Umthombo: The Intercept
Ngokushesha ngemuva kwe-9/11, abantu baseMelika babefuna impi. A Inhlolovo ye-CNN/USA Today/Gallup ithole ukuthi amaphesenti angama-90 abantu baseMelika bagunyaze ukuthi i-United States ihlasele i-Afghanistan, kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-65 omphakathi ayenethezekile ngethemba lokubulawa kwezakhamuzi zase-Afghan. Amaphesenti angu-22 kuphela ayecabanga ukuthi impi yayizothatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili.
Abantu baseMelika babefuna igazi, futhi balithola. I-United States yahlasela i-Afghanistan futhi yachitha iminyaka engu-20 eyalandela yenza impi lapho nangale kwayo: eBurkina Faso; eCameroon; I-Iraq; i-Libya; iNiger; ePhilippines; eSomalia; iSiriya; I-Tunisia; kanye neYemen, phakathi kwezinye izindawo. Ngaphezu kwe 770,000 Abantu selokhu bafa ukufa okunodlame ezimpini nokungenelela kwaseMelika, okuhlanganisa nezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-312,000, ngokusho kweBrown University's. Izindleko zempi iphrojekthi.
Kumaphesenti angu-10 abantu baseMelika ababecabanga ukuthi impi akuyona impendulo, inani elincane labonisa ngokumelene nengxabano ezayo. Bangena Austin, eTexas; Idolobha laseNew York; I-San Francisco; Washington, D.C.; nakwezinye izindawo. Kwakudinga isibindi ukukhuluma ngokumelene “ukuphindisela ngokungakhethi,” ukugomela ngokuthi kwakuyihlaya ukuhlasela izwe ukuze a ubugebengu obenziwa ngu iqembu elincane lamaphekula, futhi ukuphakamisa ukuthi imiphumela ingase inanele amashumi eminyaka. Bahlekwa, bathethiswa, babizwa ngodoti ababheki, futhi okubi nakakhulu.
Abayithola kahle ngoSepthemba 2001 kade bakhohlwa. I-White House, i-Pentagon, kanye nabezindaba abakaze bafune abaphikisayo ukuze bathole iseluleko, ukuphawula, noma ukwelulekwa njengoba impi yase-Afghanistan yayisuka phezulu, yaphetha ngokuwa okudabukisayo kukahulumeni wase-Afghan osekelwa yi-U.S. ngeSonto. Esikhundleni salokho, labo abakuthola kungalungile baye babamba izintambo ngokuqhubekayo amahholo amandla. "Lokhu kwenzeke ngokushesha kunalokho ebesikulindele," uMongameli uJoe Biden, owavotela impi ngo-2001, ivume izolo. "[Owake waba nguMongameli wase-Afghan u-Ashraf] Ghani wagcizelela ukuthi amasosha ase-Afghan azolwa, kodwa kusobala ukuthi wayenephutha." UGhani wayengeyedwa neze. UBiden nabanye abaningi baseMelika badlale indima ebalulekile emgwaqeni weminyaka engu-20 wokunqoba owaqala ngokuthi i-United States iketule amaTaliban emandleni ngo-2001 futhi yaphetha ngokuthi amaTaliban azifaka esigodlweni sikamongameli enhlokodolobha yase-Afghanistan, iKabul, kuleli sonto.
Incwadi entsha yentatheli uCraig Whitlock, "Amaphepha ase-Afghanistan: Umlando Oyimfihlo Wempi,” kuzosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi akekho okhohlwa umonakalo owenziwe abaholi bezempi baseMelika nabezempi, amanga abawaqamba kanye nempi ababalahlekela.
Ihlanganisa izingxoxiswano ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 namakhasi we-10,000 wemibhalo, uWhitlock uhlinzeka ngocwaningo olumangalisayo lokwehluleka nokulungisa, i-akhawunti engenakuphikiswa yokwehlulwa okuyihlazo kwe-U.S. ku-White House — bakwenza kungalungile isikhathi eside, babhala ukwehluleka kwabo ngamanga, futhi bafuna ukugwema ngisho nengxenye yokuziphendulela.
