Ngabe amaPalestine azokwenzani e-UN ngoSepthemba? Lo mbuzo ubonakala ukhathaza iWashington kanye neTel Aviv njengoba belungiselela ukuvimba imizamo yasePalestine yokuthola ukuqashelwa kwe-UN, njengokungathi wona kanye umqondo waleso senzo umele uhlobo lokungahloniphi kwezombusazwe olufanele ukwenqatshwa okunzima kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukulandisa okusangulukile kwabantu basePalestine ngalokho abangase bakulindele ohambweni oluya ku-UN akwenzanga okuncane ukudambisa ifu elimnyama lokusola eligqugquzelwa kuma-akhawunti avamile. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngezinkomba zenkinga yababaleki umsuka wayo ovame ukugubuzelwa ukuhlanekezelwa uma kungamane kususwe. Inhlanganisela inikezwa njalo ngabakwaWashington kanye neTel Aviv njengobufakazi obengeziwe bemizamo 'yokwenza igunya' izwe lakwa-Israel. Kuyavunywa ngokombono wabo, ukuvulwa kwezingxoxo zale mibuzo akwamukelekile ngoba kuyingozi, ingozi umphakathi waseMelika ongathola ngayo ukuthi izinkinga eziwumsuka wokwesaba okukhulu okusongayo ngoSepthemba azintsha. Bebeyingxenye yombango wePalestine okungenani kusukela ngo-1948, kanjalo ne-USA

Kwakungo-1948 hhayi ngo-1967 lapho 'ubudlelwano obukhethekile' phakathi kwe-US ne-Israel baqala khona. Lobo budlelwano, kusukela ekuqaleni, bakhiwe esimweni esibanzi sezithakazelo zikawoyela waseWashington kanye nokuhambisana nezifiso zamasosha eSaudi Arabia naseMiddle East ngokujwayelekile. Izikhulu zaseMelika zabona ngokusobala ukuthi iPalestine yayiyingxenye engenakuhlukaniswa yalokhu. Ngo-1948 base bebhalwe ukuthi bazibophezele ku-UN Partition Plan nakuba bexwayile imiphumela yodlame olwandayo ePalestine ezithakazelweni zase-US. Lokho kuxwaya kukhuphuke ngokulingana ngqo nokusheshisa ukungqubuzana okukhiqizwa yi-UNGA Res. 181 kanye nohlelo lwayo lokuhlukanisa iPalestine, okuholele ekutheni izikhulu zaseMelika zicele ukuthi kubuyekezwe lo mbuzo.

Okulandelayo i-akhawunti efushanisiwe yalokho okwaholela kuleli phuzu futhi kude nalo, isikhathi lapho owayenguMongameli uTruman kanye neqembu elikhethekile elenza inqubomgomo babhekana ne-Jewish Agency for Palestine izinqubomgomo zokwandisa kanye nokuhlasela kwayo okunobudlova kwabasePalestina kanye nePalestina kanye ne Ukwenqatshwa kwama-Arab kokuhlukaniswa. Irekhodi lalicacile mayelana nemvelo yezimbangela ezimbi kakhulu zokungqubuzana okuqhubekayo, kuhlanganise nezimo ezaholela enkingeni yababaleki, eyagxekwa yiWashington - okungenani ngokusobala. Lena ingxenye yomlando okuxoxwa ngayo emakhasini alandelayo. Okunye, engikuchaze kwenye indawo, [1] ukuthi izikhulu zase-US zaphetha ngokuthi ukunqoba kwamandla ka-Israel, iWashington yakhala ngokuthi akwanele ukuthula isikhathi eside, kwakwanele ukuvikela izintshisekelo ze-US. Izinqubomgomo eziwumphumela zaphakamisa ukwesekwa kwababaleki basePalestine kanye nomzamo wokunqanda ukwanda kwe-Israel.

