Kube nomhlangano odalula phakathi noSepthemba 2007, lapho owayenguSihlalo weFederal Reserve, u-Alan Greenspan, ecashunwa The Washington Post ka-Sept.17, 2007, ngokuthi "ukususwa kuka-Saddam Hussein 'bekubalulekile' ukuze kuvikelwe ukunikezwa kukawoyela emhlabeni jikelele ...." Isitatimende sikaGreenspan, sokuthi "isizathu esiyinhloko sempi yase-Iraq kwakuwuwoyela," ngokusobala sishaqisile i-White House, sihola isikhulu esingaziwa ukuthi sichaze, "kahle, ngeshwa, ngeke sikwazi ukukhuluma ngowoyela." Lowo owayenguSihlalo we-Federal Reserve kakade wayeserekhodini evuma ukuthi 'wayephatheke kabi ukuthi "kwakungalungile ngokwezombangazwe ukuvuma lokho wonke umuntu akwaziyo: impi yase-Iraq ikakhulukazi imayelana nowoyela."[1]

 

          Kodwa uwoyela kwakungesona ukuphela kwesihloko abaphathi ababengafuni ukuxoxa ngaso, gcina ngolimi olunekhodi. Kuke kwaba khona ukungqubuzana okwake kwaba khona phakathi kuka-Israel namaPalestine lapho i-US kade yathinteka, futhi kwaba neqhaza lika-Israel kunqubomgomo yase-US Middle East eyayihlanganisa ngempela uwoyela. Ukunganaki le milando ehlangene, ukubaluleka kwayo ngakunye kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nenqubomgomo yase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi kwaba futhi kuhlala kuyingozi kulabo abafuna ukwazi ukuthi konke kwaqala kuphi.

 

          Isihloko singase singamukeleki kodwa akuyona imfihlakalo. Izimpande zayo, ngokuphathelene nenqubomgomo yase-US, iyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wezinkampani zase-US kanye nezixhumanisi zayo ezingenakuqedwa nezombusazwe zasekhaya nezangaphandle. Irekhodi lase-US leminyaka ebucayi yangemva kwempi, 1945-1949, liyakufakazela lokhu nokunye. Kuyinsiza ebaluleke kakhulu kulabo abahlose ukufunda izinjongo zaseWashington zangemva kwempi eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Idalula ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwezithakazelo zebhizinisi kanye namasu futhi iveza umqondo wezinqubomgomo ezihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela nokulawula kwe-US phezu kwenhliziyo ekhiqiza uwoyela eyaholela ekuqashweni okuphelele kwezombusazwe kanye nokungenelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kuso sonke isifunda. . Umgomo onjalo awuzange uphelele eminyakeni yangemva kwempi kuphela. Iphikelele, yize kwaba nezinguquko ezihambisana nentuthuko endaweni, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezibandakanya ukwenziwa kukawoyela kuzwelonke, njengase-Iran nase-Iraq, kodwa ukuxhumana okuyinhloko phakathi kwe-US neSaudi Arabia akuzange kunyamalale. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwashintsha isimo sezombangazwe nesezenhlalo saseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

 

          Ngalokhu kukhanya, isimemezelo sikaSihlalo we-Federal Reserve mayelana nokuxhunywa kukawoyela wase-Iraqi akulula neze ukuphawula, ngaphandle nje kokuphoxeka kwalabo abazibophezele ekugcineni umphakathi waseMelika ebumnyameni. Kodwa lobo bumnyama babuqedwa ngezikhathi ezithile, njengoba kwenzeka ezimweni ezilandelayo.

