Umthombo: TomDispatch.com
Kulezi zinsuku, ukufundisa abadala basekolishi kunami, njengoba amaBrits ayengasho eLondon Underground, "ukunaka igebe.โ Nokho, endabeni yami, akulona igebe phakathi kwesiteji nesitimela engicabanga ngaso, kodwa ezinye ezimbalwa: lezo eziphakathi kwezakhamizi zase-US nohulumeni wethu, kanye naphakathi kwezizukulwane ezahlukene zamaMelika. Inkinga ye-Covid-19 yenze ezinye zalezo zikhala zabonakala kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, njengoba nje abafundi bami bephuma esikoleni benezinto eziningi abazilindele.
Izinkinga ezikhanyiswa yi-coronavirus ziningi: the igebe lokukhokha ubulili; the igebe lomcebo phakathi kwama-Afrika aseMelika kanye namaLatinos ngakolunye uhlangothi nabamhlophe baseMelika ngakolunye, ingasaphathwa eyegebe emandleni abo ukufinyelela kwezempilo kanye nemiphumela yezempilo; i igebe emalini yomsebenzi wasendlini kanye nokunakekelwa kwezingane okwenziwa ngabesifazane nabesilisa; futhi lokho kuwukuqala phansi uhlu olude. I-Covid-19 ikhulise zonke lezi zikhala ngezindlela ezibambekayo. Ukwenza isibonelo esisodwa nje, izingane zemikhaya enezinsiza ezimbalwa yizo ezizothinteka kakhulu ngokulova cishe ingxenye yonyaka wesikole noma ngaphezulu.
Ukubekezela okuphanayo kwabafundi bami abahlukene ngokwezinhlanga kuyaqhubeka kungimangaza. Bayazi ukuthi yizwe elibabayo laphaya, kodwa abaningi babo babonakala bezimisele, benamagebe noma cha, ukuliguqula.
Akunakukholwa
Ngazalwa ngo-1952, ngangisemncane kakhulu ukuba ngikwazi โigebe le-missile,โ okwashukumisa umkhankaso kaJohn F. Kennedy wokuba umongameli ngo-1960. Esitezi seSenate, ekuqaleni kuka-1958, waqala ukusho ukuthi i-US yayisemuva kweSoviet Union ekukhiqizeni nasekusatshalalisweni kwemicibisholo yenuzi. Eqinisweni, lelo gebe lalikwelinye icala, kodwa lamsiza ukuthi aqokwe futhi lakhuthaza ukwanda okukhulu kokuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa kwe-nuclear yase-US.
Ekugcineni, uchungechunge lwezivumelwano luzonciphisa ukungezwani kwezikhali zenuzi ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, nakuba manje kubukeka sengathi abaphathi bakaTrump bazokwenza. ukuhoxisa kusukela ekugcineni kwalezo zivumelwano ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo. Sekuvele ukuthululela amanani amangalisayo emali ekuthuthukisweni kwezikhali zenuzi, kuyilapho ukucabanga isivivinyo sokuqala senuzi sase-US kusukela ngo-1992. Ngakho-ke lungiselela โigebe lemicibisholoโ elisha.
Umgodi wokuqala kazwelonke engawuqaphela mathupha kwaba โigebe lokwethembeka.โ Leso sisho sisho ibanga phakathi kwalokhu uhulumeni wase-US athi kwenzeka eVietnam kanye nemizamo yezwe eyayizobhujiswa lapho. Njengoba leyo ngxabano iqhubeka, igebe lakhula. Ngokwesibonelo, izintatheli zaseNingizimu Vietnam zaziphathwa njalo kulokho kamuva okwaziwa ngokuthi โIzindondo Zewashi Lesihlanu.โ Lokhu kwaba, njengoba uSusan Glasser muva nje wabhala ku New Yorker, "izithangami zasebusuku lapho abaholi bezempi baseMelika babethi khona, becaphuna izibalo mbumbulu ezihlukahlukene, amaqiniso angaphelele, nemibiko edukisayo evela phambili, ukuthi banqoba impi empeleni, ababeyihlulile." I-Follies ibonise "izibalo zomzimba" zansuku zonke zabafileyo ezinikezwa njengamaphuzu amaningi ebhola, ngaphandle kwalowo ophumelele kwakuyiqembu "elinamaphuzu" ambalwa kakhulu.