Njengoba usuku lokusuka kweBrithani ePalestine njengoba kusondela Amandla Abalulekile, izinga lokungezwani lakhula ngokusobala e-White House, naphakathi kwe-White House kanye neminyango kahulumeni eyahlukene (uMnyango Wezwe, kuhlanganise nabasebenzi bawo bokuHlelwa Kwenqubomgomo, uMnyango Wezokuvikela I-CIA, kanye nethimba lase-US ku-UN. Ukwesaba okukhulu kwakuwukuthi izinxushunxushu zazizokwehlela ePalestine njengoba umbuso wamakoloni wawuphuma, ngezingozi ezisobala ezithakazelweni zase-US eMpumalanga Yase-Arab lapho ukuvunyelwa kukawoyela waseSaudi okulawulwa yi-US kwabhebhethekisa Uhlelo lweMarshall.

Yini okwakumelwe yenziwe? Ebusika bango-1948 izikhulu zoMnyango Wezwe Nezokuvikela zavumelana ngokuthi ukwanda kwezingxabano kwakungeke kusashaywa indiva njengoba izikhulu zase-US kanye nezamazwe ngamazwe zazifakaza ngemiphumela yako elimazayo. Izikhulu zaseMelika ePalestine bezilokhu zithumela imibiko yodlame olwandayo kanye nokudlondlobala kwezingxabano phakathi kwamabutho amaJuda eHagana, Irgun kanye neStern Gang, ukunyakaza kwayo iHagana engakwazi ukuyilawula noma eyavuma. Baphinde batshelwa ngobutha babaholi basePalestine nabama-Arab mayelana nokuhlukaniswa, kodwa baqaphela ukuthi amandla abo ezempi ayengafani ne-Yishuv, umphakathi wamaJuda wasePalestine, ngokuphambene nenganekwane yakamuva kaDavide noGoliyati.

EPalestine, amabutho ama-Arab ahlasela izindawo zokuhlala zamaJuda ngenxa yalokho i-Irgun yaziphindiselela. Ngokusho kokudalulwa okushicilelwe nguNobhala Kazwelonke wakwa-Israel we-Mapam kanye noMqondisi woMnyango Wezindaba Zama-Arab ngo-1987, "i-Irgun yasebenzisa ibhomu yemoto ukuqhumisa isikhungo sikahulumeni eJaffa, kwashona izakhamuzi zase-Arab ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, " batshala iziqhumane eSangweni laseJaffa eJerusalema, kwabulawa ezinye izakhamuzi ezingama-Arab ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Kwacaca iphethini, ngoba esimweni ngasinye ama-Arab aziphindiselela, kwase kuba amaHagana - kuyilapho ehlala egxeka izenzo ze-Irgun kanye ne-LEHI - 'ukuphindiselela' okuvuthayo."[2]

Ngokwencwadi yezenzakalo ka-January 1948 kaDavid Ben-Gurion, “inhloso yesu [lamabutho amaJuda] kwakuwukucekela phansi imiphakathi yasemadolobheni, okwakuyizigaba ezihleleke kakhulu neziqaphela kakhulu ezombangazwe zabantu basePalestine.”[3] Umphumela waba ukuthi kwaba "ukuwa nokuzinikela kwe-Haifa, Jaffa, Tiberias, Safed, Acre, Beit-Shan, Lydda, Ramleh, Majdal, neBeersheba. Incishwa izinto zokuhamba, ukudla, nezinto zokusetshenziswa, imiphakathi yasemadolobheni yabhekana nenqubo yokuhlakazeka, izinxushunxushu, nendlala, eyabaphoqa ukuba bazinikele.