“Abantu bavame ukungibuza, ‘Kuyoze kube nini lokhu?’” UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wathi ngo-October 11, 2001, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuba i-United States iqale ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan ngamabhomu. “Le mpi izohlala inqobo nje uma ithatha isinqumo sokuthi i-Al Qaeda ibhekane nengalo yomthetho. Kungase kwenzeke kusasa, kungase kwenzeke inyanga kusukela manje, kungase kuthathe unyaka noma emibili. Kodwa sizonqoba. "
Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi kamuva, i-US yayingakayinqobi impi, futhi i-ejensi kahulumeni engacacile, i-Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, noma i-SIGAR, yafuna ukuthola ukuthi kungani. Umphumela waba izingxoxo “zezifundo ezifundiwe” ezingaphezu kuka-400 ezenziwa nezikhulu eziningi zaseMelika (kodwa futhi zase-Afghan ne-NATO) kanye nabanye ochwepheshe, izisebenzi zosizo, nabaxhumanisi. Ukuhlola kwabo kwakungagwegwesi, kuvame ukugxeka, futhi uhulumeni wazama ukuwagcina engaphansi.
Kepha uWhitlock ongakhathali nomqashi wakhe, iWashington Post, ngamacala amabili eFreedom of Information Act, baphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi aguqule amafayela. La marekhodi aba yisisekelo se- uchungechunge oluwina imiklomelo okwePosi; manje, kuhlanganiswe nenqwaba yemibhalo evela emaqoqweni ahlukahlukene omphakathi, lawa mafayela enza "I-Afghanistan Papers" i-accounting yaseMelika ebanzi kakhulu yengxabano futhi asize ukuchaza, kangcono kunanoma iyiphi incwadi okwamanje, kungani abaningi kangaka balabo abahlela, baqondisa, futhi walwa impi wehluleka ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ukuhlanganisa ama-akhawunti ngobuhlakani ngokwengqikithi nangokulandelana kwezikhathi, uWhitlock uvumela abaphathi bempi baseMelika ukuthi bazilengise ngezingcaphuno zabo, banikeze ikhathalogi ye-encyclopedic yamanga nokungabi nangqondo, ukukhohlisa nokuphika, ukungakwazi kanye nenkohlakalo, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinga lobugwala. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, uWhitlock wethula ukuhlolwa okungenathemba kanye nezahlulelo ezinonya zezikhulu ezazikholelwa ukuthi amazwi azo ngeke abe sesidlangalaleni — abenzi bempi ababengakhuluma obala kodwa ngokuvamile bagcine izivivinyo zabo zifihlwa noma baziveze lapho sekwephuzile kakhulu ukuba nendaba. .
“Besingenawo umbono omubi kakhulu walokho ebesikwenza,” kukhumbula u-Army Lt. Gen. Douglas Lute, umbusi wezempi e-White House ngaphansi koMongameli u-George W. Bush no-Barack Obama.
"Besingazi ukuthi senzani," kusho uRichard Boucher, isikhulu esiphezulu sokuphatha kukaBush eNingizimu naseCentral Asia.
“Kube khona … ukungasebenzi kahle ekubambeni umyalo ngaphakathi kwe-Afghanistan, ngaphakathi kwezempi,” kukhumbula i-Army Lt. Gen. David Barno, umkhuzi wangaphambili Wempi yase-Afghanistan.
“Lalingekho uhlelo lomkhankaso,” kuvuma uGeneral Dan McNeill, owasebenza kabili njengomkhuzi ophezulu e-Afghanistan ngaphansi kukaBush. “Ngazama ukuthola othile ukuthi angichazele ukuthi ukuwina kusho ukuthini, nangaphambi kokuba ngidlule, futhi akekho owayengakwazi.”
Lezi kanye namakhulu ezinye izikhulu, izikhulu zezempi, amanxusa, nabahlaziyi bebengase babhekane nabantu baseMelika ngokushesha noma nganoma isiphi isikhathi kule minyaka engu-20 edlule. Ukube bakwenzile lokho, mhlawumbe impi yase-Afghanistan ibingaba mfushane ngeminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu; mhlawumbe ukulandela izingxabano bekungeke kube lula kangako ukuqala noma kube nzima kakhulu ukuqeda; mhlawumbe abantu abangaphezu kuka-770,000 bebengeke bafe futhi abangafika ezigidini ezingu-59 baxoshwa emakhaya abo Izimpi zaseMelika zangemva kwe-9/11.