Ngandlela thize izivakashi zazihlale ziwina kodwa nokho, ngemva kokuthatha yonke imidlalo, sahlulwa empini. Ngo-1975, i-United States ekugcineni yacisha umkhankaso wempi, njengoba ilahlekelwe amasosha angaphezu kuka-58,000 XNUMX, kuyilapho ebulala izigidi yaseVietnam, Laotians, kanye Cambodians - elinye igebe kancane ephawulekayo. (Ezinyangeni zakamuva, izihloko zezindaba ezifana lena kwaReuters kwaba yinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba: "Ukufa kwe-coronavirus yase-US kudlula inani leMpi YaseVietnam" - kuyiqiniso impela uma ungabali abafileyo abavela emazweni lapho kwaliwa khona leyo mpi.)
Njengoba abanye benze wabonisa, izithangami zabezindaba zikaMongameli uTrump ze-coronavirus bekuyi-Five O'Clock Follies yangaleso sikhathi, egcwele izibalo zokunqoba mbumbulu zokuthi leli zwe lihola kanjani umhlaba ekuhlolweni kwe-Covid-19. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula, nokho, ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kukamongameli wesimanje akuqalanga ngoDonald Trump.
Ngokudabukisayo, igebe lokwethembeka lihlotshaniswa noLyndon Johnson okwathi, kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1968, empeleni engamele imizamo emikhulu yezwe yokuqeda ubumpofu kusukela ku-Great Depression-era New Deal kaFranklin Delano Roosevelt. Uphinde wengamela izinselelo zokuqala ezihleliwe ezisezingeni likahulumeni zokungabi nabulungiswa kwezinhlanga kusukela Ekwakhiweni Kabusha. Ukube bekungeyona iMpi YaseVietnam, uJohnson ubengase akhunjulwe namuhla ngenye โimpiโ ngokuphelele, iMpi yakhe Yobumpofu, eyasinika i-Head Start, uhlelo lokucebisa izingane ezimpofu ngokwezemfundo nokudla okunomsoco, kanye neMedicare, eqinisekisa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kubantu. 65 nangaphezulu. Futhi kwakunguJohnson owaphumelela - ngeCongress eyayisaqukethe inqwaba yabamhlophe - ukuphasiswa koMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964, uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ka-1965, kanye noMthetho Wezindlu Ezilungile we-1968. Awukho kuleyo mithetho owaqeda ukucwasa ngokwesikhungo, kodwa ngamunye unikeze amandla asemthethweni kulabo abafuna ukulungisa imiphumela yako emibi kakhulu.
Isivuno Sokungabaza
Noma kunjalo, inhlekelele kaJohnson (kanye neyethu) yayiwukuthi, ngaleyo minyaka, igebe lakhe lokwethembeka eliphefumulelwe eVietnam ladala indawo evundile lapho kwakuzotshalwa khona igebe elikhulu kunawo wonke: ukungathembeki okuqinile kuhulumeni jikelele, inkolelo yokuthi isenzo esihlangene Izinga likazwelonke lalimele isithiyo esiyingozi nesingenakunqandeka enzuzweni evamile. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yalelo gebe lokwethembeka, wayezolandelwa uRichard Nixon, owayezoqhubeka neMpi YaseVietnam ngendlela eyandayo, okuhlanganisa nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okuyimfihlo eCambodia. I-CIA kaNixon izophinde inikeze ukwesekwa okuyimfihlo kokuziphatha kanye nokuhleleka ekuvukeleni kukaGeneral Augusto Pinochet ngo-1973 ngokumelene nomongameli wentando yeningi waseChile u-Salvador Allende, efaka lelo zwe emashumini eminyaka okuhlukunyezwa, ukubulala, kanye nobushiqela.
