Kunemibono eyahlukene mayelana nencazelo yamagama athi intando yeningi yezomnotho kanye nobulungiswa bezomnotho, okuyizici zemiqondo okufanele igcizelelwe, nokuthi zingafinyelelwa kanjani futhi kufanele zifezwe kanjani emnothweni womhlaba wangempela.
Ngokwencazelo eyodwa ebanzi, intando yeningi yezomnotho imayelana โโฆ ikhono lezakhamuzi lokuthonya intuthuko yezomnotho ngokuvamile noma izinqumo zezomnotho zendawo yazo yokusebenzaโ. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungafezwa futhi kufanele kufezwe ngaphakathi kohlaka kanye nezikhungo ze-capitalism okungukuthi ubunikazi obuzimele nezimakethe, ngokwenza abasebenzi futhi ngezinye izikhathi futhi kube izakhamuzi nje jikelele, abanikazi bamasheya bezinkampani, isibonelo nge-Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) namanye amathuluzi afanayo. . Igama elithi โinclusive capitalismโ kwesinye isikhathi lisetshenziswa kulo mongo. Uhlobo olunjalo lwentando yeningi yezomnotho luvame ukwamukelwa nakosopolitiki kwesokudla somkhakha wezepolitiki.
Abanye bafuna ukuqhubekela phambili futhi bamele izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-socialism yezimakethe, lapho izimali ezinkulu kanye nezinsiza ezikhiqizayo ziphethwe futhi zihlelwe ngokuhlanganyela ezinkampanini noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa lapho izimpahla nezinsizakalo kusanentengo futhi kwabiwa ngezimakethe. Kulokhu, izinkampani zivame ukulawulwa ngabasebenzi, noma ngabe abanye ababambiqhaza bomphakathi bangase bamelwe ebhodini lenkampani.
Abanye namanje, ikakhulukazi abasekeli bemodeli yezomnotho ebizwa ngokuthi i-participatory economics, bakholelwa ukuthi intando yeningi yezomnotho ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa nobunikazi obuzimele bezinsiza ezikhiqizayo noma izimakethe. Bakholelwa ukuthi intando yeningi yezomnotho kufanele ichazwe njengesimo lapho ithonya lomuntu noma leqembu esinqumweni libonisa izinga lowo muntu noma iqembu elithintwa ngalo umphumela wesinqumo. Lokhu futhi kuvame ukubizwa ngakho ngokuthi ukuzilawula. Ukuze kuzuzwe lolu hlobo lwentando yeningi yezomnotho, ababambiqhaza abakhulu emnothweni obambe iqhaza ngabasebenzi nabathengi emikhandlwini yabasebenzi abaziphethe ngokwabo kanye nemikhandlu yabathengi. Imakethe ithathelwa indawo yinqubo yentando yeningi yokuhlela yokwehlukaniswa kwabantu lapho abathengi nabakhiqizi ngemikhandlu yabo nemifelandawonye bebamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ngokusebenzisa imijikelezo eminingi yeziphakamiso. Ulwazi lwenziwa ngendlela ebonisa ngokunembe kakhudlwana umthelela wezinketho kwabanye abadlali emphakathini, kunokuba kube nomthelela oqondile kubathengi nabathengisi ngabanye, njengoba kwenzeka emnothweni wemakethe.
Ukuthatha izinqumo ngentando yeningi
Endaweni yokusebenza ezilawulwa yona emnothweni obamba iqhaza, bonke abasebenzi bangaphansi komkhandlu wabasebenzi lapho ilungu ngalinye linevoti elilodwa. Umkhandlu wabasebenzi uwuhlaka oluphezulu oluthatha izinqumo endaweni yokusebenza futhi ulingana noMhlangano Jikelele enkampanini enezikweletu ezilinganiselwe, lapho bonke abaninimasheya bemelwe khona. Imikhandlu yabasebenzi ingase yakhe imifelandawonye emazingeni ehlukene emboni ukuze ibhekane nezindaba ezithinta izindawo zokusebenza eziningi kanye nezindaba ezibanzi ezithinta imboni; bangakwazi futhi ukudlulisela izinqumo eziya phansi emaqenjini amancane abasebenzi ngaphakathi kwezindawo zabo zokusebenza, futhi basebenzise imithetho eminingi eyahlukene ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinqumo, ukuze bakhuthaze ukuzilawula.
