Ukushintshwa kwamandla kusuka ezinsizeni ezisekelwe ezinsalela zokukhiqiza amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kuhamba kancane, futhi izingqungquthela eziningi zomhlaba mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule zehlulekile ukukhiqiza imiphumela ebifuneka. Uma sibheka izinto, izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi zizoba khona isikhathi eside, nakuba kunobufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuthi isintu siyanyakaza, njengoba isazi sezomnotho uRobert Pollin sikubeka, “ngokungaphezi sibheke kwalasha wesimo sezulu.”

Kodwa noma kunjalo, i-Green New Deal kanye nokulwela ikusasa elisimeme kakhudlwana akufile, kusho u-Pollin, ongomunye wosomnotho abahamba phambili emhlabeni. Engxoxweni ekhethekile ye Ngaphandle Okulandelayo, u-Pollin uphikisa ukuthi kunentuthuko eminingi enhle lapha e-U.S., kanye nase-Europe nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ukuphakamisa ukuthi ukulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu akukakalahleki. U-Pollin unguprofesa wezomnotho ovelele wasenyuvesi kanye nomqondisi we-Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts Amherst. Ungumbhali noma umbhali-munye wenani elikhulu lezincwadi nezindatshana zemfundo, kuhlanganisa Inkinga Yesimo Sezulu kanye Nesivumelwano Esisha Somhlaba Wonke (noNoam Chomsky kanye noC.J. Polychroniou, 2020) kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokushintsha umnotho oluhlaza ezifundazweni ezimbalwa zase-US (okuhlanganisa iCalifornia, Maine New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Washington kanye neWest Virginia) kanye namazwe ahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-U.S., India , iNingizimu Korea, iSpain, iBrazil, iNingizimu Afrika, ne-Indonesia.

C. J. Polychroniou: Bob, kubonakala sengathi sihlulwa ukulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. U-2022 uchazwe ngokuthi “unyaka lapho uguquko lwamandla luhamba khona”njengoba ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngonyaka odlule kulindeleke ukuthi kuqophe umlando kanti abeCopernicus Climate Change Service bathi ihlobo lika-2022 lalishisa kakhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu, okubangele ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-20,000. Khonamanjalo, enye ingqungquthela yesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele (COP 27) iphele ingekho inqubekelaphambili mayelana nezibaso ezimbiwa phansi. Kungani izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ziqhubeka nokuhlala zibalulekile emnothweni wembulunga yonke, futhi kungani uguquko lwamandla lubonakala luqhubeka ngesivinini somnenke?

URobert Pollin: Okokuqala nje, angicabangi ukuthi isimo samanje sokulwa nokufudumala komhlaba sifiphele njenge I-Forbes Magazine sidlulisa isihloko osicaphunayo. Yebo, kunobufakazi obuningi obubonisa ukuthi siyaqhubeka nokuhamba singayeki ukuya kwalasha wesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinto eziphikisanayo ezinhle ziye zavela onyakeni odlule. Lokhu kuphikisa akukakafaneli ukusiyisa endleleni esebenzayo yokusimamisa isimo sezulu. Kodwa sisadinga ukuzamukela lezi zintuthuko ukuze sakhe ngempumelelo kuzo.

Kodwa ake siqale ngokubona amaqiniso athile abuhlungu. Nazi izinkomba ezimbalwa ezivela embikweni weWorld Meteorological Organisation ka-2022, “Isimo Sesikhashana Sesimo Sezulu Somhlaba":

• Ukugxila kwamagesi amathathu amakhulu abamba ukushisa - i-carbon dioxide, i-methane ne-nitrous oxide - kufinyelele izinga eliphezulu ngo-2021, nobufakazi bokuqala obuthola ukuthi lo mkhuba okhuphukayo waqhubeka ngo-2022.
• Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lomhlaba wonke lika-2015-2022 kungenzeka kube iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili eshisa kakhulu emlandweni.
• Izinga lokushisa e-U.K. lifinyelele ku-105° Fahrenheit okokuqala ngqa kwirekhodi, kuyilapho izifundazwe ezintathu zaseJalimane zabona ihlobo lazo elome kakhulu emlandweni.
• Amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile nsuku zonke agcinwa ngaphezu kuka-110° F phakathi negagasi lokushisa eNdiya ngoMeyi odlule, kuyilapho izikhukhula zeziphepho ePakistan ngoJulayi nango-August zakhukhula cishe amaphesenti angu-9 omhlaba wonke wezwe.

