlalakahle, i-CTC yayimele intshisekelo yesigaba sabasebenzi sisonke emikhandlwini kahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezinyunyana emphakathini wonxiwankulu, ezimele abasebenzi embonini noma ezindaweni ezithile zokusebenza ezinobudlelwano obuphikisanayo nenhloko-dolobha, kuhulumeni wezenhlalakahle umbuso kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi bathathwa njengababumbene ezinzuzweni zabo. Kungalesi sizathu i-CTC inikezwe isikhundla esimaphakathi ohlelweni lwezepolitiki. Indima yayo ayikona ukumela abasebenzi ezingxoxweni nabaqashi babo, kodwa ukuba yizwi labo ekwenzeni inqubomgomo yomphakathi emphakathini wezenhlalakahle.
Phambilini ngamaphesenti ayisi-9 kuphela abantu abebeqashwe ezindaweni ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Manje ingamaphesenti angama-22 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ibe ngamaphesenti angama-35. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha yenhlangano yabasebenzi. Kubikwa ukuthi amaphesenti angama-80 ama-cuentapropistas ajoyine izinyunyana.
I-CTC ingazimela kanjani izintshisekelo zalawo ma-cuentapropistas angabanikazi bamabhizinisi azimele?
Onxiwankulu abancane banentshisekelo ehlukile kweyabasebenzi (yize besebenza emabhizinisini abo). I-CTC ngesikhathi esifanayo ingazimela kanjani izithakazelo zama-cuentapropistas empeleni okuyizisebenzi eziholayo ezibaqashayo (futhi zixhaphaza)?
Futhi i-CTC ingazimela kanjani izintshisekelo zemifelandawonye uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi ingabanikazi kanye nabasebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa? Njengoba ngike ngaphakamisa ngenhla, i-CTC ingaqhubekisela phambili i-socialism ngokumela umkhakha wamadlelandawonye phezu komkhakha wamabhizinisi azimele. Ngale kwalokhu, i-CTC ingase futhi ibambe iqhaza lezamabhizinisi kumadlelandawonye, yenze ucwaningo lwemakethe, ihlelele abasebenzi bamaco-op amasha, inikeze ukuqeqeshwa kokuzilawula, njll. Ingaze iqaphe amaco-op ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhambisana nezinqubo zabo zokuzibusa.
I-21st Century Socialism
Iphrojekthi ebizwa nge-21st Century Socialism ihlotshaniswe ngokuyinhloko neBolivarian Revolution eVenezuela. Kungumzamo wokuvuselela i-socialism ngemva kokuwa kwe-socialism yombuso okwabonakala ekhulwini lama-20. E-Venezuela lokhu kuhilele ukusebenzisa amandla ombuso ukukhuthaza imifelandawonye nemikhandlu yemiphakathi esizindeni somphakathi njengembewu yesocialism yangomuso. Ukuguqulwa komphakathi kwakhiwe kokubili kusuka phezulu nangaphansi. E-Venezuela lokhu kwenzeka endaweni okusagcwele kakhulu umphakathi wonxiwankulu. ECuba sibona inqubo efanayo kakhulu esimweni somphakathi wombuso wezenhlalakahle. Lapha umbuso ubuye ukhuthaze imifelandawonye, uxegise ukulawulwa kokuphatha emabhizinisini kanye nokwabela amandla kahulumeni ezingeni lendawo. Bobabili babona ukuhlonyiswa kwezinhlangano ezisekelweni zomphakathi kanye nokubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kwabantu abasebenzayo ekuqondiseni izindaba zabo njengesihluthulelo sokwakha i-socialism entsha. Odabeni lwaseVenezuela, lokhu kubonakala njengokugcina esikhundleni sombuso wonxiwankulu kwafakwa umbuso omusha womphakathi, iziqalo zawo ezakhiwa izinhlangano zemikhandlu yomphakathi.
