Umthombo: Jamesbovard.com
I-crimony kanye nokugxeka kuyaqhubeka nokuzungeza ukhetho lukamongameli lwango-2020. Abantu abathathu kwabane baseRiphabhulikhi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakukhona โukukhwabanisa okusabaleleโ okhethweni, kuyilapho amaDemocrats efuna ukuguqula ukugxeka kokhetho kube ukuhlubuka โAmanga Amakhuluโ ngokumelene nentando yeningi. AmaDemocrat aphezulu ekhongolose acindezela abahlinzeki bezintambo ezinkulu zezwe ukuthi yekani ukuthwala amanethiwekhi aqinile afana neFox News aphakamise imibuzo eminingi kakhulu ngokunqoba kukaBiden.
Yini engase ingahambi kahle ngokususa izingxabano zokhetho lwango-2020 ngaphansi kombhoxo? Imikhondo ingatholakala ku-a umbiko wamuva, "Ukhetho: Izifundo Zokuzizwisa Kwase-US e-Afghanistan," olukhiqizwe uMhloli Omkhulu Okhethekile Wokwakhiwa Kabusha kwe-Afghanistan (SIGAR). Lowo mbiko uqukethe ukuhlakanipha okwengeziwe kunalokho okuzotholakala ku-tweet kaMongameli uTrump ngoDisemba: โInsizwa yezempi esebenza e-Afghanistan ingitshele ukuthi ukhetho e-Afghanistan luphephe kakhulu futhi. okungcono kakhulu lugijime kunokhetho lwase-USA lwango-2020.โ
Eqinisweni, "intando yeningi yase-Afghan" ingelinye lama-shams angenangqondo enqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US kuleli khulu leminyaka.. Selokhu yahlasela i-US ngo-2001, uhulumeni wobumbano usebenzise imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-600 zamaRandi ukuxhasa ukhetho kanye nezinqubo zentando yeningi e-Afghanistan (ingxenye ye-$143 billion i-US yachitha lapho ukuze ithole usizo nokwakhiwa kabusha lapho). U-Hamid Karzai, u-opharetha oshelelayo owafakwa abaphathi bakaBush ukuthi abuse i-Afghanistan ngemuva kuka-9/11, wawina i-a yasungulwa ngo-2004 ukhetho lukamongameli. UMongameli George W. Bush waqhosha ngesikhathi ekhankasela ukukhethwa kabusha, โi-Afghanistan manje isinomthethosisekelo okhuluma ngenkululeko yenkolo futhi okhuluma ngayo. amalungelo abesifazaneโฆ. Intando yeningi iyadlondlobala.โ Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uKarzai wathola ukwesekwa ngabavoti abakholelwa ngokuqinile ngokugunyaza umthetho ovumela umyeni alambe umkakhe ukufa uma enqaba izimfuno zakhe zobulili.
UMengameli uBarack Obama uvumele ukuhlasela kwakhe amasosha e-Afghanistan ukuze kuqinise intando yeningi. Ngenkathi u-Obama ekhuluma nomhlangano wamaVeterans of Foreign Wars ngo-August 2009, waqhosha ngokuthi โamasosha ethu ayasiza ekuvikeleni impi. izindawo zokuvota okhethweni lwaleli sonto ukuze abantu base-Afghan bakwazi ukukhetha ikusasa abalifunayo.โ Uma uthi nhlรก, uKarzai wanqoba ewumngcingo. Kodwa ngemva kwamasonto amabili okhethweni, the New York Times kubika ukuthi izisebenzi zikaKarzai zakha izindawo zokuvota ezingamanga ezingaba ngu-800 โlapho akekho owavota kodwa lapho kwakusaqoshwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamavoti ngaphambi kokukhethwa kabusha kukamongameli.โ Kwezinye izifundazwe zase-Afghan, amavoti e-pro-Karzai adlula abavoti bangempela ngokuphindwe kashumi. UPeter Galbraith, isikhulu esiphezulu seNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene e-Afghanistan, uxoshwe ngemuva kokuthi elinganisele ukuthi ingxenye yesithathu yamavoti kaKarzai yayingamanga. UGalbraith ubhale wathi, โAyikho i-spin engasitha iqiniso lokuthi sasebenzisa imali engaphezu kuka-$200 million okhethweni obelulokhu i-fiasco ephelele"okuyinto "enikeze iTaliban ukunqoba kwayo kwamasu okukhulu kakhulu."
Naphezu kwalezi zigameko, abaphathi baka-Obama bancome uKarzai sengathi uwine ngendlela efanelekile futhi eyisikwele. Abaphathi baka-Obama batshele iCongress ukuthi isinqumo sokuthumela amasosha amaningi ase-US e-Afghanistan sincike "endleni kahulumeni wase-Afghan" ukhetho oluthembekile,โ phakathi kwezinye izivivinyo. Ngemuva kokuthi ukhetho lwase-Afghan lwango-2009 luphenduke umkhonyovu, u-Obama wanquma ukuthi "sekusondele ngokwanele emsebenzini kahulumeni" kuntando yeningi. Ngenxa yokwanda kuka-Obama, amasosha aseMelika ayi-1,400 afa ngokwengxenye ukusabalalisa udaka lwentando yeningi yase-Afghan.
Izikhulu zase-Afghan zenze uzungu iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 ukuze zande futhi zinganaki ukukhwabanisa okhethweni. Kusukela ngo-2009, u-Admiral Mike Mullen, owayengusihlalo weJoint Chiefs of Staff, waxwayisa ngokuthi ukufaneleka kukahulumeni wase-Afghan "kungcono kakhulu, umbuzo oqondile manje futhi, okubi kakhulu, akekho.โ Ukuhlaziywa kwe-US Agency for International Development yokhetho lwase-Afghan lwango-2014 kuphawule ukuthi โizikhulu zokhetho ezimbalwa eziqavile ezihlotshaniswa nokukhwabanisa phakathi nokhetho oludlule zathuthukiswa noma inikezwe ubufundisi ama-aphoyintimenti.โ Ukhetho lukamongameli lwase-Afghanistan lwango-2019 lwaluyi โ abakhohlakele kakhulu izwe elake labamba,โ ngokusho kochwepheshe abathile u-SIGAR kuboniswane naye.
Amadola entela aseMelika atheleke esikhwameni seKhomishini Yezikhalazo Zokhetho yase-Afghanistan (ECC) ukuze kuvikelwe ukuvota. Maye - leyo nhlangano ibiwumthombo oyinhloko wokweba amavoti angenangqondo. Abaphathi be-ECC bebeqikelela ukuthi bangaqashi cishe noma ngubani onolwazi ngokhetho njengoba abantu abanjalo bebengase babuze imibuzo ekhathazayo. Owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu se-ECC utshele i-SIGAR ukuthi โumbandela walabo abafake izicelo zezikhulu zokhetho ngo-2018 ukuthi abangenele ukhetho baphumelele kangakanani. babegqokile. Uthe lesi sigaba sisetshenziswe njengezaba zokwehlisa isibalo sabafundi abangaphenduleki kalula.โ Akwaziwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlolwa komlingiswa oyisikhohlakali kugqugquzelwe abakwa-K Street base-Washington.
Ukukhwabanisa kwenkinobho yokucindezela
Amarekhodi okuvota ase-Afghan ayisiphithiphithi, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukwakha โintando yabantu.โ U-SIGAR uphethe ngokuthi, โIrejista yabavoti kazwelonke yase-Afghanistan kanye nenqubo yokubhalisa abavoti ikhethekile sengozini yokuxhashazwa kanye nokuphatha budedenguโฆ Inani labavoti ababhalisile e-Afghanistan liphezulu ngendlela engalindelekile, uma kubhekwa inani labantu kanye nabavoti abancane ngemva nje kokubhalisa, okungenzeka okubonisa ukukhwabanisa kokubhalisa. Ukungenzi kahle kanye nokungabi bikho obala nakho kubukela phansi ukwethembeka kwerejista yabavoti.โ Kuleli zwe, kuqubuke izingxabano ezifundazweni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokhetho lwango-2020 ngezinsolo zokuthi indima yokuvota yombuso yayinenani elikhulu labavoti abangafanelekile noma abashonile ohlwini. IMichigan ibambezelekile ukususa 177,000 engasebenzi abavoti abavela ezindimeni zokuvota zombuso kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kwale nyanga futhi bathathe isinyathelo kuphela ngemuva kokuthi icala liphoqelele isandla sombuso.
Ukhetho lwase-Afghan belusungulwe ngokwezikhungo ngenxa yokuthi imithetho yokhetho ibilokhu ishintshashintsha. U-SIGAR waphawula, โMunye kuphela umthetho wokhetho wezwe owake washaywa yiphalamende; abanye babe izinqumo zikamongameli ezingakaze zidluliselwe ephalamende ukuze zicutshungulwe.โ Umbiko we-SIGAR ucaphune ochwepheshe bokhetho: โAmathuba okuba kube nokhetho oluthembekile ahambisana nezinga umbuso obusayo olawula ngalo ngokuqondile indikimba yokuphatha ukhetho.โ
IMelika igweme kakhulu izinkulumo-mpikiswano ezifanayo ngoba oFata Abasunguli bahlanganisa i- Isigaba somthetho sokhetho kuMthethosisekelo ocacisa ukuthi imithetho yokhetho lukahulumeni (umongameli kanye noKhongolose) โizonqunywa eSifundazweni ngasinye yisiShayamthetho saso.โ Ngeshwa, leso simiso somthethosisekelo sanyathelwa phansi ngonyaka odlule ezifundazweni eziningi. Isikhathi usanda kuveza "umlando oyimfihlo wokhetho lwango-2020" - "a i-cabal exhaswe kahle kwabantu abanamandlaโฆ besebenza ndawonye ngemuva ukuzeโฆ baguqule imithetho nemithethoโ ukuze โbaqiniseโ intando yeningi. Izikhulu zeDemocratic Party kanye nezikhulu zekhomishana yokhetho eziqokwe amaDemocrats zidelele umthetho wezwe ukuze zibhale kabusha imithetho yokhetho lwango-2020 ezifundazweni eziningi eziguqukayo.
Isifinyezo esifakwe eNkantolo Ephakeme ngoDisemba yisifunda saseTexas saphawula, โUNobhala Wezwe waseMichigan, uJocelyn Benson, ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho, unilaterally ichithwe Imithetho yokhetho lwase-Michigan ehlobene nezicelo zokuvota zabangekhoโ ngokuthumela โizicelo zevoti labangekho abangacelwanga ngeposi kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiwe baseMichigan abayizigidi ezingu-7.7โฆ ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa amasiginesha abavoti njengoba kudingwaโ ngokomthetho wezwe. Umthelela wakhula lapho izikhulu zeDemokhrasi esifundeni esinabantu abaningi kuzwelonke (kuhlanganise ne-Detroit) โzenza isinqumo senqubomgomo sokungazinaki izimfuneko zokuqinisekiswa kwesiginesha yaseMichigan zokuqinisekisa amavoti abantu abangekho.โ Kwenye indawo, i-Wisconsin Elections Commission igunyaze ukusethwa kokuthi 500 ukwehliswa kwamavoti angenamuntu amabhokisi emadolobheni amakhulu eDemokhrasi ephula umthetho we-Wisconsin.
Amajaji aqokwe ngokwepolitiki awuchithe ngempumelelo umthetho wezwe ngokugunyaza izinqubo ezintsha zokhetho ezifundazweni ezimbalwa. EPennsylvania, iNkantolo Ephakeme yesifunda yacela u-a umusho omhwamuko kumthethosisekelo wezwe - "Ukhetho luyoba mahhala futhi lulingane" - ukuthethelela ukungavunyelwa komthetho wezwe owenqabela ukubalwa kwamavoti angena ngemva koSuku Lokhetho; amajaji aze agunyaza ukuthi kufakwe namavoti afika sekwephuzile angenayo imaki. Isimiso esifanayo sachithwa ngoJanuwari 27 yinkantolo yesifunda saseVirginia yachitha isimemezelo seBhodi Lokhetho laseVirginia esivumela ukubalwa kwamavoti angeniswayo. wafika izinsuku ezintathu ngemva kokhetho ngaphandle kweposi.
Kwenye indawo embikweni, i-SIGAR iphawula ubunzima bokwakha intando yeningi esebenzayo lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zithola ngokusemthethweni ilayisense yokweba. Ngemva kokuqaphela ukufunjathiswa okukhulu osombusazwe abakukhokhela izikhulu zokhetho, u-SIGAR uyachaza: โIsizathu esisodwa abangenele ukhetho bangase bazimisele ukukhokha imali enjalo. amanani aphezulu ngoba izihlalo zephalamende zivikela izinhlanhla ezitholakale ngokungemthethoโฆ. Ngokuba ngamalungu ephalamende, bangakwazi ukufinyelela emithonjeni emisha yemali engenayo engekho emthethweni kanye nokuvikeleka ekushushisweni.โ Lelo phalamende liyindawo yokugcina emhlabeni ukufuna isifunda ukuze kube nokhetho oluqotho.
I-Afghanistan iphinde ikhombise ubungozi bokuvota ngekhompyutha. Njengoba omunye uchwepheshe wokhetho etshela uSIGAR, โAwukho umehluko phakathi kokugxiviza amavoti ayi-100 nokucindezela inkinobho kumshini kagesi. umshini wokuvota Izikhathi eziyi-100. โ UMongameli wase-Afghan u-Ashraf Ghani ukhiphe isinqumo sokuthi ukhetho lwango-2019 kumele luncike ekuvoteni ngogesi. Kodwa i-SIGAR yaphawula ukuthi ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi โakuzange kunciphise ukukhwabanisa kukonke; kwavele kwayisusa yayisa kwezinye izingxenye zomjikelezo wokhetho.โ Ukuzethemba ekuvoteni nge-elekthronikhi kwe-Afghan akuzange kusizwe imfihlo ezungeze isofthiwe nezinto zokusebenza. Ngemuva kokhetho lukamongameli lwango-2019, I-Independent Election Commission yase-Afghanistan yamemezela ukuthi ayikwazi โukwabelana ngolwaziโ mayelana nendlela amavoti abuyisana ngayo ngoba โusonkontileka, uDermalog, walawula lokho inqubo.โ U-SIGAR ucaphune ochwepheshe abaxwayisa ngokuthi โngenxa yokuthi ohulumeni bavame ukulawula amakhomishana okhetho nokuthengwa kobuchwepheshe bokhetho, basesimweni esihle sokubusebenzisa ukwenza ukukhwabanisa. Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe kungenza buthakathaka ikhono lamaqembu ezombusazwe kanye namaqembu aqaphayo ukuze abone ukukhwabanisa.โ
Ngenhlanhla, azikho izinkinga ezinjalo ezenzeka okhethweni lukamongameli wase-US ngonyaka odlule, njengoba kwaqinisekiswa amacala asanda kwedlula amadola ayizigidigidi zokwehliswa isithunzi afakwe yi-Dominion Voting Systems ngokumelene nabagxeki bayo. Kepha umbiko we-SIGAR uphawule ngokubhuqa, โIqiniso inhloso yokwamukela ubuchwepheshe bokhetho bungase bungabi bokunciphisa ukukhwabanisa, kodwa ukudala inkohliso yokwenza kanjalo.โ
Mhlawumbe isifundo sangempela sase-Afghan ukuthi ayikho "ingelosi eqaphile yentando yeningi." Osopolitiki abavumela izakhamizi ukuthi zivote akuqinisekisi ukuthi imiphumela yokhetho izoba semthethweni.. Uma ukukhwabanisa noma izinsolo zokukhwabanisa sezifinyelele izinga elithile, noma yibaphi abaphumelele ukhetho bazosolwa njengabaxhwali. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engu-15 yokhetho olunenkohlakalo e-Afghanistan iholele kuhulumeni omkhulu onokusekelwa okuncane noma okungekho okuthandwayo noma ukwethembeka. I-US Army colonel owathunyelwa izikhathi eziningana e-Afghanistan utshele i-SIGAR ukuthi kusukela ngo-2006, uhulumeni wase-Afghan "wayezihlelele." ku-kleptocracy.โ Izikhulu ebezintshontsha konke okunye azikaze zingabaze ukweba amavoti. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu sokuthi uhulumeni wase-Afghan engakaketulwa yiTaliban kungenxa yokuba khona kwebutho laseMelika.
Futhi sikhona isifundo emangeni angapheli izikhulu zikahulumeni wase-US eziwashilo ngentando yeningi yase-Afghan? Emhlanganweni oyimfihlo woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke wango-2015, uMongameli u-Obama uvumile ukuthi i-US ngeke โiguqule i-Afghanistan ibe izwe. ukufana yentando yeningi ekwazi ukuzivikela,โ the New York Times kubika. Kodwa lokho akuzange kumvimbe u-Obama ukuthi azigabise obala ngonyaka olandelayo ngokuthi amasosha ase-US namanxusa ayesesize i-Afghanistan โsetha uhulumeni wentando yeningi.โ Ngabe izikhulu zikahulumeni wase-US zithembeke kakhulu uma zikhuluma ngentando yeningi yaseMelika kunalapho zincoma amademokhrasi mbumbulu phesheya?
Akunandaba noma imaphi ama-tweets kaTrump aphikisayo, izinqubo zokhetho zase-US zihlala zithembeke kakhulu kunezase-Afghanistan. Kodwa ukhetho lwangonyaka odlule bekuwukhetho lwesine lukamongameli weMelika kusukela ngo-2000 olwathathwa njengolungcolile kakhulu. Ngesikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme ivota ngesonto eledlule ukuthi ingawalaleli amacala aphikisa izinguquko ngokungafanele ezinqubweni zokhetho zikahulumeni, uJaji Clarence Thomas waphikisa, โIsinqumo sokushiya umthetho wokhetho sifihlwe ngaphansi ukungabaza uyadida. Ngokungenzi lutho, simema okunye ukudideka nokuwohloka kokuzethemba kwabavoti.โ Ngeshwa, cishe akekho okhuluma ngengozi "ye-Afghanization" yentando yeningi yaseMelika.
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