A Washington Post isihloko sangoJulayi odlule esinesihloko esithi “I-Heatwave Ebulalayo YaseNdiya Maduze Izoba Iqiniso Lomhlaba Wonke” kubika ukuthi,

Njengoba isimo sezulu sifudumala, izimo ezake zaba khona kuma-sauna kuphela kanye nemigodi yemigodi ejulile ngokushesha ziba ngokoqobo endaweni evulekile kumakhulu ezigidi zabantu, abangenakho ukubalekela ku-air conditioning noma ezindaweni ezipholile. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa ngokushisa okumswakama okungaphezu kuka-95° F - isilinganiso esaziwa ngokuthi izinga lokushisa le-bulb emanzi - ngisho nabantu abanempilo enomthunzi namanzi angenamkhawulo bazofa ngenxa yokushisa. Kulabo abenza umsebenzi womzimba, umkhawulo useduze no-88° F noma ngaphansi ngisho nangaphansi.

Kuze kube manje, umshayeli omkhulu wokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke ukushisa amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi - uwoyela, amalahle negesi yemvelo - ukukhiqiza amandla. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wokuqala nobaluleke kakhulu wokulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga kufanele kube, ngokumane, ukuyeka ukushisa amafutha, amalahle kanye negesi yemvelo ukukhiqiza amandla. Forbes Kuyiqiniso ukuthi u-2022 ulethe uchungechunge lwezingqinamba ezilimazayo kuleli cala. Okokuqala nje, ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine kwaholela ekusweleni kukawoyela negesi, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, okuncike kakhulu ezintweni zaseRussia. Lokhu kushoda kwempahla kwenze ukuthi izikhondlakhondla zikawoyela zikhuphule amanani futhi zithole inzuzo engakaze ibonwe. Eqinisweni, njengoba kuye kwabikwa kabanzi, izinkampani zikawoyela eziyisithupha ezinkulu zaseNtshonalanga - i-ExxonMobil, i-Chevron, i-Shell, i-BP, i-Equinor ne-Total - yenziwe. U-$200 wezigidigidi enzuzweni ngo-2022, ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi unyaka odlule emlandweni wale mboni.

Izinkampani zikawoyela, ngamanye amazwi, zinedili njengoba umhlaba usha. Ingabe kufanele simangale ukuthi i-Wall Street ibhalise ukugunyazwa kwayo okuqinile? Ngakho, i Izikhathi Zezezimali kubika ukuthi, “U.S. I-ExxonMobil enkulu, eye yamelana nengcindezi yokukhipha ikhabhoni ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye indawo enkulu yamandla, yenyusa ukukhiqizwa ngo-2022 futhi amasheya ayo akhule ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-50 ngonyaka njengoba athola inzuzo engama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-55.7.” Bese kuba nodaba lwe-BP, uwoyela omkhulu owawuhambe kakhulu phambilini ekuzibophezeleni kwawo ekukhipheni ikhabhoni. Kodwa lezo zibopho zaphuma ngefasitela ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamathuba enzuzo. I Izikhathi Zezezimali yaphawula ukuthi lesi sinqumo “sivuse ulaka oluvela kuzazi zemvelo … nokho imakethe yagunyaza. Amasheya e-BP akhule ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayishumi emahoreni angu-10 alandelayo, afinyelela izinga lawo eliphakeme eminyakeni engu-48 ½.”

Amalahle aphinde avuselelwa ngo-2022. Lokhu kungenxa yengxenye yokushoda kwegesi yemvelo okwadalwa yimpi yase-Ukraine eYurophu. Kodwa ukwanda okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwamalahle akubanga ngenxa yempi, kodwa kunalokho ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa eNdiya ikakhulukazi eChina. I-China manje yenza cishe Amaphesenti angu-50 akho konke ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle emhlabeni jikelele.

Lezi zenzakalo ziholele isikhulu esiphezulu sakwaChevron uMike Wirth ukuba asho ngokunqoba ukuthi, “Iqiniso liwukuthi [uphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi] yilokho okusebenza emhlabeni namuhla. Izophatha umhlaba kusasa neminyaka emihlanu kusukela manje, eminyakeni eyi-10 kusukela manje, eminyakeni engama-20 kusukela manje.” Kuthiwani uma i-Wirth ilungile? Khona-ke ngokuqinisekile sisondela eduze kwalasha wesimo sezulu ngokuhambisana ngqo noMike Wirths womhlaba ozibandakanya nenzuzo kaphethiloli.