Nokho, ithonya elisemthethweni lentando yeningi endaweni yokusebenza lapho ilungu ngalinye linevoti elilodwa akusho ukuthi wonke amalungu anezimfuneko ezifanayo zokubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zomkhandlu wabasebenzi. Abasebenzi imisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke ehlanganisa kakhulu ukuhlela, ukuhlaziya, ukuxoxisana, njll. kudingeka bathuthukise ikhono elikhudlwana, ulwazi kanye nokuzethemba okukhulu ukwethula, ukulinganisa nokuphikisela noma ngokumelene neziphakamiso emihlanganweni uma kuqhathaniswa namalungu imisebenzi yawo yansuku zonke ikakhulukazi ehlanganisa ukwenza izinto eziyisidina futhi imisebenzi ephansi abanye abayiklamile futhi bayiqondise. Ngakho-ke, emnothweni obambe iqhaza, izindawo zokusebenza zilindeleke, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuthi zihlanganise ndawonye imisebenzi edingekayo ibe yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi. imisebenzi elinganiselayo, ngayinye ngokwesilinganiso iqukethe isethi efanayo yakho kokubili imisebenzi enikeza amandla nephansi futhi eyisicefe. Ngezinga umsebenzi ngamunye olinganisela ngalo ngale ndlela, amalungu athola amathuba afanayo okubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwendawo yokusebenza.
Ubulungiswa bezomnotho
Ubulungiswa bezomnotho bumayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo, okusho ukuthi ukufinyelela ezimpahleni ezikhiqiziwe zomphakathi kanye nezinsizakalo kufanele kwabelwane kanjani phakathi kwezakhamizi. Namuhla abaningi, ngisho nakwesokunxele, bamukela noma bahlose ngisho nokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo, okusekelwe embonweni womuntu ekukhiqizeni, ngokusetshenziswa okuthile okuhambisana nezidingo. Uma umsebenzi kanye/noma imali yomuntu ikhiqiza kakhulu, iholo elikhulu umuntu anelungelo lokulithola ngokwalesi simiso, nakuba abanye bebuza kwesokunxele ukuthi ubunikazi bemali kufanele bufanelekele imali engenayo. Amaholo amisiwe futhi anqunywa ezimakethe zezabasebenzi alindeleke, okungenani ngokombono, ukuba ahambisane nalo โmgomo wokukhiqizaโ. Eqinisweni, nokho, ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo kuncike kakhulu emandleni okuxoxisana ezisebenzi futhi hhayi kuphela ekukhiqizeni kwabo, nakuba lokhu kungase kuphazamise amandla okuxoxisana.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abagqugquzeli bemodeli yezomnotho ebambe iqhaza, bakholelwa ukuthi imali engenayo, uma kufanele, kufanele isekelwe kuphela ezicini umuntu angazithinta: ngokomgomo, umzamo nokuzidela ngendlela yamahora amade okusebenza, izinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi noma ngaphezulu. imisebenzi eyingozi ekwenzeni imisebenzi ewusizo emphakathini. Ngakho-ke imikhandlu yabasebenzi emnothweni obamba iqhaza kulindeleke ukuthi iklame futhi isungule izinqubo zokuhlola imizamo yamalungu nokuzidela emsebenzini. Lokhu kuhlola bese kuba isisekelo sokwabiwa kwemali engenayo yamalungu phakathi kwawo.
Izinkinga ezisebenzayo zokulinganisa umsebenzi kanye nesilinganiso somzamo
Izifiso eziphakeme zokuhlanganyela kwezomnotho mayelana nentando yeningi yezomnotho kanye nobulungiswa bezomnotho ngezinye izikhathi ziye zahlangabezana nokungabaza. Ukuphikiswa ngokuvamile akubanga ngokuyinhloko okumayelana nokunengqondo kodwa kunalokho ukuba nokwenzeka, isibonelo ithuba lokuqalisa imisebenzi elinganiselayo kanye nokuhlela umzamo ngendlela efanele nephumelelayo emnothweni womhlaba wangempela. Njengesibonelo esisodwa nje, encwadini Ezinye izindlela zokungena kwi-Capitalism. Iziphakamiso Zomnotho Wentando Yeningi, u-Erik Olin Wright, nakuba evumelana ngokomgomo nemigomo yemisebenzi elinganiselwe kanye neholo elisekelwe emizamweni nasekuzinikeleni, uzwakalisa ukukhathazeka mayelana โnokuqaliswa kokusebenza kwemibonoโ.