Odabeni lwaseCuba, ukumelana nalokhu kuhlakazwa kwamandla kude nombuso kubikwa ukuthi kuvela kuhulumeni uqobo. Abanye babona lokhu kugqugquzelwa ukuzithakasela kweqembu eligxilile elizovimba izinguquko zaseCuba. Abanye babona ukuphikiswa ngenxa yemikhuba ye-bureaucratic ephuza ukushintsha. Uma kunjalo kunganqotshwa ukushintsha kwengqondo. Kukhona futhi ukumelana ne-bureaucratic eVenezuela. Yingakho amandla nezinsiza kuthunyelwa ngqo emikhandlwini yomphakathi, ngokudlula ngendlela efanele imigudu evamile. Okufana nalelo qhinga kuyasetshenziswa eCuba njengoba ezinye izintela ziqoqwa ezingeni lendawo kunokuba izwe lonke lisatshalaliswe phansi. Lokhu bese kushintsha amandla okuqalisa isenzo ezingeni lendawo, okude kakhulu nesakhiwo esime mpo sesocialism yombuso.
Imifelandawonye ezibusa ngentando yeningi iyisici esibalulekile sekhulunyaka lama-21. Banikeza amandla abakhiqizi abahlobene emsebenzini wabo wansuku zonke, okubanikeza ukulawula okuthile ezimpilweni zabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zikole ezincane zentando yeningi ziyinhlabathi lapho umuntu omusha we-socialist ezochuma khona, ngaphezu kwalokho okwakungenzeka ngaphansi kwe-socialism yombuso. Futhi ngalokho kuyenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo izwe ligcina libuna njengoba umphakathi uya ngokuya ungaphansi kokuqondisa komphakathi womphakathi wangempela.
Cuba selikulungele ukuba yizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuba nemifelandawonye eyenza ingxenye enkulu yomnotho walo. Labo abasebenzisa Imihlahlandlela bayazi ukuthi baklama kabusha umphakathi futhi babhekana nenselele ngendlela yokuhlola. Ama-co-op amasha asemadolobheni asethwa njengesivivinyo. Njengoba kuvela ubunzima kumele kufundwe izifundo ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo njengoba iqhubeka.
Obunye ubunzima osebuvele busobala isidingo semfundo nge-co-operativism. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini kuma-co-ops ezolimo e-UBPC kubonise ukuthi abasebenzi bebengenziwanga ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zentando yeningi. Futhi ama-co-op awazange abe nokuzimela okudingekayo ukuze azizwe elawula ngempela. Ama-UBPC empeleni ayengaphansi kokulawulwa kwamabhizinisi kahulumeni, njengama-sugar centrals. Manje okokuqala ngqa banikezwa ukuzimela kwangempela.
Ngokunjalo, abasebenzi emabhizinisini asemadolobheni asemadolobheni asebanjiswana manje banemikhuba ejulile yokuthobela igunya eliphakeme. Ngaphansi kombuso izinqumo zesocialism zavela phezulu, zazalela ukunganaki. Lokho kuyingxenye “yokushintsha kwengqondo” okuvame ukukhulunywa ngakho kulezi zinsuku okufanele kwenzeke.
Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, isazi sefilosofi saseCuba u-Olga Fernandez wangibonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kwemodeli yesocialism iCuba yamukela, kunokuba umbuso ubune, kwakuyinhlangano yomphakathi eyayibuna. Ukuvuselelwa kwanamuhla kwe-socialism kuwumzamo wokuvuselela umphakathi, ukwakha umphakathi wezenhlalakahle. Imifelandawonye ingaba isixhumanisi esibalulekile kulokho kuvuselelwa okungase kusimamise i-Cuba endleleni yayo eya emphakathini ophethwe abakhiqizi abahlobene nabo. Uma ingaphumelela, izoba ngobalulekile emlandweni womhlaba.
Z
U-Cliff DuRand ungumcwaningi e-Center for Global Justice kanye noprofesa ophuma phambili wefilosofi eMorgan State University, e-Baltimore. Ungumbhali kanye nomdidiyeli weRecreating Democracy in a Globalized State ([i-imeyili ivikelwe]).