Phakathi kwalokhu, kukuphi lapho singabona khona intuthuko ephawulekayo emihle? Singaqala e-U.S., ngokushaywa koMthetho Wokuncishiswa Kwamandla Emali (IRA) ngo-Agasti odlule. Umthetho uqanjwe kabi ngamabomu. Ikakhulukazi kuyisinyathelo sokuhambisa izimali ezinkulu ekutshalweni kwezimali zamandla ahlanzekile. Kodwa abaphathi be-Biden abakwazanga ukukhangisa ngokukhululekile leli qiniso ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusekelwa nguSeniyela waseWest Virginia uJoe Manchin. Kunoma yikuphi, ngenxa yokuphasa kwe-IRA, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamandla ahlanzekile kwakhuphuka ngokushesha ezinyangeni ezintathu zokugcina ze-2022 kuya ku-$ 40 billion, elingana nezinga eliphelele lokutshalwa kwezimali okunjalo kuwo wonke u-2021. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lale mali entsha yokutshala imali ibilokhu igeleza emazweni aphethwe yiRiphabhulikhi, lapho, Wall Street Journal wabonisa, alikho nelilodwa ilungu le-Republican leCongress elivotele lo mthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphesenti amakhulu emisebenzi emisha edalwa yilokhu kutshalwa kwezimali, okuhlanganisa nezifunda ezibuswa yiRiphabhulikhi, kubekelwe amalungu enyunyana.

Ngamafuphi, iqiniso elisha eliyisisekelo lingase livele ku-IRA: ukuthi abantu abasebenzayo bazoqala ukubona ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamandla aluhlaza kungaba injini enkulu yokudala imisebenzi emihle yezinyunyana, ezifundazweni ezibomvu njengasezifundazweni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lona umqondo oyinhloko ngemuva kwe-Green New Deal, njengoba isithuthukisiwe e-U.S. iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ngamaqembu amahle kakhulu njengeLabour Network for Sustainability, iBlueGreen Alliance kanye ne-Reimagine Appalachia. Uma leli phuzu liqashelwa kabanzi, lingaletha amazinga angakaze abonwe okusekelwa Kwedili Entsha Yomhlaba Wonke. Isibonelo, kungasho ukuthi, ngokuphambene nenhlangano Yellow Vest eyavela e-France ngo-2018 igcizelela ukuthi ubulungiswa bezomnotho bubekwe eqhulwini phezu kobulungiswa besimo sezulu, i-Green New Deal yomhlaba wonke izoqondwa njengendlela yokwenza ubulungiswa bezomnotho kanye nokunyakaza kobulungiswa besimo sezulu. ingaba munye.

Kuphinde kwaba nentuthuko enkulu enhle e-Europe onyakeni odlule, ephendule ekuwohlokeni kokuhanjiswa kukawoyela negesi yaseRussia ngokwandisa kakhulu izinyathelo zokonga amandla kanye nokusheshisa ukukhishwa kwelanga, umoya, nokunye okuvuselelekayo. Ngakho, ngo-2022 okokuqala, amandla elanga nawomoya kuhlangene ikhiqize ugesi omningi eYurophu kunamalahle noma igesi. Ukuqhubekela phambili, i-European Commission yenza uhlelo lwayo lwe-REPowerEU ngemuva kokuhlasela kweRussia. Umgomo wayo “ukwanda okukhulu kwezinto ezivuselelekayo, kanye nokufakwa kukagesi ngokushesha nokushintshwa kokushisa okusekelwe kuphethiloli embonini, ezakhiweni nasemkhakheni wezokuthutha.” Okuhlosiwe ukuthi okuvuselelekayo kuhlinzeke ngamaphesenti angama-45 awo wonke amandla e-Europe ngo-2030. Lokho kungasho ukuthi ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ingxenye yamanje engamaphesenti angama-22 evuselelwayo yawo wonke amandla okunikezwa kwamandla eminyakeni eyi-6 ½ kuphela.

Akucaci ukuthi lezi zinhloso zizofezwa ngempela. Kuze kube manje, izinga lokuxhaswa kwe-EU ngemuva kwe-REPowerEU alihambisani nenkulumo, cishe kuphela amaphesenti angu-0.2 we-EU GDP minyaka yonke ngo-2027. Kodwa lapha futhi, iphuzu kufanele libe sobala kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamandla aluhlaza kuzoba injini ukwandisa amathuba emisebenzi kanye nokukhuphula izinga lokuphila labasebenzi - ngamanye amazwi, enye indlela ecacile yezomnotho obunzima obusa kakhulu eYurophu namuhla. Njengoba leli phuzu lishona phansi, izinga lokusekelwa kwezombusazwe lokuxhasa ngezimali i-REPowerEU emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu lingakhula ngokufanayo.