Umthelela wezikhulu zaseMelika ePalestine wawudabukisa. I-Consul eJerusalema yavuma ukuthi “noma imaphi amathemba okungenzeka sasinawo okuthi iziphazamiso ezilandela isinqumo se-UN zazimelela isigaba esidlulayo, nokuthi izikhathi zokuthula ezengeziwe zizobuya maduze, manje asechithiwe.”[4] Inani labashonile labikwa. sebefinyelele ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, abalimele kabili kuleso sibalo. Mayelana nohulumeni wasePalestine owawusalawulwa yiBrithani, “wawusesimeni sokuhlakazeka,” ngokuphazamiseka kwezinsiza eduze namahhovisi kahulumeni okuyinkomba yokungabikho kokubambisana phakathi kwama-Arabhu namaJuda. Izinhlelo zokuvakashelwa kweKhomishana ye-UN futhi ihlole isimo bekukhulunywa ngakho. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-Consul yase-US yaqinisekisa, "izikhulu zamaJuda zithi azingabazi ngekhono lazo lokumisa umbuso wazo," noma ukuvikela umugqa phakathi kwe-Haifa-Tel Aviv, ngokungafani neMpumalanga Galilee neNegev, kanye nekusasa lezwe. AmaJuda angu-100,000 5 eJerusalema ayekhathazeke ngawo.[XNUMX] Inxusa lase-US laphetha ngokusobala ukuthi akukho ukuhlasela kwama-Arab, noma ukungabaza kwe-UN noma kwe-US mayelana nentuthuko eqhubekayo ngeke kuyiguqule ngokuyisisekelo inhloso ye-Jewish Agency.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, uDean Rusk, owayenguMqondisi weHhovisi Lezindaba ze-UN ngaleso sikhathi, wathumela imemorandamu kuNobhala Wombuso, u-Robert Lovett, ehlongoza "Ukushintshela Esimeni Esisha EPalestine," lokho kwakusho ukucutshungulwa kabusha kokuhlukaniswa. Iphimbo lakhe kwakungelona yedwa. UGeorge F. Kennan wayesenesikhathi eside engabaza ngemithwalo iWashington eyayiyithatha ekwamukeleni ukwahlukanisa. UGeorge C. Marshall, uRobert Lovett, noWarren Austin babezazi kahle izingozi, njengoba kwakunjalo neCIA eyayisanda kumiswa eyanikeza ukuhlolwa kwesimo sonke sasePalestine ixwayisa iWashington ngezikhundla ezingahambelani zama-Arabhu namaJuda. Abokuqala, i-Ejensi yamemezela, babehlanganisa futhi bazophikisana nokwakhiwa kombuso wasePalestine ngaphansi kohlaka loHlelo Lokuhlukanisa; i-Yishuv ayikwazanga ukulawula amaqembu ashibhile njenge-Irgun ne-Stern Gang. Lezi zindaba zazibuhlungu, ngaphandle kokuthi i-CIA yabona ukuthi amaSaudis ayengazimisele ukuxosha izinkontileka zikawoyela zase-US.

Ngokuqondene neJewish Agency, iphendule ezindabeni zokuthi iWashington icabanga ukubuyisela umbuzo wasePalestine kuNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ngokuhlanganisa abasekeli bayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhloko yeJewish Agency e-US yakha isu elisha nelifisa ukuvelela elibandakanya ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obuseduze nezithakazelo zikawoyela zaseMelika.

Kwelinye izinga, izikhulu zase-US zazama ukunqamula isiphithiphithi sase-Palestine ngokufinyelela kulabo abahlonzwe njengama-Arab moderates kanye nozakwabo abangamaJuda, bekhomba kubameli be-Arab-Jewish bi-nationalism kanye nabasekeli bezwe elibumbene lasePalestine elizoqaphela. amalungelo amancane kumaJuda.

Emhlanganweni noNobhala Wezwe uMarshall ekuqaleni kukaMeyi 1948, uJudah Magnes, uRabi Wezinguquko owazalelwa e-United States noMongameli we-Hebrew University, wanxusa uNobhala Wezwe ukuba asebenzise unswinyo lwezezimali ngokumelene ne-Yishuv ngomzamo wokunqanda impi yayo. imisebenzi, eqiniseka ngokuthi ngenxa yalokho, “umshini wempi wamaJuda ePalestine uzoma ngenxa yokuntuleka kukaphethiloli wezezimali.”[6] UMagnes watusa ukuba iminikelo yezimali ezifundazweni zama-Arab inqanyulwe nayo.

Azikho izinqubomgomo ezinjalo ezethulwa noma zicatshangelwe. NgoMashi isinqumo senziwe sokuncoma ukumiswa okuphuthumayo komlilo, isivumelwano sokuthula kanye ne-trusteship ukuze i-Palestine isetshenziswe ngokushesha ngemva kokuhamba kweBrithani. Impendulo yaba ukwenqatshwa ngokuphelele yi-Jewish Agency, eyagxeka lokho eyayikubheka njengokukhaphela kweWashington ukuzibophezela kwayo ekuhlukaniseni, futhi yaqhubeka nokuhlela ukusungulwa kukahulumeni wesikhashana ePalestine. Ngasohlangothini lwama-Arab, umbuzo wokuvala isivumelwano wawuthathwa njengowamukelekile, ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi wawusho ukwenqaba okusemthethweni kweWashington ukwahlukanisa, okwakungenjalo.

Izikhulu zase-US ezikwazi ukuvula kabusha ingxoxo yokuhlukanisa zasakaza uhlaka olumayelana ne-trusteeship okwakungafanele lwaziswe esidlangalaleni emishini yase-US eParis, eLondon naseMiddle East. Kepha ukusakazwa kwayo kuhambisane nokubhebhetheka kwezimo ePalestine, njengoba iConsul yase-US yabika ngeqhaza lika-Irgun esibhicongweni samadoda, abesifazane nezingane basePalestine edolobhaneni laseDeir Yassin, nokuxoshwa nokubaleka kwamaPalestine eHaifa kanye. bese kuba yiJaffa, phakathi kwezinye izindawo.

E-Washington, izindaba zonya zisize nje ukwandisa ukukhathazeka ngokusuka kweBrithani okuseduze njengoba ukuphikiswa kokusekelwa kukaTruman kwe-trusteeship kwanda. Imibono ixubene kulokhu. Ezinye izikhulu zaphikisana ngokuthi kwakungabalulekile uma kubhekwa ukuthi izwe lamaJuda lalikhona kukho konke ngaphandle kwegama futhi ukubambezeleka ukuqashelwa kwalo kuzonikeza iSoviet Union ithuba elihle ePalestine naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, njengoba kwakubhalwe phansi njengokusekela ukuhlukana kanye nezwe kwaziwa ngokulandela. Abanye, futhi bahlanganisa noNobhala Wezwe kanye Nonobhala Ongaphansi, bagcizelela ukuthi ukuze i-US ihloniphe izwe lamaJuda ngenkathi i-US kanye ne-UN basekurekhodiwe ukweseka isivumelwano, ne-US kuKhomishini Yezokuvikela, kanye ne-UNGA Partition. Isinqumo sisasebenza, empeleni, iWashington izoba sesimweni esingamukeleki. UMarshall kanye nophiko loMnyango WezoMbuso abasebenza ePalestine babevumelana ngokuthi iWashington kufanele ihlale igxilile ekusekeleni isivumelwano sokuthula kanye nokubathemba, ngolwazi lokuthi lokho kwaklanywa njengesixazululo sesikhashana kuphela, ngaleyo ndlela kungavimbeli ukusekelwa kwesikhathi esizayo kombuso wamaJuda. Kepha lokhu akuzange kuqede ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwezikhulu zoMnyango Wezwe nabanye, njengoClark Clifford, umeluleki wezomthetho kaTruman kanye nomunye wabeluleki bakhe abamethembayo ezindabeni zasePalestine, okwafika kwanda ngoMeyi 12, ezinsukwini ngaphambi kokuthi u-Israyeli ahambe ayomemezela ukuzimela kwakhe. ukuhamba kwamaNgisi. Eqinisweni, uClifford wakhuthaza inhloko yeJewish Agency ukuthi ithathe lesi sinyathelo, emyala ngokuthi angasenza kanjani isimemezelo esizonikezwa uMongameli wase-US, encoma ukuthi sihlelwe ngokuhambisana nokuhambisana kwayo ne-UN Partition Plan yango-1947, iseluleko. okuyinto u-Ben-Gurion aqhubeka eyishaya indiva lapho kufaneleka ukuthi afune okuhlukile.

UBen-Gurion kamuva wakhumbula lesi sikhathi futhi wathi:

"Senza njengoba senza ngoba sasingabaza ukuthi uMarshall wayezimisele yini ukusebenzisa amabutho ayewamele ukuze avimbele ukusungulwa koMbuso wakwa-Israel. UMbuso wamiswa ngokumelene noMarshall, futhi iButho LaseMelika alizange lisetshenziswe ngokumelene nathi. ngabe, uMbuso ubuzobhujiswa ngaso leso sikhathi. Nokho, kwenzeka okuphambene kakhulu; i-United States yanikeza uMbuso Wakwa-Israel ngokushesha ukuqashelwa okuyiwonawona ...."[7]

Ukuhlola kukaBen-Gurion kunanelwe ngabanye ababekholelwa ngokufanayo ukuthi iWashington yayingeke iveze obala isikhundla seJewish Agency. Umthelela weMpi Yezwe Yesibili kanye nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe wawungenakulibaleka; futhi ubungako bokwesekwa kombuso wamaJuda e-US Kodwa kwaba nokunye ukucatshangelwa okwathwala isisindo emibuthanweni yokwenza inqubomgomo njengoba ukubuyekezwa kombuzo wasePalestine ngo-1948 kwembulwa. Labo ababephikisa ngaphambilini noma, okungenani, ababengabaza imiphumela yokuhlukaniswa kwenqubomgomo yase-US, manje sebephinde bacubungula futhi banquma ukuthi umbuso omusha ungaba usizo ekuvikelweni kwezintshisakalo zase-US, ngokungafani namazwe ama-Arab asemuva naphansi ngokwezempi.

Umufi waphonswa kodwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga eziqhubekayo, kuhlanganise nesimo sababaleki basePalestine.

Uhulumeni omusha wakwa-Israel wamemezela isimo sawo enkingeni yababaleki ngoJulayi 1948, lapho ememezela ukuthi akuyena obangela inkinga yababaleki, egcizelela ukuthi ukubaleka kwamaPalestine kwakungenxa yemiyalo yama-Arab ngokuphelele. Impendulo yaba yisimo esijwayelekile sika-Israyeli nabasekeli bayo futhi isalokhu kunjalo, naphezu kobufakazi obuphambene obuvezwe amaPalestina nama-Israel. Ngo-1948 kanye no-1949 ama-akhawunti enhlekelele yababaleki ayevame ukuthunyelwa kuNobhala Wezwe kanye noMongameli wase-US, owaphendula ngemizamo yokunxenxa u-Israel ukuthi amukele isibopho futhi amukele ukubuyiselwa kwababaleki basePalestine.

I-CIA ibibhalwe phansi ibheka le nkinga "njengesiyaluyalu esibi kakhulu sabantu selokhu kwaqedwa iMpi Yezwe ll." Cishe ngemva konyaka kumenyezelwe inkululeko yakwa-Israyeli, owayenguNobhala Wombuso ngaleso sikhathi uDean Acheson wabiza ababaleki basePalestine "abangama-800,000" ngokuthi "bawumthombo wokukhathazeka okukhulu ngokushesha kuMongameli," egcizelela ukuthi badale inkinga enkulu ekwazi ukuqeda "ukuhleleka okuhle." kanye nenhlalakahle ye-Near East."[8] Inani elilinganisiwe lababaleki lahluka, kodwa isikhundla saseWashington sahlala siqinile ekugcizeleleni kwayo isimiso sokubuyisela ekhaya.

Ngokwemithombo yase-US inombolo nendawo yababaleki basePalestine ekupheleni kuka-1948 kwakumi kanje:

"160,000-220,000 Northern Palestine

200,000-245,000 i-Southern Palestine

75,000-80,000 Transjordan

100,000-110,000 Syria

90,000 Lebanon

5,000 Iraq

I-8,000 yaseGibhithe

7,000 Israel"[9]

NgoDisemba 11, 1948, i-UN General Assembly yaphasisa iSinqumo 194 (lll) esiqinisekisa ukuthi labo babaleki abafuna ukubuyiselwa ezweni labo futhi abazimisele ukuhlala ngokuthula bavunyelwe ukubuya lapho kubonakala kungenzeka noma bathole isinxephezelo somonakalo wempahla. Ukudlula Kwesinqumo kuholele ekusungulweni kweKhomishini Yokubuyisana yasePalestine, lapho uTruman aqoka u-Mark Etheridge njengesithunywa sase-US. Ebhala evela eNgqungqutheleni yaseLausanne eyayibanjwe ekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-1949, u-Etheridge wagxeka isimo sengqondo sika-Israyeli embuzweni wababaleki ngokuthi "sinokuziphatha okubi nokungaboni ngaso linye kwezombusazwe." [10]

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1949 uMnyango WezoMbuso wathi ngemva kokuhoxa kweBrithani ePalestine kanye nokusungulwa kwe-Israel, "cishe wonke ama-Arab asePalestine abaleka noma axoshwa endaweni ngaphansi kombuso wamaJuda." Iphepha Lenqubomgomo Yomnyango limemezele:

"Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphathimandla zakwa-Israel ziye zalandela uhlelo oluhlelekile lokucekela phansi izindlu zama-Arabhu emadolobheni anjenge-Haifa nasemiphakathini yasemaphandleni ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha izindawo zokuhlala zanamuhla zokuthutheleka kwabafuduki abangamaJuda abavela emakamu e-DP eYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ezikhathini eziningi, " Empeleni azikho izindlu ababaleki abangabuyela kuzo.Kwezinye izimo abafika bokufika abangamaJuda bafike bahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala zama-Arab futhi ngeke neze bazidele ngenxa yababaleki. iqiniso lokuthi ngeke bakwazi ukuphindela ekhaya.Ngaphandle kwalapho kulungisiwe okunye okungenziwa futhi ithemba elithile libanika impilo engcono esikhathini esizayo, kuqinisekile ukuthi ezombangazwe, uma singasho lutho ngezenhlalo, imiphumela yalokhu kutholwa izoba kuhle kakhulu." [11]

Igxeka lokho ekubona njengokungalaleli kwa-Israyeli, i-US inxuse u-Israyeli ukuthi "amukele isimiso sokubuyiselwa kwenani noma isigaba sababaleki okuvunyelwene ngaso, ngokuhlinzekwa yi-Israel ngokuvikela okufanele kwamalungelo omphakathi nawenkolo futhi ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi labo ababuyiselwe isifiso sokuhlala ukuthula kwa-Israyeli kanye nokwelula ukwethembeka okuphelele kukho…."

UMnyango Wezwe uphinde wancoma "indawo yokuhlala unomphela e-Arab Palestine" yababaleki abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, njengoba kuqondwa ukuthi ukuhlaliswa okunjalo kuzokwenzeka ngaphansi kwe-Transjordan futhi kufanele kubandakanye ukusebenzisana no-Israyeli ezindabeni ezinjengalezi. imithombo yamanzi. Ngamafuphi, i-US igunyaze ukudluliswa kwamaPalestine, ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ibiza ukubuyiselwa kwabo, kodwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyaziwayo. I-State Department Policy Paper ibone ukuthi "u-Israyeli akananhloso yokubuyisela ngaphezu kwengxenye yababaleki." U-Eliahu Elath (owayekade engu-Eliahu Epstein), iNxusa lokuqala lakwa-Israyeli e-US, wabonisa ukuthi "wayecabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe ama-Arabs angamaKristu angase avunyelwe ukuba abuye kodwa ama-Moslem Arabs ayeyoba isici esingenakunyakaziswa esingakwazi ukufana no-Israyeli."[12] ]

I-UN General Assembly isungule isikhwama sokusiza ababaleki basePalestine esingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-32 lapho amazwe angamalungu acelwa ukuba anikele kuso, kuyilapho e-US Truman egunyaze amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-16 ukuze kusizwe ababaleki basePalestine, kugcinwe ukuthi kwakubalulekile uma kubhekwa ukuthi "ababaleki abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa baphila cishe. ezingeni lendlala." [13]

Izikhulu zaseMelika, kuze kufike kuMengameli wase-US, ziqhubekile nokuhlangana nezikhulu zakwa-Israel zigcizelela ukuthi zenze okuthile mayelana nokubuyiswa kanye nokubuyiselwa kwempahla, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ekupheleni kuka-March 1949 u-Truman wabikwa ngokuthi "uphazamisekile ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sokungabambisani esithathwa [u-Israyeli] futhi wathi kufanele siqhubeke nokugcina ingcindezi eqinile." kuNdunankulu wase-Israel uBen-Gurion umemezele ukuthi:

"Uhulumeni wakwa-Israel kufanele ajabulise ngokungangabazeki noma yini uHulumeni wase-US athembele kuyo ukuthi athathe izinyathelo ezifanele mayelana nababaleki basePalestine nokuthi, esikhundleni sokusekela izimangalo ze-Israel eziqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwePalestina, uHulumeni wase-US ukholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka I-Israel izonikeza isinxephezelo sendawo yendawo elindele ukuyithola ngale kwemingcele ye-Nov 29, 1947 res ye-GA."[15]

Kwakukhona ukuqashelwa okwandayo ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi u-Israyeli acabangele ukubuyiswa okuphelele, yingakho isiphakamiso sokuthi, ngokuvumelana nezimo zezomnotho, abanye ababaleki basePalestine bahlaliswe "e-Arab Palestine futhi leyo bhalansi kufanele isatshalaliswe phakathi kweSyria neTransjordan."[16] Lezi zifundazwe kwakufanele zilungele ukwamukela ababaleki abangaba ngu-400,000 XNUMX.

Khonamanjalo, evela eJerusalema, iNxusa lase-US uWilliam C. Burdett washayela ucingo iSec of State ngoJulayi 6, 1949 echaza ababaleki basePalestine “ngokudangala, usizi, ukuntula ithemba nokholo,” “nokubhujiswa kwezindinganiso zangaphambili zezindinganiso,” ukubenza izisulu ezifanele zenkulumo-ze yamaKhomanisi.[17] UBurdett waqhubeka, ebikezela ukuthi u-Israyeli "akananhloso yokuvumela ukubuyiswa kwanoma yiliphi inani elincomekayo lababaleki ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, njengembuyiselo yendawo eyengeziwe .... igcwele izifiki ezintsha. Abanye bacekelwe phansi ngamabomu. Cishe akusekho ndawo. Izindlu zama-Arab eJerusalema, kuze kube muva nje indawo yezempi, sezicishe zagcwala futhi izifiki ezintsha zitheleka kancane kancane."[18] Futhi njengoba uBurdett ephetha, "u-Israel ekugcineni uhlose ukuthola yonke iPalestine, kodwa ukuvimbela amathuba angalindelekile noma izinkinga zangaphakathi kuzofeza le nhloso kancane kancane futhi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla esikhathini esizayo esiseduze."

UBurdett uphinde wabika, ngendlela efanayo noBen-Gurion esitatimendeni sangaphambili esicashunwe ngenhla, ukuthi ngesisekelo sokuhlangenwe nakho okudlule ama-Israyeli akholelwa ukuthi iWashington ngeke ifeze izimfuno zayo maqondana nensimu noma ababaleki. UBurdett uphawule abezindaba bakwa-Israel njengokukhombisa “ukuphumelela kwenkulumo-ze ehleliwe yamaJuda e-US” Ezincomweni zakhe zesenzo se-US ne-UN, uBurdett uphakamise ukuthi kusetshenziswe “izinyathelo zokujezisa u-Israyeli” ukuze kuphoqe uhulumeni ukuthi “avume ukuncishiswa. endaweni kanye nasekubuyiseleni ababaleki emazweni abo." Kepha usheshe wengeza ngokuthi azikho lezi zinyathelo ebezingalindelwe njengoba uTruman eqhubeka nokweseka ukubuyiselwa kwePalestine ezingxoxweni zakhe nabaholi bakwa-Israel.

Kube nezinye izici ezithinta inqubomgomo yase-US ezaya ngokuya zithatha indawo yokuqala futhi ezagcina ziwubukela phansi umbuzo wababaleki ngokwezinga okungenzeka ngalo. Lezo zici zachaza uhlobo lokusekelwa kwe-US ku-Israel kumongo wokukhula kwezintshisekelo zeWashington eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Bakha izici ezibalulekile zalokho okwakuzobizwa kamuva ngokuthi 'ubudlelwane obukhethekile,' lapho irekhodi elihlukile lenqubomgomo yase-US lashunyekwa futhi lakhohlakala.

Kuyini-ke ukuxhumana phakathi Kokwesaba Okukhulu mayelana nenqubomgomo kaSepthemba 2011 kanye nenqubomgomo yase-US ngo-1948? Irekhodi liyisikhumbuzo sokuthi iWashington yabona umsuka wesidingo samaPalestine sokuqashelwa nokuzimela ngo-1948 njengoba yabona izimbangela zenkinga yababaleki basePalestine. Ubufakazi bokungqubuzana kwayo ne-Jewish Agency mayelana nezinqubomgomo zayo zokunweba kanye nezwe elisha lakwa-Israyeli mayelana nesimo sababaleki basePalestine kuyisikhumbuzo salokho iWashington eyayikwazi futhi yakhetha ukukukhohlwa, noma ngokunembe kakhulu, ukuguqula ngokuhlonipha izintshisekelo zayo. kanye nendima entsha yezwe lakwa-Israyeli ekubavikeleni.