Ubumongameli bukaNixon buwa ngaphansi kwesisindo sokuphindaphindeka nenkohlakalo eyaziwa ngokuthi โWatergate.โ Igama lalelo hhovisi laseWashington laqala ukudumala (lapho abalandeli baka-Nixon bagqekeza indlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee) kangangokuthi amashumi eminyaka amahlazo ayezofika ayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi โamasangoโ ezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Okwakamuva, kunjalo, u-โObamagate,โ umzamo kaDonald Trump wokukhipha ihlazo emoyeni ngomongameli wethu wokugcina. Lapho i- Washington PostnguPhilip Rucker wazama ukuze ashaywe amehlo incazelo yangempela yecala okuthiwa lihilelekile kumongameli, waphendula, โUyazi ukuthi buyini ubugebengu. Ubugebengu busobala kuwo wonke umuntu. Okufanele ukwenze ukufunda amaphephandaba, ngaphandle kweyakho.โ
URonald Reagan uzoqhubeka nokukhohlisa ifa likaJohnson noNixon lokungathembani phakathi neminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ehhovisi. Enkulumweni yakhe yokuvula kaJanuwari 1981, wamemezela ukuthi โuhulumeni akasona isixazululo senkinga yethu, uhulumeni uyinkinga.โ Ube eseqala ukuhlakaza izinhlelo zikaJohnson's War on Poverty, ehlasela izinyunyana ezazigqugquzela ukuchuma kwabasebenzi abamhlophe, futhi ngokuvamile. silambe isilo kahulumeni. Sisaphila namafa aleyo credo.
Uguquko lweReagan, njengoba lwalubizwa kanjalo, lwaqhubeka ngempela eminyakeni yobumongameli bukaBill Clinton. U-Newt Gingrich waseRiphabhulikhi, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyisikhulumi seNdlu yabaMeli, kuthiwa usize ukubhala lokho okwakuzobizwa ngokuthi Inkontileka neMelika. Ekuqaleni wakhulelwa emathunjini e-Conservative Heritage Foundation, lowo mbhalo wawuqukethe ulimi oluthathwe ngokuqondile ekhelini le-Reagan leSimo SeNyunyana ka-1985. Ifake inguqulo yakhe yegebe lokwethembeka eziqephuzweni eziyi-10 zomthetho ohlongozwayo. Phakathi kwazo bekunemithetho yokugwetshwa eyimpoqo eyasiza ukwenza i-US ibe yi- umholi womhlaba ekuboshweni ngobuningi. Ukugcina abantu abaningi kangaka ejele kuwumphumela ofisa ukwazi wesinyathelo okuthiwa sisekelwe ekuzibophezeleni ekukhipheni uhulumeni ezimpilweni zabantu.
Futhi akufanele sikhohlwe lawo manga mayelana nezikhali zikaSaddam Hussein ezaziwayo zokucekela phansi kanye nezixhumanisi zakhe ne-al-Qaeda. Lokhu kuhlakanipha okugunyaziwe kwavumela uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ukuthi ethule ukuhlasela kwakhe okwakufiseleka kakhulu, futhi okuyinhlekelele, nokuthatha i-Iraq - obunye ubuwula obusekelwe kugebe lohlelo lokuqala.
Manje, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu nengxenye kaDonald Trump, abantu abaningi baseMelika kanye nengxenye enkulu yomhlaba bamane bamukele ukuthi i-US inomhosha wokuthembeka wohlobo olwalungacatshangwa ngaphambili. Ngandlela thize, sekuphenduke inkambiso kangangokuthi, njengoba nje Washington Post ine kuhlanganiswe I-18,000 "yezitatimende ezingamanga nezidukisayo" zikaTrump, bambalwa abantu baseMelika abalindele ukuba nomongameli ozophinde akhulume iqiniso. Igebe lokwethembeka ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nawo-1970, ukungathembani okwakudala ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990, ingasaphathwa eyokwethenjwa kukaGeorge W. Bush, konke kwavula indlela kumongameli owayeqamba amanga kaningi ngosuku ngenkathi eqhubeka nokuhlakaza uhulumeni. izinqubomgomo ezivikela abantu baseMelika abajwayelekile kanye nemvelo egcina izimpilo zabo.
Ngempela, ngoMeyi 19, uMongameli uTrump wakhipha isinqumo ukuhleleka "ukulwa nemiphumela yezomnotho ye-Covid-19" ngokugcizelela zonke izinhlaka "zisingatha lesi simo esiphuthumayo sezomnotho ngokuhoxisa, ukulungisa, ukuhoxisa, noma ukuhlinzeka ngokukhululwa emithethweni kanye nezinye izidingo ezingase zivimbele ukusimama komnotho..." Faka lokhu emonakalweni abaphathi bakhe abanawo. osekwenziwe ekuvikeleni imithethonqubo umoya wethu, amanzi, amaxhaphozi, Futhi izikhumbuzo zezwe futhi ungaphezu kwezikhala.