 

          Izindaba zamasosha ase-US alungiselela "ukuvikela nokuvikela izindawo zikawoyela zase-Iraq" zazitholakala kalula ekuqaleni kuka-2003.[2] Nezambulo zePhini likaMongameli wangaleso sikhathi u-Richard Cheney's Energy Task Force (2001) ezaziqukethe "imephu yezindawo zikawoyela zase-Iraqi, amapayipi, izindawo zokuhluzwa kanye nezikhumulo, kanye namashadi ama-2 anemininingwane yamaphrojekthi kawoyela negesi ase-Iraq," kanye nohlu " Abafanele Amazwe Angaphandle Kwezinkontileka Ze-Iraqi Oilfield" baba sesidlangalaleni ngoJulayi 2003. [3] Kuyavunywa, izambulo kanye nesikhathi sazo kubeka abaphathi esimweni esingesihle, ikakhulukazi njengoba isizathu esisemthethweni sempi kwakuyizinsolo zokuthi i-Iraq inezikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu kanye nezinsolo zokuthi ixhumene ne-al Qaeda. Owokuqala wabonakala ungekho futhi owakamuva wawungenasisekelo. Ngokusho kokudalulwa kwakamuva, lokhu kwasiza ukuqinisa izinyathelo ezimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nokuhlukumeza, ukuze kusungulwe ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Iraq ne-al Qaeda, naphezu kwalokho.  ubufakazi obuphambene.[4]

 

          Ukuzisola eceleni, ukona kukaGreenspan kufanelekile ukucatshangelwa. Kokubili kuqinisekise isisusa sokuhlasela kwakamuva kwe-US e-Iraq, ngaleyo ndlela kubukela phansi izimangalo ezikhohlisayo zoLawulo. Ngokwenza kanjalo uGreenspan wephule imithetho yezombangazwe yomdlalo. Akagcinanga ngokudalula izisusa zangempela zoBuphathi zokuya empini e-Iraq, kodwa uveze ukuphindaphindeka kwayo futhi, ngokungaqondile, nenkohliso yayo edingekayo. Phela kwakungacabangeki ukuthi lokhu noma okunye ukuPhatha kungathethelela ngokusobala impi emelene nombuso ozimele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungathandeki kangakanani, ukuqinisekisa ukulawula uwoyela. Ithemba belingeke lithole ukwesekwa kuzwelonke - ingasaphathwa eyokuthola ukusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe - ngesenzo esasiphula ngokusobala umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Izinga lemibhikisho emelene nempi yomhlaba wonke ifakazela lokho kukhathazeka, noma ngabe impendulo esheshayo e-US yayithuliswe kakhulu, iphakamisa imikhawulo yolwazi oludumile mayelana nezinqubomgomo zase-US e-Iraq naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

 

          Kodwa indima kawoyela kunqubomgomo yase-US Middle East ayizange iphelele ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq ngo-2003. Phambilini inqubomgomo yaseMelika ebheke e-Iraq yahlolwa ophenyweni lweCongressional ngokudayiswa kwezikhali kuSaddam Hussein odume kabi okwenza isizinda esibalulekile senqubomgomo eyaholela eMpini YaseGulf yokuqala ngo-1991 kanti okwesibili, lokho ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003. Labo abanentshisekelo bazothola ukuthi iWashington yathandana noSaddam Hussein phakathi nempi yase-Iran-Iraq ka-1980-1988. I-Iraq ngaleso sikhathi yabe ithola izibusiso eziningi ezenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukunqoba kwe-Iraq kuhulumeni woguquko wase-Iran owawusanda kumiswa owaqala ukubusa ngo-1979 kulandela ukuwa kukaShah, owayekade esebenzisana ne-US. Kuleso simo futhi, uwoyela wawuyingxenye yenqubomgomo yaseMelika, lapho ngo-1953, i-US neBrithani zaketula umholi wase-Iran owakhethwa ngentando yeningi, uMossadegh, ngenxa yokukhishwa kwakhe kukawoyela wase-Iran kuzwelonke.