          Umphumela awukona mayelana 'nokunikeza igunya' izwe lakwa-Israel kodwa ukubhekana nengxenye yokuqala yerekhodi lenqubomgomo yase-US kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nomlando oholele ku-UN ngoSepthemba 2011.

 

amanothi

1. Bheka u-Irene Gedzier, "Lokho I-US Eyazi Futhi Yakhetha Ukukukhohlwa Ngo-1948 nokuthi Kungani Kubalulekile Ngo-2009," ZNet, Jan.22, 2009; Gendzier, "Isikhathi Esidlule, Isimo Samanje: Kucatshangelwa Izithakazelo Zamafutha ase-US kanye Nokuxhumana ne-Israel/Palestine, 1945-1949," May 20, 2009; Gendzier, "Inqubomgomo yase-US kwa-Israel/Palestine, 1948: Umlando Okhohliwe," Inqubomgomo yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, Umq. XVIII, No. 1, Spring 2001.

2. Simha Flapan, Ukuzalwa kuka-Israyeli: Izinganekwane namaqiniso, Pantheon Books, New York, 1987, p. 95.

3. Ibid., p. 92.

4. Feb.9, 1948, The Consul General at Jerusalem (Macatee) to the Secretary of State, in US Department of State, Ubudlelwano Bangaphandle Be-United States [ngemuva kwalokhu FRUS] 1948, vol. V, ingxenye 2, p. 606.

5. Ibid., p. 607.

6. May 4, 1948, Imemorandamu Yengxoxo kaNobhala Wezwe, FRUS 1948, V, ingxenye 2, p. 902.

7. UDavid Ben-Gurion, Israel, Umlando Womuntu Siqu, The American Israel Publishing Company, Tel Aviv, 1971, p. 273.

8. April 5, 1949, Imemorandamu Yengxoxo kaNobhala Wezwe, FRUS 1949, VI, p. 891.

9. Disemba 29, 1948, Ibamba likaNobhala Wezwe kumaHhovisi athile eDiplomatic and Consular, FRUS 1948, V, ingxenye 2, p. 1696. Ezikhonjweni zakamuva, njengePhepha leNqubomgomo yoMnyango WezoMbuso ka-March 15, 1949, inani lababaleki laliphakeme ezindaweni ezithile, njengasePalestine North naseNingizimu, lapho bachazwa ngokuthi bafinyelele ku-230,000 kanye ne-225,000 ngokulandelana, " izindawo ezingaphansi kwamasosha aseGibhithe, e-Iraqi naseTransjordian." Bheka i-FRUS 1949, Vl, p. 829.

10. Juni 12, 1949, Kusukela Etheridge. U-US Del e-Lausanne ephawula ngokwehlukana ngenothi lika-Israel, elifakwe ku-The Ambassador in France (Bruce) to the Secretary of State, FRUS 1949, Vl, p. 1125.

11. Mashi 15, 1949, Iphepha Lenqubomgomo Lilungiselelwe eMnyangweni WezoMbuso, FRUS 1949, Vl, p. 837.

12. Idem.

13. Isitatimende sikaMongameli, esakhishwa yiNdlu Emhlophe ngomhla zingama-24 kuNdasa, 1949 futhi sakhiqizwa kabusha ku-FRUS 1949, Vl, p. 862.

14. Mashi 24, 1949, Imemorandamu kaNobhala Wezwe, Ingxoxo noMongameli, FRUS 1949, VI, p. 863.

15. May 28, 1949, Ibamba likaNobhala Wezwe ku-Embassy kwa-Israyeli, ngo-FRUS 1949, VI, amakhasi 1073-74.

16. May 16, 1949, uNgqongqoshe eSwitzerland (Vincent) kuNobhala Wezwe, ku-FRUS 1949, VI, p. 1014.

17. July 6, 1949, The Consul at Jerusalem (Burdett) to the Secretary of State, FRUS 1949, VI, p. 1204.

18 18. Ibid., p. 1205.

 

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