KULUNGILE, Boomer
Igebe lokwethembeka nempi eyalibangela kwabangela olunye uhlobo lokuhlukana: โigebe lesizukulwane.โ Ikakhulukazi (nakuba kungenjalo ngokuphelele) into emhlophe yezinga eliphakathi, leli gama lalimelela ukungezwani kwamasiko okujulile phakathi kwesizukulwane esakhe iMpi Yezwe II yase-United States kanye naleyo eyayibuthelwe ukulwa impi yaso yakamuva. Phakathi neminyaka embalwa, lelo gebe, nalo, laliyokhula ngokushesha libe umhosha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakuzomela abazali ababebhekane ne-fascism eYurophu nase-Asia, kuyilapho begcwalisa amafekthri nge-Rosie the Riveters futhi bebekezelela ukushoda nokulinganisa ekhaya; ngakolunye kwakumi izingane zabo okwathi, uma zazinabazali abamhlophe noma abahlangene ezinyunyaneni, zazalelwa ekuphileni okuthembisa inala yezomnotho engakaze ibonwe.
Cabanga ngobuhlungu balabo bazali lapho izingane zabo, ziphumela emigwaqweni ziyobhikishela impi yakamuva yaseWashington, zenqaba lokho kuphila kokulondeka kanye nenala ezazidele okuningi ngayo kanye nezindinganiso ezihambisana nakho. Cabanga ngobuhlungu balezo zingane ezinelungelo kodwa ezikhathazekile, ezikhulela emthunzini wefu lamakhowe, izwe elithenjisiwe lokulondeka, inala, nenkululeko eliye labonakala linjengomkhohlisi nesiphithiphithi. Cabanga nje umuzwa wabo wokukhaphela lapho i-Civil Rights Movement ekhulayo iveza ukuthi inala nenkululeko bekulokhu kuguliswa ngendlela exakile eZweni Lamahhala. Cabanga ukushaqeka kwabo lapho beqaphela ukuthi intengo yenala yayingolunye uhlobo lokungakhululeki - bezwakala begqoke iyunifomu ekude eseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia lapho amasosha aseMelika enza izenzo zokubulala ukuze asekele izinga lokuphila elincike ekukhishweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezishibhile ezivela emazweni ampofu asathuthuka.
Cabanga nje ukuthi bazizwa kanjani lapho bethola ukuthi abazali babo babezimisele ukuthumela izinkulungwane zabo ukuba ziyofela empini yokuziphatha okubi nengenanjongo. Imbongi yaseCanada uLeonard Cohen ithunyelwe lokhu okwesabekayo engomeni yakhe yangaleso sikhathi, โIndaba ka-Isaka no-Abrahama,โ ukuhumusha okudabukisayo kwenganekwane yeBhayibheli kababa ozimisele ukulalela unkulunkulu ngisho noma kwakusho ukubulala ingane yakhe. Njengoba u-Isaac kaCohen asho kubazali benkathi yeMpi YeVietnam:
โNina enakha lawa ma-altare manje
Ukudela lezi zingane,
Akumele ukwenzeโฆโ
Eminyakeni engu-XNUMX edlule kule ntwasahlobo, imihlatshelo enjalo yayibonakala inala ngokwanele. Unogada Kazwelonke, ubizele ekhempasini yase-Kent State University e-Ohio ukuzocindezela abafundi ababhikishela ukuhlasela kweCambodia, wadutshulwa wabulawa ezine zazo. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, amaphoyisa endawo wabulawa abafundi ababili base-Afrika-baseMelika ababebhikisha futhi balimala abanye abangu-12 e-Jackson State University e-Mississippi. Akumangalisi ukuthi lapho sibheka izandla zesizukulwane sabazali bethu, babonakala bezala lokho uCohen akubiza ngokuthi โamachaphaza abo abuthuntu futhi anegazi.โ Akumangalisi ukuthi isiqubulo sethu esasingekho emthethweni ngaleso sikhathi sasiwukuthi: โUngalokothi uthembe umuntu oneminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu.โ
Namuhla, nokho, ama-boomers njengami ami ngakolunye uhlangothi lwegebe lesizukulwane esisha. Yithi abantu abasha abalokhu benomuzwa wokuthi akufanele bathembele. Futhi ubani ongabasola? Uma singavuma ukwehla esiteji kanye noDonald Trump, uJoe Biden, kanye nabanye, sizobe sishiya iplanethi ephukile, okuhlanganisa nokujula kakhulu. ukungalingani kwezomnotho ekhulwini, ukushabalala okukhulu yazo zonke izinhlobo, kanye nenkinga yesimo sezulu esongela sonke isintu, kokuqala nabampofu kakhulu kithi.