 

          Inkinga edalulwe wukunganaki kukaGreenspan, ngemuva kwakho konke, idlulela ngalé kwamazwi kaSihlalo wangaphambili weFederal Reserve. Uma indima kawoyela kunqubomgomo yase-US iyinto engathandeki, khona-ke ukuxoxa ngenqubomgomo yase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokufanayo akunamkhawulo ngaphandle kwemibandela engahlangene kangako nomlando noma ipolitiki futhi ayikho nenqubomgomo yase-US. Ngibhekisela olimini olujwayelekile lapho izinkinga zase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi ziwumkhiqizo wokungqubuzana okusobala phakathi kwamasiko nempucuko angahambelani, eyabo engazinzile njalo, enikezwe izingxabano phakathi kwabazalwane kanye nenzondo ejulile emngceleni wezifo ezibhekiswe emazweni aseNtshonalanga. .

 

          I-caricature iyakhuthazela. Ibonakala emifanekisweni esemthethweni yesifunda futhi ikhiqizwa ngenkuthalo kwabezindaba nasezingxenyeni ezithile zezemfundo ezithanda kakhulu ukukhuluma ngesiko nenkolo esikhundleni somlando nepolitiki, ingasaphathwa eyezomnotho wezepolitiki wamazwe omhlaba ezakhelwe emizabalazweni yesigaba namandla, ubukoloni. kanye nefa layo. Umphumela unomthelela ku-amnesia yomlando kanye nokungabi nandaba ngamabomu irekhodi lomphakathi lenqubomgomo yase-US.

 

          Kulabo ababuzayo, ukuthi sifike kanjani lapha, kungani ukukhathazeka ngeMpumalanga Ephakathi, kungani ingxabano engapheli ibonakala ichaza okuningi njengoba iphikisana nayo yonke imizamo yokuxoxisana, izimpendulo zilele kulokho okwafika ngaphambili. Akukona okwedlule okujwayelekile, ngokuqinisekile, kodwa inqubomgomo yase-US yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II lapho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Near and Middle East kwaqashelwa njengokubalulekile ku-US hegemony ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe lwangemva kwempi.

 

          Kulo mongo iminyaka ephakathi kuka-1945-1949 yabonakala yembula ngokukhethekile. Ngokwezinga uMnyango Wezokuvikela osanda kwakhiwa, i-CIA, Abasebenzi Bokuhlela Inqubomgomo, kanye Nenhlangano Yezokuphepha Kazwelonke, bezikhathaza ngezindaba zokuphepha, ukugxila kwabo empeleni kwakuhlanganisa i-Near and Middle East kanye nemithombo kawoyela ebonakala ingapheli ebonakale inenzuzo izinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela kanye nenqubomgomo yase-US ehlangene. Le nhlanganisela yayibalulekile oHlelweni lweMarshall kanye nasekusungulweni kabusha kwezimboni eYurophu naseJapan, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo olude kakhulu lwezikhungo zamasosha ase-US, okuhlanganisa nalolo lwaseDhahran, eSaudi Arabia.

 

          Ukukhathazeka nge-petroleum, ngamafuphi, kwakungeyona into ephazamisayo. Ukukubheka njengendaba engathandeki eWashington ngalesi sikhathi bekungaba kuhlekwe. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwakuwuphawu lwesimo esishintshile samazwe ngamazwe se-Europe kanye ne-Japan yangemva kwempi lapho indima ye-US kanye neziqhwaga zikawoyela zase-US 'kawoyela omkhulu,' inqola kawoyela, izoba semqoka ekuvuseleleni umnotho oqondiswe yi-US. I-Truman Doctrine yaqinisekisa izinhloso ze-Washington e-Near and Middle East ngonyaka ofanayo ekwandiseni inkampani enkulu kawoyela yase-US eyaziwa ngaphansi kwesifinyezo, i-ARAMCO, yaphothulwa. Kwakuyi-Aramco eyayiwumzila kawoyela waseMpumalanga Ephakathi owawusebenzela izithakazelo zase-US, okuhlanganisa neYurophu lapho kulinganiselwa ukuthi yayihlanganisa amaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu kawoyela waseYurophu, kuyilapho ivimbela ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhluzwa zendawo futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukisa ukulawula kanye nenzuzo yayo. .