Ukukhethwa kuka-Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ngo-Okthoba, okwambuyisela ehhovisi likamongameli wase-Brazil, ngokungangabazeki bekuyintuthuko yesithathu enhle kakhulu onyakeni odlule. Umanduleli kaLula, uJair Bolsonaro, wayezimisele ngokucekela phansi ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon ukuze avule indawo yezolimo nezimayini. Ngaphandle kokushisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ukuze uthole amandla, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kungamandla amakhulu abangela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. ULula uzibophezele ekumiseni ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuvikela i-Amazon. Kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi ukuzibophezela kukaLula ngalolu daba kuzohlolwa, ngesizathu esilula ukuthi inzuzo enkulu ingenziwa ngokucekela phansi ihlathi lemvula.

Ukunqoba kukaLula okhethweni kufanele manje kuqiniswe ukwanda okukhulu kokwesekwa kwezimali kokuvikelwa kwamahlathi e-Brazil nakwezinye izindawo, futhi ngokuvamile, kumaphrojekthi we-Green New Deal e-Global South. Lokhu akukenzeki kuze kube manje, noma kunjalo izithembiso ezenziwa amazwe anothile engqungqutheleni yesimo sezulu yakamuva kaNovemba eGibhithe. Kafushane, ukunqoba kukaLula, kanye nokukhushulwa ngokushesha kokutshalwa kwezimali kwamandla ahlanzekile kanye nemisebenzi e-U.S. naseYurophu, kudinga ukwamukelwa njengentuthuko enkulu enhle. Kodwa kusekude ukuthi sinqobe iphrojekthi yebhizinisi eqhubekayo yokucekela phansi iplanethi egameni lenzuzo.

Kunokugcizelela okwandayo esidingweni samasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi yokufudumala komhlaba. Akufanele yini kube nokukhathazeka ngokushintsha inqubomgomo yesimo sezulu igxile ekunciphiseni iye ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo?

Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhambisana nesimo sezulu kuyisidingo esiphelele. Ake sibuyele ekushiseni okunonya ngentwasahlobo edlule eNdiya. Enye indlela esobala yokuvikela abantu ngesikhathi samagagasi okushisa iwukuba nesipholile emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, amaphesenti angu-8 kuphela emindeni yaseNdiya manje enamayunithi okupholisa umoya. Isimo emazweni amaningi omhlaba asihlukile kangako kunelaseNdiya. Inkinga yesimo sezulu yenze ukufinyelela ku-air conditioning - kanye nogesi oshibhile okhiqizwa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ukunika amandla amayunithi - isidingo.

Ngokuvamile, i-Green New Deal yomhlaba wonke kufanele ihlanganise uhla lwezivikelo eziqinile emiphumeleni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kubandakanya ukwandisa kakhulu izindawo zokugcina ezitholakalayo zokudla, imbewu namanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zakhiwo ngokwazo zivikelekile ngokuqinile ezenzakalweni zesimo sezulu. Kumelwe futhi ibandakanye ingqalasizinda yokulawulwa kwesidingo samanzi, okuhlanganisa - lapho engase yethulwe khona ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo yendawo - izindonga zolwandle, amadamu, umthamo wokumpompa, umgwaqo ohamba ngezinyawo kanye nezimila eziningi eziphazamisa amanzi. Izakhiwo ezikhona ezindaweni ezisengozini kufanele zifakwe kabusha ukuze zifake izindonga ezivikelayo kanye nophahla oluluhlaza ukuze zibhekane nakho kokubili amanzi emvula nokushisa. Izakhiwo ezintsha ezindaweni ezisengozini kufanele zakhiwe ngezisekelo eziphakeme noma phezu kwezingodo. Ukulima okuphilayo nakho kunikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukulima ngemvelo kuphumelela kakhulu kunezolimo zezimboni ekugcineni amanzi atholakalayo, kusetshenziswa lawo manzi ngokuyimpumelelo, kanye nokunciphisa ukuguguleka komhlabathi. Izivuno zezitshalo nazo ziba phezulu ngokulima okuphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo zesomiso nezinye izinhlobo zokucindezeleka.