Ukulungisa Izikhala
Kwabe sekufika i-coronavirus. Yize iCovid-19 ibulala abantu bayo yonke iminyaka, ibibulala kakhulu kwabadala - ikakhulukazi abantu abadala abahlala โezilungiselelweni zokubuthana,โ ezaziwa nangokuthi amakhaya asebekhulile. (Eqinisweni, kubonakala sengathi kuzodlula noma iyiphi indawo - njengokuthi amajele or izitshalo zokupakisha inyama - lapho abantu bempintshene ndawonye.) Ukube bengineminyaka engamashumi amabili noma amathathu namuhla, mhlawumbe bengizolingeka ukuba ngamukele ukukhishwa kwenqwaba yama-boomers njengenani โlokuphinda kuvulweโ - noma (njengoba isiqubulo esisha somkhankaso kaTrump sinaso) okusha"Inguquko Enkulu.โ Eqinisweni, nokho, kubonakala nje kungamalungu esizukulwane sami, njengoLieutenant Governor Dan Patrick, enanela amaphuzu okukhuluma eRiphabhulikhi ngokubiza โogogo nomkhulu abaningiโ ukuthi babeke izimpilo zabo engozini ukuze umnotho ubuye.
Abantu baseMelika ukuhlupheka sibhekene nokuvalwa thaqa kwezwe. Cishe izigidi ezingu-40 zethu bafake izicelo zokungasebenzi nengxenye yesithathu yethu khombisa izimpawu yokukhathazeka komtholampilo kanye/noma ukucindezeleka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-boomers aqaphelayo kakade ayazi ukuthi isizukulwane seminyaka eyinkulungwane - labo abazalwa phakathi kuka-1981 no-1996 - ngeke bahlangabezane ne-bonanza yezomnotho eyenza impilo yaba yintofontofo kubasebenzi abamhlophe benkathi yethu naphakathi. Lezo zinsuku engabuyi. I-coronavirus iyona wesithathu ukuwohloka komnotho okukhulu okucekele phansi imisebenzi kanye neholo labo.
I-coronavirus nayo iyishintshile inyuvesi yami. Maphakathi nethemu, sathuthela ku-inthanethi futhi abafundi engangibazi mathupha baphenduka ubuso obuncane emabhokisini esikrinini sekhompyutha yami. Nokho, ngisho nangaleyo ndlela eyinqaba, ngezwa indlela umhlaba obukeka uthusa ngayo kubantu abadala abathweswa iziqu namuhla. Kwakukubi ngokwanele eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, lapho abathweswe iziqu babeshiya isikole phakathi ne-Great Recession of 2008. Bayazi ukuthi kungase kuthathe amashumi eminyaka ukuze uthole ukonga nabangani ababeqede eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili.
Manje, leli qembu libhekene nokubi kakhulu. Kepha okuhlekisayo ukuthi, bethukile njengoba benjalo, babonakala bezimisele ukuthi umhlaba ongaphesheya kwalolu bhubhane kumele wehluke kunalowo ababemele ukuwudla ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Abafuni ukuthi izinto โzibuyele kwesejwayelekile.โ Kaningi kule ntwasahlobo, bachaze lo bhubhane njengethuba lekhefu elikhulu ngendlela izinto ezaziyiyo BC (Ngaphambi kwe-Covid-19). Lokho kuzimisela kuyayikhuthaza kakhulu le nsizwa endala ekhathele.
Rebecca Gordon, a TomDispatch Njalo, ufundisa eNyuvesi yaseSan Francisco. Ungumbhali we I-Nuremberg yaseMelika: Amaphoyisa ase-United States Okufanele Amelele Ukulingana Nge-Post-9 / 11 Impi Yempi futhi manje usebenzela incwadi entsha yomlando wokuhlushwa e-United States.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela