Okuningi esikwaziyo ngokungalingani eMelika kuvela emsebenzini wesazi sezomnotho sase-Stanford u-Raj Chetty. Usibonisile ukuthi ingakanani indawo ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuhambela phezulu, imiphumela ehlala njalo yokubhekana nobumpofu ebuntwaneni, nokuthi ukungalingani kuhlobene yonke into kusukela kokusungulwayo kuya ekufeni.

Manje, ocwaningweni olusha olwenziwa yithimba labacwaningi baseHarvard, eStanford, naseCensus Bureau, ukushintsha ingxoxo futhi futhi. Lolu cwaningo lwakamuva luthole ukuthi ngisho izingane zikhulela eduze komunye nomunye nabazali abahola ngendlela efanayo, abafana abamnyama bathwala kanzima kunabafana abamhlophe emaphesentini angama-99 wezwe. Futhi, mhlawumbe okumangazayo nakakhulu, lezo zikhala ziba zimbi kuphela ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphansi lobumpofu nezikole ezinhle.

Ngikhulume noChetty ukuze ngiveze lolu cwaningo olusha nokuthi kusho ukuthini ekuqondeni kwethu ukungalingani kwezinhlanga eMelika.

URebecca Vallas: Ngakho-ke igebe lemali engenayo ngokobuhlanga kanye nengcebo kade labhalwa, kodwa ucwaningo lwakho lunikeza ukukhanya okusha kokuthi yini eqhuba ukungalingani kwemali engenayo kuwo wonke amaqembu ezinhlanga. Yini oyitholile nozakwenu?

U-Raj Chetty: Okusha ngocwaningo ukuthi luthatha umbono ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngakho-ke umsebenzi omningi wangaphambili wokungalingani kwezinhlanga e-United States ubheke abantu ngesifinyezo ngesikhathi esithile-ukuqhathanisa abantu abadala ababeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala ababemnyama ngokumelene nabamhlophe ngokumelene namaSpanishi futhi babheka indlela abahola ngayo kanye nokunye. imiphumela iyehluka. Kodwa esikwenzayo lapha ukusebenzisa idatha efinyelela ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane lapho singaxhumanisa izingane nabazali bazo. Futhi kulesi simo siyakwazi ukusebenzisa idatha engaziwa ehlanganisa izingane ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-20 nabazali bazo futhi sibheke ukuthi lokhu kungafani kuvela kanjani ezizukulwaneni zonke.

Okutholakele okubalulekile okuvela kulokhu kuhlaziya ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu kakhulu ngokobuhlanga, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa emathubeni ezingane okukhuphuka nokuhlala phezulu ezingeni lemali engenayo. Okumangalisa kakhulu, ngisho naphakathi kwezingane ezikhulela emindenini ehola kakhulu, uma umnyama, unethuba eliphansi kakhulu lokuhlala esizukulwaneni esilandelayo phezulu ekwabiweni kwemali engenayo noma phakathi nendawo yokusabalalisa imali uma umhlophe. Izingane ezimnyama zinethuba elilinganayo lokuphelela ezansi njengoba zenza ukuhlala phezulu uma ziqala emndenini ohola kakhulu.

Isizathu esibaluleke kangaka ukuthi kusitshela ukuthi lokhu kungalingani akuveli nje ngento eyenzekayo namuhla. Ukuzama ukukhuphuka iledi lemali engenayo kubantu baseMelika abamnyama kufana nokuthi usemshini wokunyathela. Ukhuphuka esizukulwaneni esisodwa kuphela bese ubuyela emuva futhi kufanele ukhuphuke futhi, futhi yileso sici, lowo mjikelezo okufanele wephulwe ukuze ulwe nalokhu kungafani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

I-RV: Ucwaningo lwakho luphinde lwathola ukuthi ukungalingani kwezinhlanga akukwazi ukuchazwa ngomehluko emandleni okuqonda, okungenzeka kuzwakale kunengqondo kubantu abaningi abalalelayo, kodwa empeleni kubaluleke kakhulu njengokutholwa okunamandla uma kucatshangelwa ukulandisa okuningi okusaphikelela laphaya. mayelana nalokho okuchaza ubumpofu eMelika.

CR: Kulungile. Asicabangi ngempela ukuthi umehluko emandleni uchaza izikhala esizibhalayo, futhi kunezizathu ezimbili ezilula zalokho. Eyokuqala iphethini engisanda kuyichaza yokuhamba phansi ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ikhona ngempela abafana abamnyama kuphela. Abesifazane abamnyama benza kahle njengabesifazane abamhlophe uma usulawule iholo labo labazali. Futhi lokho kuphakamisa okokuqala, uma ubheka imibono eminingi yangaphambili yokuhluka kwekhono lokuqonda, I-Bell Curve incwadi ngokwesibonelo, ayibonisi ubufakazi bokuthi ungalindela ukuthi lo mehluko uhluke ngobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ubheka idatha yamaphuzu okuhlolwa, okuyisisekelo semibono eminingi yangaphambili mayelana nokwehluka kwekhono, iqiniso lokuthi izingane ezimnyama uma zisafunda zivame ukuthola amaphuzu aphansi ezivivinyweni ezijwayelekile kunezingane ezimhlophe, lokho kuyiqiniso kokubili abafana abamnyama kanye namantombazane amnyama ngezinga elifanayo. Ngokuphambene uma ubheka imali etholwayo kunomehluko omkhulu wobulili.

Futhi ngakho-ke lokho kuphakamisa ukuthi lezi zivivinyo empeleni azibambeli ngendlela enembe kakhulu umehluko emandleni njengoba zibalulekile emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside, okufaka ukungabaza kulo lonke uhlobo lobufakazi. Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe kulolo hlobo lokucabanga, sicabanga ngempela ukuthi lokhu akuphathelene nokwehluka kwekhono. Obunye ubufakazi bokugcina obunanela ukuthi uma ubheka izingane ezithuthela ezindaweni ezahlukene, izindawo lapho sibona khona imiphumela engcono yezingane ezimnyama, ubona ukuthi zenza kangcono kakhulu ngokwazo, okuphinde kubonise ukuthi indawo ezungezile ibonakala ibalulekile. Lokhu akuphathelene nezinto ezingaguquki njengokwehluka kwekhono.

I-RV: Ukhulume umehluko wobulili. Esinye seziqephu zocwaningo ezithakazelisa kakhulu—ikakhulukazi kimi—kwakuwukuthi uma kuziwa kwabesifazane, kubonakala kuyindaba ehluke kakhulu.

CR: Yebo, kunjalo impela. Ngicabanga ukuthi kwasimangaza lokho. Ngakho-ke kunobufakazi bangaphambili obubonisa ukuthi izikhala emiholweni, isibonelo, zincane kwabesifazane phakathi kwabamnyama nabamhlophe uma kuqhathaniswa namadoda amnyama namhlophe. Esasishaywa ngakho uma ulawula nje imali yabazali ukuze ubheke izingane ezimbili, uthi ukukhulela emndenini wenza u-$50,000 ngonyaka, uma ubheka amadodakazi abo anemiphumela efanayo ngokuhola, ama-wage rates. , amanani okuqashwa, ithuba labo lokuya ekolishi. Imiphumela eminingi ehlukene ongayibheka.

Uma ubheka abafana, isithombe esihluke ngokuphelele. Uma uqhathanisa abafana abansundu nabelungu ubona izikhala ezinkulu emalini eholwayo namazinga omsebenzi, mhlawumbe kakhulu esimweni sokuboshwa. Indoda eyodwa kwabahlanu abamnyama abazalwa emndenini ohola kancane uyaboshwa ngosuku oluthile, okuyizinga eliphezulu ngokumangalisayo. Awuyiboni into enjalo kwabesifazane abamnyama nabamhlophe.

Manje, into eyodwa engifuna ukuyigcizelela lapha ukuthi kwezinye zezingxoxo zomphakathi ezilandela iphepha, abantu bake bamangala kancane. “Uthi akukho nkinga lapha kubantu besifazane? Akuzwakali kahle lokho.” Ngifuna ukukugcizelela lokho akukhona lokho esikushoyo. Okokuqala nje, uma ubheka nje ku-data eluhlaza, usemkhulu umehluko emalini etholwa abesifazane abamnyama nabamhlophe, futhi isizathu salokho ukuthi abesifazane abamnyama basakhula emindenini ephansi kakhulu kunabesifazane abamhlophe. Ngakho-ke yilapho kuphela ulawula imali engenayo yabazali lapho imiphumela yabo ibukeka ifana kakhulu. Iphuzu lesibili elibalulekile okufanele siliqaphele ukuthi abesifazane abamnyama, abesifazane abamhlophe, namadoda amnyama bonke banamazinga alinganayo emali etholwayo, ukuthi abesilisa abamhlophe ngempela abanamazinga aphezulu kakhulu omholo. Isizathu sokuthi sigxile kwabesilisa abansundu uma sibheka imiphumela ethile efana namathuba okuthi banomsebenzi noma amathuba okuba baboshwe noma amathuba abo okuqeda isikole samabanga aphezulu, babukeka befana nezihlobo zabo kuwo wonke amanye amaqembu. Amadoda amnyama mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi aqashwe kunabesifazane abamnyama, maningi kakhulu amathuba okuthi baboshwe, mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi baqede isikole samabanga aphezulu. Ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi kunesethi ekhethekile yezinselelo ezibhekene namadoda amnyama. Lokho akusho ukuthi ayikho indaba yabesifazane abamnyama noma ukuthi ukulingana ngokobulili akuyona indaba, lokho akukona nje okugxilwe kulolu cwaningo.

I-RV: Izikhala ozitholile ocwaningweni lwakho ziba zimbi kakhulu ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane ezinamazinga aphansi obumpofu kanye nezikole ezinhle. Kungani kunjalo?

CR: Kokubili izingane ezimnyama nezingane ezimhlophe zenza kangcono kakhulu ezindaweni ezinezikole ezingcono, ezinezinga eliphansi lobumpofu, ongase ucabange ngazo “njengezindawo ezingomakhelwane ezinhle.” Ngakho-ke asiwuphonseli inselelo lowo mqondo nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, okubonayo kudatha ukuthi izingane ezimhlophe zithola okuningi ngokuba kulezi zindawo ezinobumpofu obuphansi nangokufunda ezikoleni ezingcono kunezingane ezimnyama. Futhi ngenxa yalokho igebe phakathi kwezingane ezimhlophe nezingane ezimnyama likhulu kulezo zindawo. Ngakho-ke ukuthathwa kulokho akukhona ukuthi izikole azibalulekile noma ukuthi ukuba nezindawo ezinobumpofu obuphansi, ezinobugebengu obuphansi akubalulekile; zonke lezo zinto zizosiza izingane ezimnyama kanye nezingane ezimhlophe njengoba sibonise emsebenzini wethu wangaphambili.

Okukhombisayo lolu cwaningo ukuthi akwenele ngokwalo ukuvala ukuhlukana okumnyama nokumhlophe. Udinga ukwenza okungaphezu kwalokho. Udinga mhlawumbe ukuhlanganisa izingane ezimnyama kulezi zikole ezingcono ukuze zikwazi ukusizakala ngezinsiza ezizinikela ngezinga elifanayo nelezingane ezimhlophe.

Ukukubeka ngendlela ehlukile, ukucabanga ngesigaba senhlalo-mnotho nomakhelwane akuthathi indawo yokucabanga ngobuhlanga. Kudingeka sicabange ukuthi singanciphisa kanjani ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ngokwehlukana.

Le nhlolokhono yenzelwe u-Off-Kilter futhi yasakazwa njengengxenye ye- isiqephu esiphelele ngo-March 23. Yahlelwa ngobude nokucaca.

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