Ngaphezu kwenzuzo yeBig Oil eqopha umlando ngo-2022, ukwehla kukaphethiloli emhlabeni wonke kuphindeke kabili, kusuka cishe ku-$500 billion kuya ku-$1 trillion ngo-2022.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuvikela ngokomzimba, abantu nemiphakathi badinga ukufinyelela kumshwalense wezezimali osebenzayo futhi othengekayo ngokumelene nomonakalo wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuvamile, ukuvikela abantu emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzobiza imali. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi imali yokulungisa isimo kufanele ibonakale njengokuncintisana nezimali zokunciphisa. Zombili ziyizidingo eziphelele. Akunjalo futhi sengathi ayikho imali etholakalayo. Ngaphezu kwenzuzo yeBig Oil ephula irekhodi ngo-2022, uphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni wonke usuphindeke kabili, kusukela cishe ku-$500 billion kuya ku-$1 trillion ngo-2022. ngemuva i-Glasgow Climate Pact yango-2021 izibophezele ekuqedeni lolu xhaso. Kokubili ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuncishiswa nokujwayela kuzozikhokhela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuvikela kokubili abasebenzi, ingqalasizinda ebonakalayo kanye nokudla namanzi, ngokwandisa amathuba emisebenzi, nangokuletha amandla ashibhile nathembeke kakhulu. Konke lokhu ngaphezu kwalokho, yiqiniso, ukuhlinzeka ngesenzo sobuntu kuphela lapho sibhekene nenkinga yesimo sezulu.

Kunokukhathazeka okukhulayo phakathi kwabalondolozi bemvelo ukuthi ukulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ukuze kuphephiswe ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngaphandle kwesizinda esibanzi semvelo. Isibonelo, kuyaphikiswa ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu akuwona umshayeli oyinhloko wokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ingabe ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kungasingathwa ndawonye?

Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kungasingathwa ndawonye ngokwezinga elikhulu, ngisho noma kungekho ukunqwabelanisa okukodwa phakathi kwakho ngokwemibandela yezimbangela noma izixazululo. Isizathu esisodwa esikhulu sokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zezilwane ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokungenelwa kwabantu okuhlobene, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisele ngokukhula kwemvamisa nokuqina kwamagagasi okushisa, isomiso nezikhukhula. Ngokujwayelekile, a Ucwaningo lwe-2018 yi-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) yathola ukuthi ama-degree Celsius amabili okufudumala angabeka engcupheni “ukushintsha kwezinhlobo zezilwane ziye ezindaweni eziphakeme, ukulimala kwemvelo (isb., izixhobo zamakhorali, nemihlume, utshani basolwandle nezinye imvelo yamaxhaphozi), ukulahlekelwa umkhiqizo wokudoba. (emazingeni aphansi) kanye nezinguquko kumakhemikhali olwandle (isb., ukugcwala kwe-asidi ... kanye nezindawo ezifile.” Isazi semvelo uPamela McElwee ngokuqhubekayo amanothi ukuthi “uma sifinyelela emazingeni angu-2° C, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-18 ezinambuzane, amaphesenti angu-16 ezitshalo, namaphesenti angu-8 ezilwane ezinomgogodla azolahlekelwa ngaphezu kwengxenye yohlu lwazo lwezindawo, futhi ukushabalala kwendawo kuqinisekile.” Isixazululo lapha siqondile: ungavumeli ukufudumala kwembulunga kweqe umkhawulo ongu-2° C noma, ngaleyo ndaba, umkhawulo oqinile ongu-1.5° C i-IPCC manje egcizelela ukuthi uyadingeka.

Kodwa futhi kuwukuthi, njengoba ucwaningo lwango-2021 lwe-IPCC lwagcizelela, “izinyathelo ezisekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe ezisebenza ngempumelelo ekudambiseni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu zingase zibe usongo olukhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.” Isibonelo, lolu cwaningo lwe-IPCC luchaza ukuthi ukwanda kwesidingo samaminerali adingekayo ezinjinini zomoya, amaphaneli elanga, izinjini zezimoto zikagesi namabhethri kungaveza kanjani imithelela emibi kakhulu ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni kanye nasezilwandle, ngezinga lapho ukumbiwa olwandle kuba umthombo omkhulu omusha. yezimpahla zamaminerali. Ezinye izixazululo lapha zisobala ngesikhathi esisodwa kodwa kunzima ukuzifinyelela. Kuhlanganisa nokwandisa kakhulu uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwezimbiwa lapho kukhula khona isidingo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe emikhakheni yamandla avuselelekayo lapho izidingo zezimbiwa zingenamandla kakhulu, kanye nokugcizelela ekuqineni. izidingo zemvelo nezenhlalakahle emisebenzini yezimayini.

Ngamanye amazwi, izinselelo zokuqhubekisela phambili uhlaka olusebenzayo lokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo zinkulu kakhulu. Kodwa asinayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokwakha inhlangano ekwaziyo ukubhekana nalezi zinselelo.

 

 

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