Esikhundleni salokho, abantu baseMelika baxova ingxabano e-Afghanistan, bengaqiniseki ukuthi yini ababezoyifeza, kungani beyenza, babelwa nobani, nokuthi babelwelani. “Besikwenzani ngempela kulelo zwe?” kubuza isikhulu sase-U.S. esisebenze nommeleli wesizwe ophakeme we-NATO e-Afghanistan. "Singene ngemuva kuka-9/11 ukuze sinqobe i-Al Qaeda e-Afghanistan, kodwa umkhankaso wafiphala."
Ukukubiza ngokuthi ukudideka kuwukuhlola okunomusa okungenzeka. Okunye ukuthi, njengoba uWhitlock ebhala, uhulumeni ubedayisa i-pablum “akunasizathu futhi kungenasisekelo kangangokuthi izitatimende zabo zifana nomkhankaso wokubulala izinambuzane.”
Whitlock wenza a umsebenzi wobungcweti wokumba ama-synopses we-SIGAR awine kanzima kanye nezingxoxo ezifakwe kungobo yomlando ukuze kuhlanganiswe izahlulelo eziyimfihlo nokuphawula komphakathi. Bush, unobhala wokuqala wezokuvikela, uDonald Rumsfeld, usanda kushona i-myeloma eminingi, kodwa uWhitlock ukhombisa kahle ukuthi amahloni bekufanele amthathe eminyakeni edlule. Kubo bonke abaphathi bempi abanxanelwe abathatha ithuba labo lokudlala ku-“The Afghanistan Papers,” uRumsfeld angase aqhamuke kabi kakhulu. "Angibonakali ukuthi bangobani abantu ababi," kubhala unobhala wezokuvikela ongasekho kumemo yangaphakathi cishe iminyaka emibili impi. "Sintula ngendlela edabukisayo ekuhlakanipheni kwabantu."
URumsfeld akakaze abelane ngokudangala kwakhe nomphakathi waseMelika. Esikhundleni salokho, iminyaka, wathatha abezindaba ukuthi baphendule ngokuphindisela emuva ngenkathi ekhala esidlangalaleni mayelana nezimpawu zenqubekela phambili nokujika kwamakhona. Ngo-2003, uRumsfeld wamemezela ukuthi iTaliban yayiphelile. "Ngezinga abahlangana ngalo ngaphezu kokukodwa nababili ... bazobulawa noma bathunjwe," eqhosha. Uma kukhona noma yibuphi ubulungiswa, uRumsfeld njengamanje ubhekwe ngabomvu empilweni yangemva kokufa mayelana nokuthi ungomunye noma amabili ama-Taliban fighters manje. ukweqa amadolobha nezifunda kulo lonke elase-Afghanistan.
Okuningi ku- "The Afghanistan Papers" kufundeka njenge-echo engathandeki yempi yaseMelika eVietnam. Ngaleso sikhathi kungqubuzana, amasosha aseNingizimu Vietnam akhiwa, aqeqeshwa, ahlomile futhi axhaswa ngabaseMelika njalo (futhi hhayi njalo ngokungafanele) edelelekile ngobugwala nokungakwazi kwayo. Ekugcineni, izikhulu zase-U.S. azizange ziqonde ukuthi kanjani a Ibutho labantu abayizigidi ezingu-1 nge izigidigidi zamarandi kwezikhali zaseMelika kanye nemishini yawa ngo-1975. “Emaphepheni ase-Afghanistan,” amaMelika ngokufanayo abukela phansi amasosha ase-Afghan abawakhile noma abeka izaba ngobuthakathaka nokungabi nangqondo kwawo. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi i-U.S. ibe nephutha uma izindleko zayo zase-Afghan zingakwazi ukufunda, ukubhala, noma ukukhomba imibala; ukuphutha ukuchama imithombo yokuphuza; akakwazanga ukufunda amasu ayisisekelo noma ukuphatha ukudubula ngokuqondile; futhi babevilapha futhi bekhohlakele? Okushiywe kungahlolisiswa ukuthi kungani i-rag-tag, i-rag-tag, engahlomile, exhaswa ngemali encane evela kubantu abafanayo, ngaphandle kombutho wezomoya noma ukusekelwa kwamandla amakhulu, yakwazi ukuba khona, ingasaphathwa eyokwenza inqubekelaphambili engaguquki, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20, egcina nge-blitzkrieg wathatha idolobha elikhulu ngemva kwelinye, kuhlanganise neKabul, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
I-opium ingenye ukugqagqana kokhiye. Phakathi neMpi YeVietnam, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwe-heroin phakathi kwamasosha ase-U.S. kwanda, i-Air America, inkampani ephethwe yi-CIA, ethuthwa i-opium evunwa abalimi eLaos nabo ababekhonza njengamasosha e ibutho eliyimfihlo le-ejensi. Ngemuva kokwehlulwa kwayo eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-United States yafuna ukufaka iSoviet Union kweyayo “Vietnam” e-Afghanistan, lapho, njengeNew York Times. kubika, “ukukhiqizwa kwe-opium kwachuma … ngokubandakanyeka kwamanye ama-mujahedeen, amavukela-mbuso ayesekelwa I-Central Intelligence Agency.” Ngesikhathi amaMelika elwa namanye alawo ma-mujahideen afanayo kanye namadodana awo ngeminyaka yawo-2000, i-United States yayisiphendukele ukukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa futhi yanikela ngezigidigidi ekuqedeni ama-poppies, kodwa i-Afghanistan yaba phezulu emhlabeni. i-narco-state.
UWhitlock unikeza i-Operation River Dance, ukuhlasela okuhlanganyelwe kwezinyanga ezimbili kwe-U.S.-Afghan emasimini e-poppy eningizimu ye-Afghanistan, njengesifundo. UJohn Walters, umphathi wezidakamizwa kubaphathi bakaBush, utshele izintatheli ukuthi lo mzamo “wenza intuthuko enkulu,” kodwa empeleni, yonke into ayihambanga kahle. Ogandaganda babhidlika; ogandaganda babhajwa emiseleni; indiza eqashwe nguMnyango WezoMbuso eyayigcwele izikhulu ze-US zokuphoqelela izidakamizwa yashayisa iqoqo lezindlu, kwashona izakhamuzi; Ama-Afghan ahilelekile emzamweni ahamba nge-AWOL; abalimi bendawo bacasulwa futhi behlukaniswa; Abadayisi bamandla base-Afghan baqala ukusebenzisa lo msebenzi ukuze bashaye izimbangi; futhi indawo eyayizolile ngaphambili yaba isizinda sezempi.
“Bathi kube yimpumelelo enkulu. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kumane nje kuyi-B.S.”
"Bathi kube yimpumelelo kakhulu," ke-Lt. UCol. Michael Slusher, ongumeluleki ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, utshele owayexoxisana nebutho lezempi. "Ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kumane nje kuyi-B.S."
"I-B.S ecacile nje." i-epitaph efanelekile, hhayi nje eye-River Dance noma i-American drive yokuqeda i-opium poppies, kodwa ngemizamo yase-US e-Afghanistan ibhalwe kakhulu. Njengase-Vietnam, amasosha apheka amabhuku kuwo wonke amazinga omyalo — amanga ngempi wona ngokwawo, kuCongress, nakubantu baseMelika. “Wonke amaphoyinti edatha ashintshiwe ukuze kwethulwe isithombe esingcono kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka,” kusho u-Army Col. Bob Crowley, umeluleki omkhulu wokulwa nabavukeli ngo-2013 nango-2014.
Ezingxoxweni ze-SIGAR, uWhitlock uyaphawula, “I-U.S. izikhulu zezempi nabeluleki bachaze imizamo ecacile neqhubekayo yokudukisa umphakathi ngamabomu ”kusuka enkundleni yempi kuze kufike e-White House, beveza imininingwane ukuze kubonakale sengathi i-US yayiyinqoba impi.