 

          Umthelela wentuthuko enjalo eMpumalanga Ephakathi waqondana nenye eyayizoba nomthelela omkhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi, okungukuthi, ukuvela koMbuso wakwa-Israyeli ngoMeyi 1948. Izikhulu eWashington ezivela eMnyangweni WezoMbuso Nezokuvikela kanye ne-CIA, kade besaba, uma bekungaphikisani nethemba lokuhlukaniswa kanye nobuzwe obubuka lokhu njengokungahambisani nezintshisakalo zase-US - okuhlanganisa nowoyela. Kepha ngemuva kwe-1948, izikhulu zaseMelika zacubungula kabusha inani le-Israel elingase libe khona kumongo wezinhloso zesu lase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

 

          Ukugunyazwa okuguquguqukayo kwePalestine kwase kuyisikhathi eside kubhekwa njengokungazinzile futhi ngakho-ke njengozibuthe wokungena kweSoviet. Kodwa kwakukhona ukungezwani phakathi kwezikhulu zaseWashington ngendaba yeZionism nePalestina, futhi uTruman ngokwakhe wayaziwa ukuthi uyazwelana nosizi lwababaleki abangamaJuda baseYurophu futhi esondelene nabangane nabeluleki abasekela ukwakhiwa kombuso wamaJuda. Njengencazelo yenguquko yenqubomgomo yase-US eyalandela ekuqashelweni koHulumeni Wesikhashana wakwa-Israyeli ngoMeyi 1948, akwanele ukucabangela imizwa kaTruman. Njengoba ukubaluleka kwesenzo sokuphatha nokwenza izinqumo kungeke kwenqatshwe, kube nezinye izithako ezibucayi ezinganakwa ezibambe iqhaza ekubumbeni kabusha ukuhlolwa kweWashington kwa-Israyeli.

 

          Kuyavunywa, ukuxhumana phakathi kwepolitiki kawoyela nentuthuko yasePalestine kubonakala kunzima ukukuqonda, umhlaba wonke owawuhlobene nawo wawuhluke futhi uqhelelene kakhulu. Ukungezwani okubonakala kusobala phakathi kwabo kwabonakala kubenza bangakwazi ukubuyisana. Ngabe umhlaba wochwepheshe bamasu ababala izinhloso zaseMelika zangemva kwempi, ukubala ukutholakala kwezinsiza ezibalulekile kanye nezindlela zokuzilawula ngezinhloso zezempi zesikhathi esizayo, uhlangene ngani nalabo ababelwe ukuhlola ukwehla kwezepolitiki kanye nezingozi ezihambisana nalokhu kweYurophu neJapan yangemva kwempi?

 

          Kwabahleli abamatasa nge-petroleum, izikhulu zikawoyela ezinethalente eziyengwe isithembiso senzuzo, kubahleli benkampani yezimboni yezempi, imiphumela yesikhathi eside yezinqubomgomo zabo eSaudi Arabia yayikude futhi ngokungagwegwesi, indaba yokunganaki. Okwakubalulekile kwakuwulwazi lokuthi bayohlala. Okwakubaluleke ngokushesha kwakuwukuhlela insimbi yokwakha amapayipi okuthutha uwoyela ukuya emakethe, uhambo olunqamula imingcele kanye nezimo ezihlukene zezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle okwathi ngokushesha noma kamuva zanqotshwa ukuhlasela kwesimanje, noma kwakhangiswa. Okwakubalulekile ezinkampanini zikawoyela zase-US, ama-ejenti e-de facto wamandla ase-US esifundeni, kwakuwukuqinisekisa izimo zokuvikeleka okuphezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuphakade bezinkontileka nezivumelwano. Ngokuqondene nezikhulu zikapetroli zesikhathi esizayo ezazingakawutholi ngokugcwele umklomelo ezaziwuphethe, izinzuzo ezazithenjisiwe zazihlaba umxhwele. Ezweni laseSaudi, izabelomali zazivikelekile, amabutho amathoyizi aqeqeshwa, amalungu omndeni wasebukhosini athandana futhi nezindleko zanda, kodwa kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nenzuzo yenkampani.

 

          Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho iWashington incoma ukuzimela futhi ithi iziqhelelanisa nepolitiki yombuso yabalingani bayo, yayisekela inqubomgomo yokuxhashazwa- isimemo esivikelwe yizivumelwano ezizuzayo zashintsha uMbuso wasogwadule kanye nawo, inhlalo nezombusazwe. imikhonto yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Eminyakeni engaba ngamashumi amahlanu kamuva, umbhali waseSaudi owayedingisiwe, u-Abd al-Rahman Munif wayezochaza imiphumela "ye-trilogy: uwoyela, i-Islam yezombangazwe, nobushiqela," ebona ukuthi "ukwanda kukawoyela nengcebo kuhambisane nokwanda kokusabela kanye nobushiqela. okwasabalala sonke isifunda, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungakwazi kwamanye amabutho ezombusazwe ukumelana nezinselele."[5]

 

          Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izikhulu zase-US zazindla ngekusasa le-Europe kanye nokuqiniswa kwayo, ukusekela ukubusa kwezempi eGreece kanye nokufudumala kwezempi yaseTurkey, ngesikhathi esifanayo bakhathazeka kakhulu ngentuthuko yasePalestine. Ngo-1945 uMongameli uTruman wathumela ithimba ukuthi liyohlola izimo ezinkambeni Zabantu Abafudukayo base-Europe, futhi wanxusa ukuthi kwamukelwe ababaleki abayizi-100,000 ePalestine. Ngo-1946 i-US yathuthukisa izingxoxo zamaNgisi namaMelika mayelana nokuthi kwenziweni ePalestine. Kwabe sekufika izimpikiswano ezivuna futhi ezimelene nokuhlukaniswa, noxhaxha lwezikhulu zenqubomgomo zase-US eziqaphe ngokusobala ukugxeka mayelana nenketho enjalo. Izikhulu zase-US ezisebenza eMpumalanga Ephakathi zakufakazela ukushuba kwezingxabano kanye nengozi yayo esobala ngaphambi, phakathi nangemva kwezinsuku ezibucayi zikaMeyi 1948 lapho Ugunyazo LwaseBrithani lufika esiphethweni futhi kumenyezelwa izwe lakwa-Israyeli.

 

          Izikhulu zaseMelika zabona intuthuko eyingqophamlando kanye noguquko lwasePalestine. Labo ababelwe ePalestine njengezikhulu zamanxusa bafunda ngezwe, abahlala kulo, abaqhudelana nalo, imilando yabo kanye nezicelo zabo. Imibiko yabo, efakwe ngokufanelekile eWashington, ibingalindelekile futhi yethusa. Nabu ubufakazi bezenzo zonya, zokuxoshwa, ukundiza okudumile kanye nosizi olukhulayo kanye nokwephulwa kwesinqumo se-UN Partition esandisa indawo ezandleni zamaJuda. IJordani nayo yayizoba yindlalifa yalezo zivumelwano zendawo, njengoba izazi-mlando zaseBrithani zembula kamuva. Kepha okwamanje, imibiko ethusayo eyathunyelwa eWashington ifakazela isimo esibi sababaleki basePalestine okulinganiselwa ukuthi inani labo lingaphezu kwama-700,000. Irekhodi lalokho uWashington ayekwazi ngomsuka wenkinga yababaleki alifani neze nalokho osekudlule isikhathi eside njengendaba yalo mlando onganakiwe futhi ohlanekezelwe.