U-Robin Hahnel, omunye wabadali bemodeli yezomnotho ebambe iqhaza, uphendula kulokhu kukhathazeka encwadini efanayo. Ufingqa izinkinga ezingase zibe khona: โNjengoba ngibona kunezinkinga ezimbili ezisebenzayo: (1) kuzoba nabantu emnothweni obambe iqhaza abangavumelani nezimiso. Wenzani umuntu uma abasebenzi ebhizinisini befuna ukuklomelisa umnikelo kunomzamo? Wenzani umuntu uma abasebenzi ebhizinisini bengafuni ukulinganisa imisebenzi (2) Ngisho noma wonke umuntu ebevumelana ngokulinganisa imisebenzi kanye nomzamo ovuzayo, ngezinye izikhathi kuyoba nzima ukufeza ngoba umzamo, amandla, kanye/noma isifiso kungaba nzima. ukukalaโ.
Ube eseqhubeka nokucacisa ukuma kwezomnotho wokubamba iqhaza: โMayelana nenkinga yokuqala, abalandeli be-Participatory Economics batusa ukuthi imikhandlu yabasebenzi zama ukulinganisa imisebenzi kanye nokuvuza umzamo ngokusemandleni abo, ecabangela izithiyo ezingokoqobo (โฆ) singaphikisa noma yiziphi iziphakamiso ezigunyaza noma ubani ongaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza ukuba abeke le migomo endaweni yokusebenza lapho iningi lamalungu lalingafuni ukuzisebenzisa (โฆ) inqobo nje uma wonke umsebenzi emkhandlwini wabasebenzi enevoti elilodwa, ngikholwa ukuthi ngamunye umkhandlu wabasebenzi kufanele uvunyelwe ukuthi unqume ukuthi uzowuhlela kanjani umsebenzi nokuthi uzoklomelisana kanjani ngokubona kufanele.โ
Qaphela, okokuqala, ukuthi emnothweni obambe iqhaza womhlaba wangempela, yimikhandlu yabasebenzi, lapho ilungu ngalinye linevoti elilodwa eliyoba nesibopho ekugcineni 1) sokudlulisela ukuthathwa kwezinqumo nokunquma ngemithetho ehlukene yeningi, 2) ukudala izinqubo. ngokulinganisa imisebenzi kanye 3) nokudala izinqubo zokulinganisa umzamo. Imikhandlu yabasebenzi eyehlukene izobhekana nale misebenzi ngezindlela ezahlukene nangamazinga ahlukene okufisa, okuyinto enhle, kodwa kwenzekani uma iningi lamalungu omkhandlu wabasebenzi lifuna ukuklomelisa ukukhiqiza esikhundleni somzamo, noma lingafuni ukulinganisa imisebenzi?
U-Hahnel uthi ukuqaliswa kokulinganisa umsebenzi kanye nezinqubo zokulinganisa umzamo ezindaweni zokusebenza ezimanqikanqika kuzodinga imisebenzi emibili edingekayo. Okokuqala, abasebenzi abasekela lezi zikhungo kumele, ezindaweni zabo zokusebenza, baxoxisane nabasebenza nabo ukuze baqiniseke ngezinzuzo zawo wonke umuntu wemisebenzi elinganayo kanye nesinxephezelo esisekelwe emizamweni nasekuzideleleni uma kuqhathaniswa nokwehlukana kwemisebenzi okuhleliwe kanye nemali engenayo esekelwe ekukhiqizeni noma emandleni okuxoxisana. Okwesibili, amaqembu ezombusazwe emphakathini wonkana asekela intando yeningi yezomnotho kanye nobulungiswa kumele baqhubeke nokuqhuba imikhankaso eqinile nezimisele ngalezi zindaba. Le mikhankaso kufanele ibe isizinda esiqhubekayo semizamo nezingxoxo ezindaweni zokusebenza. Nokho, ngale kwale mizamo, noma yimiphi imizamo yokwethula imisebenzi elinganiselayo kanye nezinqubo zokulinganisa umzamo ezindaweni zokusebenza ezineningi labasebenzi abaphikisayo ngeke iphumelele.
Mayelana nombuzo wesibili, kusobala ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi kwezinye izimo kanye namazinga ahlukahlukene kuyoba nzima ukulinganisa nokuhlola imizamo nokuzidela kwabasebenzi osebenza nabo, kanye nokunikezwa amandla kanye nokufiseleka kwemisebenzi yomsebenzi, nakuba lobu bunzima buvame ukuba ihaba. Kodwa-ke, inqobo nje uma umuntu emukela iqiniso lokuthi izilinganiso zalolu hlobo zizohlala ziyizilinganiso hhayi izinkulumo zamaqiniso aphelele, lokhu akubangeli inkinga noma usongo ekuqinisekeni kwemodeli. Kuhlale kwenzeka ukwenza nokuthuthukisa izilinganiso, nakuba kungase kungenzeki ukufeza ukuphelela.