Uma umtapo wezincwadi omncane of Izincwadi zeVietnam War noma yimuphi umhlahlandlela, izazi-mlando zoklebe, abahlaziyi be-revisionist, kanye nabenzi bempi abahlukumezekile bazocosha lesi siphuku futhi bazame ukuphindisela impi yase-Afghanistan ngokwemibandela evumayo, bethethelela okunye ukunqotshwa kwezempi yaseMelika futhi basole abasolwa abavamile.
Ngaphambi kokuthi iKabul iwele kumaTaliban, iqembu lamanxusa ase-US lakhipha isicelo: “Ungalahlekelwa i-Afghanistan.” Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwangomhla ziyisi-6 ku-Agasti kubhulogi yoMkhandlu we-Atlantic ngamadoda amahlanu, wonke abambe iqhaza elibalulekile ohambweni olude lwaseMelika lokunqoba, kuphethe ngesicelo sempi eyengeziwe esekelwe esikhundleni sokugcina sokubuyela emuva koklebe bempi abahlakaniphe ngokwengqondo nangokokuziphatha. I-United States, baphikelela ukuthi, "ingakwazi, futhi kufanele, isebenze ngamandla e-Afghanistan ngokusekelwa emoyeni nokuzivikela kanye nokuxoxisana okuqinile. Ikusasa lezwe - kanye nokuthembeka kweWashington emhlabeni jikelele - kusengcupheni. " Ibuyela emuva ekuqhekekeni okwahlukaniswa kwangaphambili kwe-1965 yezinhloso zase-US eVietnam nguNobhala Womsizi Wezokuvikela uJohn McNaughton: "70% - Ukugwema ukunqotshwa kwe-US okuyihlazo,” uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti ayishumi omgomo oshiwo obala wokuvumela “abantu [baseNingizimu Vietnam] bajabulele indlela yokuphila engcono nekhululekile.” Ukwethembeka kwakuyisizathu esikhulu (futhi esiyimfihlo) sokwandisa impi eminye iminyaka eyi-10 ngezindleko izigidi zokuphila eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.
U-H.R. McMaster - u-lieutenant general osewathatha umhlalaphansi, umeluleki wezokuphepha kuzwelonke kaMongameli uDonald Trump, isazi-mlando seMpi yaseVietnam, kanye noyedwa wabaseMelika abahlulwa yimpi e-Afghanistan - nabo bangenele lo mbango. Yona le ndoda eyabhala ukuthi “impi yaseVietnam ayizange ilahleke ... emakhasini angaphambili e-New York Times, noma emakolishi ekolishi. Lalahleka eWashington, D.C. muva nje tweeted, ngaphambi kokuwa kweKabul, "imithombo yezindaba yase-US ekugcineni ibika ngokuguqulwa kwe-Afghanistan ngemuva kokuthi ukungathandi kwabo kanye nokunqotshwa kusize ukubeka izimo zokuthunjwa kanye nenhlekelele yobuntu."
Ngokujabulisayo, sinawo “Amaphepha Ase-Afghanistan” okujova ipolitiki yomzimba ngokumelene nokuduka okunjalo kanye ne-kookery embi. "Ngokuthula kwabo okuhlangene, abaholi bezempi nabezepolitiki bagweme ukuziphendulela futhi bagwema ukuhlolwa kabusha obekungashintsha umphumela noma kufinyeze ukungqubuzana," kubhala uWhitlock. Kuyindlela yokuxhumana yokusho ukuthi lapho bebhekene nethuba lokukhuluma iqiniso futhi banciphise inani legazi ezandleni zabo, abaphathi bezempi baseMelika baphindaphindeka kabili odlameni.
"I-Afghanistan Papers" isiza ekunikezeni ubulungiswa obuthile obuncane, iphoqa abaholi ukuthi baphile ngamanga abo asesidlangalaleni manje, futhi ihlinzeka ngohlu olulula lwalabo okufanele bagwenywe abakhiqizi bezindaba zamakhebula, amakomidi okuqasha i-White House kanye nePentagon, abashicileli bezincwadi, kanye nabahleli bekhasi lemibono yamaphephandaba.
Ngemuva kokuthathwa kweTaliban kuleli sonto, abaningi babuza umbuzo ozophindwa yizizukulwane ezizayo: "Ubani olahlekelwe yi-Afghanistan?" "I-Afghanistan Papers" kaWhitlock inikeza impendulo eqondile.
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