 

          UTruman, yena kanye lowo Mongameli owake wagconwa abalandeli bakwa-Israyeli njengenhloko yezwe enozwelo ukusekelwa kwakhe kwabeka eceleni imibono ephambene yabeluleki bakhe abasemthethweni, wayeyazi le ntuthuko futhi wanxusa umbuso omusha ukuthi unxephezele ngokwephula kwawo imingcele ebekwe nguhulumeni. I-UN Partition Resolution kanye nokwamukela okungenani ukubuyiswa kwabantu basePalestine ababenesibopho sokuxoshwa. Uhulumeni osanda kumiswa wakwa-Israel, wona, waphendula ngokulahla umthwalo wemfanelo wenkinga yababaleki ngendlela efanayo naleyo obuzoqhubeka ngayo emashumini eminyaka ezayo, ngisho nangemva kokuba izazi-mlando zakwa-Israel zidalule ubufakazi obuphambene obukhona ezinqolobaneni zakwa-Israyeli zezakhamuzi nezempi.

 

          Kodwa umthelela wango-1948 ezikhulwini zase-US waba neminye imiphumela. Yona kanye iminyango kahulumeni eyayaziwa ngokuphikisana nokuhlukaniswa kanye nokwesaba ukubusa njengokungathi kuyingozi ezithakazelweni zikawoyela zase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi, yacutshungulwa kabusha. Behlatshwe umxhwele yilokho ababekubheka njengokuziphatha kwezombusazwe kanye namandla ezempi akwa-Israyeli, ababekuqhathanisa nokungazilungiseleli kanye nokungenzi kahle kwezempi komakhelwane bawo abangama-Arab, izikhulu zase-US zaphetha ngokuthi umbuso omusha wawunikeza amathuba ezazingawacabangi ngaphambili.

 

          Okubalulekile ekucutshungulweni kabusha okunjalo kwakunjengoba uMmeleli Oyibamba WaseMelika eNhlanganweni Yezizwe, uPhilip Jessup, achaza ngo-July 1948:

 

 "Ngokombono wamasu sicabanga ukuthi iPalestine, kanye namazwe angomakhelwane iyisici esikhulu. isisekelo endaweni kanye maqondana nemigudu yethu yokuxhumana. Cishe futhi imithombo kawoyela yendawo ibhekwa njengebalulekile. Kuwumuzwa wethu wokuthi leli phuzu lokugcina kungenzeka ukuthi alizange lisingathwe ngokwanele futhi ngokungananaziyo ngokwanele engxoxweni esemthethweni nesesidlangalaleni yombuzo wasePalestine."[6]

 

 Lesi sikhulu saqhubeka nokucupha kahle. "Mayelana nowoyela, siyaqaphela ukuthi ukunikezwa kukawoyela kule ndawo kubaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwaseYurophu lokubuyisela kabusha. hhayi Nokho, ngenxa yalesi sici nokubaluleka kwamasu kawoyela, cishe akufanele sivumele ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kwale mpahla ukuba kubeke ukwahlulela kwethu kakhulu maqondana nePalestine.” Ukucatshangelwa okunjalo kubonakala sengathi kuye kwabeka ezinye izahlulelo, ikakhulukazi ngokubaluleka kwezwe. Inkinga yababaleki basePalestine, okwathi nakuba ihlale ikhunjulwa njengebucayi, yayingaphansi kobudlelwano obusha obuphakathi kweWashington neTel Aviv.

 

          Nakhu-ke ukuxhumana phakathi kwenqubomgomo kawoyela yase-US kanye nePalestine/Israel, izisekelo ezihlangene zenqubomgomo yase-US yangemva kwempi eMpumalanga Ephakathi inkulumo yayo enobuthi, eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva, ihlupha izikhonzi zayo nezakhamuzi.

 

          Ngo-1949, amasosha ase-US aphetha ngokuthi itheku lakwa-Israyeli e-Haifa, lapho kwakukhona indawo enkulu yokuhluza uwoyela eyayithwala uwoyela e-Iraq ngaphambili, futhi izisekelo zayo zempi zingaba usizo kunqubomgomo yase-US Middle East. Kwakuwunyaka ofanayo lapho inqola ye-petroleum eyayibuswa yi-US yayilawula ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-92 kawoyela womhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela yenza inhlekisa kulabo ababethi ukusekelwa kweZionism kanye no-Israel kuzobukela phansi izithakazelo zikawoyela zaseMelika. Labo abaphethe babazi kangcono, kodwa-ke leyo ngenye indaba, enomthelela omkhulu ekuqondeni ukuvela kwenqubomgomo yase-US ku-Israel nePalestine.