Ukuhlela ukubamba iqhaza
Njengoba sekushiwo, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ezivamile zomphakathi emnothweni obambe iqhaza kwenzeka ngenqubo yokuhlela yentando yeningi. Ukuzilawula kwemikhandlu yabasebenzi akubandakanyi inkululeko yokugwema inqubo yokubamba iqhaza futhi ukhiqizele imakethe ngenhloso eyodwa yokwandisa inzuzo. Inqubo yokuhlela โifakwe kanzimaโ emnothweni obamba iqhaza, futhi izindawo zokusebenza azinakho ukukhetha ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kuyo uma zifuna ukuqhubeka nokukhiqiza kwazo njengoba ingekho enye indlela yokuthola izinsiza ezikhiqizayo ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuhlela.
Imodeli yokuhlela yokubamba iqhaza igxekwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezidingo ezibeka kubathengi ukuthi bahlele futhi bamemezele izinto abazithandayo zokusetshenziswa konyaka ozayo, abaningi abazibheka njengento engenakwenzeka. Abathengi nabakhiqizi ngokungangabazeki banezidingo nezimfuneko ezahlukene mayelana nokuthi ukuhlela kufanele kube nemininingwane engakanani. Abathengi bafuna ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka izigaba ezimahhadla zezimpahla namasevisi okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho behlela ukusetshenziswa kwazo, kuyilapho abakhiqizi bedinga ukuhlukaniswa okunemininingwane eyengeziwe ukuze bahlele ukukhiqizwa kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kwenzeke ukuthi abathengi balungiselele iziphakamiso zabo zokusetshenziswa ngendlela engenamininingwane eminingi, enzima futhi edla isikhathi, futhi inqubo yokuhlela kufanele futhi ikwazi ukuphatha ukusetshenziswa kwabathengi abenqaba ukulungiselela nokuletha izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa.
Izidingo kanye nezimfuno zendlela yokwaba ezothatha indawo yemakethe zizoba ziningi kodwa ngeke zinqobe. Sezikhona namuhla iziphakamiso ezinemininingwane eziningi zamathuluzi nezinqubo ezilawula futhi zinikeze izixazululo ezidingweni ezishiwo ngenhla nezinye eziningi, isibonelo encwadini eshiwo ngaphambilini. Ezinye izindlela zokungena kwi-Capitalism nasencwadini I-Anarchist accounting - Imithetho ye-Accounting yomuntu obambe iqhaza umnotho. Isethulo esinemininingwane yemodeli yezomnotho ebambe iqhaza ephelele, okuhlanganisa nesigaba se-FAQ esidingida izinto eziningi ezikhathazayo, singatholakala kokuthi www.participatoryeconomics.info.
Uma izifiso zethu zentando yeningi yezomnotho yeqiniso kanye nobulungisa ziqotho kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi sizimisele ukuxoxisana ngendlela engelona iqiniso nevulekile, izinkinga ezingase zibe khona, nezisombululo zazo, lapho sicabangela ukuqaliswa okungenzeka kwezikhungo ezidingekayo esimweni somhlaba wangempela. Inhloso yethu kufanele kube ukulinganisa okungcono kakhulu kwemibono yethu kuyilapho sivuma ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwemibono nezikhungo emnothweni womhlaba wangempela akusoze kwafana ncamashi nokwethulwa kwemibono nezikhungo ezifanayo ngezibonelo zomnotho ezicatshangelwayo. Sikholelwa ukuthi le ngxoxo ibalulekile ngenxa yokwethembeka kwemigomo yethu: ukuqaliswa kwentando yeningi yezomnotho yeqiniso kanye nobulungiswa kanye nomnotho osekelwe ekubambisaneni nobumbano esikhundleni sobunxiwankulu banamuhla obusekelwe phezu kokuncintisana nokuhaha.
Anders Sandstrรถm uhlala eStockholm, eSweden, futhi uyi-accountant eqeqeshiwe eneziqu zase-Uppsala University. Ungumsunguli we-Parecon Sverige, iqembu elimela imodeli yezomnotho yokubamba iqhaza kwezomnotho eSweden kanye nombhali we- โI-Anarchist Accounting: Izimiso Zokubalwa Kwezimali Zomnotho Obambe iqhaza. "
Jason Chrysostomou uhlala futhi usebenza eLondon. Uyilungu kanye nomsunguli we I-Participatory Economics UK, iqembu labameli elizinze e-UK.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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