 

          Inkulumo kaJulayi 1948 eyenziwe ngummeleli obambele wase-US ku-UN uPhilip Jessup mayelana nokuthi yini "engakasingathwanga ngokwanele futhi ngokungagwegwesi ngokwanele engxoxweni esemthethweni nesesidlangalaleni yombuzo wasePalestine," okungukuthi, ukuxhumana kwayo nowoyela wase-US kanye nezithakazelo zamasu Ephakathi. I-East, isasebenza ngo-2009. Ingabe amaqiniso ezombusazwe ayenesibopho? UGreenspan ngonyaka ka-2007 wakhuluma ngokuvuma lokho, athi, wonke umuntu uyazi ngendaba kawoyela ne-Iraq.

 

          Uma uzindla, okukhulunywa ngakho akukhona ukubuyisa amaqiniso ezombusazwe aphazamisayo, kodwa ukuwamboza kwasekuqaleni ngolwazi lokuthi umphakathi onolwazi uzifaka engozini yokubuza izinqubomgomo kanye nokumelana nenkohliso. Ukuhlola irekhodi lesisekelo senqubomgomo yase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile kule nqubo.

 

amanothi

 

1. Izikhathi Eziku-inthanethi, Ngo-September 16, i-2007.

 

2."I-US iqala izingxoxo eziyimfihlo zokuvikela izindawo zikawoyela zase-Iraq," Guardian, Januwari 23, 2003.

 

3. Iseluleko Semidiya. I-Cheney Energy Task Force Documents Isici Semephu ye-Iraqi Oil Fields, I-Judicial Watch, July 17, 2003.

 

4. Bheka uNoam Chomsky, "Izinkumbulo Zokuhlushwa," ezayo ngo-Z; kanye noJonathan S.Landay,"UCheney Uthe Iziboshwa ZakwaGitmo Ziveze Isixhumanisi se-Iraq-Al Qaida," McClatchy Newspapers, May 15,2009.

 

5. Iskandar Habash, Inhlolokhono ye-Munif engashicilelwe: "Inhlekelele Emhlabeni Wama-Arab-Amafutha, AmaSulumane Ezombusazwe, Nobushiqela."

 

6. Ibamba Lomele I-United States eNhlanganweni Yezizwe (uJessup) kuNobhala Wezwe, ngoJulayi 1, 1948, e-U.S. Dept., Ubudlelwano Bangaphandle base-United States, ngo-1948, vol. V, ingxenye 2, p. 1181.

U-Irene Gendzier unguSolwazi eMnyangweni Wesayensi Yezepolitiki, eNyuvesi yaseBoston.

Ungumbhali we Amanothi Avela Emayini: Ukungenelela kwe-United States eLebanon naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, 1945-1958 (Columbia University Press, 1997, 2006), umhleli ngokubambisana noRichard Falk noRobert J. Lifton, Amacala Empi: Iraq (Izincwadi Zesizwe, 2006) lapho anikele khona ngesihloko esithi, “Intando Yeningi, Inkohliso, kanye Nohwebo Lwezikhali: I-U.S., Iraq, kanye Nezikhali Zokubhujiswa Okuningi”; futhi ungumbhali wencwadi ethi "Ingozi Yokwazi," ku-Edward J. Carvalho, ed., Imisebenzi Nezinsuku, ushicilelo olukhethekile lweNkululeko Yezemfundo, imiqulu. 26-27, 2008-9. Njengamanje uphothula ucwaningo lwezisekelo zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngesikhathi, 1945-1949, enesihloko esithi. Ukufa Ukukhohlwa.

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