"I-Al Jazeera iyingxenye ebalulekile yesu le-USG lokuxhumana nomhlaba wama-Arab." - Joseph E. LeBaron, Inxusa lase-US eQatar, Novemba 6, 2008
"Usihlalo webhodi le-Al Jazeera u-Hamed bin Thamer Al Thani useveze ukuthi uvulelekile ekusebenziseni amagagasi omoya e-Al Jazeera yi-USG ngale kwezingxoxo eziqondile." - UJoseph E. LeBaron, Inxusa lase-US eQatar, Februwari 10, 2009
Izintambo zeNxusa laseMelika ezishicilelwe yi-WikiLeaks zethula izindaba eziningi ezithakazelisayo mayelana nokuthi i-Al Jazeera yalethwa kanjani isithende nguHulumeni wase-US. Inxusa laseMelika eDoha, kanye nezikhulu ezivela eWashington, basebenzise izindlela eziqondile nezingaqondile ezihlukene zokuqinisekisa izinga elikhulu lokuthobela ngasohlangothini lwe-Al Jazeera. Lezi zindlela zazihlanganisa ukubeka izikhulumi ezinhlelweni zezindaba ze-Al Jazeera; ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi olugunyazwe uHulumeni wase-US; ukuhlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa kwe-US kwezintatheli ze-Al Jazeera; ukufuna ukuhlanekezelwa kokuhlela kwezinhlelo ezisakazwayo; ukuthola isivumelwano se-Al Jazeera sokubheka kuqala nezikhulu zase-US ngaphambi kokusakaza izinhlelo "ezibucayi"; ukugadwa kwe-Al Jazeera ngemininingwane emincane, kusukela ekubikeni kwayo izindaba kuya esakhiweni sayo sangaphakathi nezinqubomgomo; ukufaka izikhalazo kongqongqoshe bakahulumeni waseQatar; ukuvakasha njalo, komuntu siqu endlunkulu ye-Al Jazeera; ukuthuthukisa ukujwayelana nokuxhumana nabantu abasondelene nabasebenzi bakwa-Al Jazeera; kanye nokudlula inhloko yoMqondisi Ophethe we-Al Jazeera ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi "okuqukethwe okuphikisekayo" kuyasuswa futhi akuphindi.
Ukugxila, ubungcweti, ibhalansi, kanye nenjongo kuvela njengezintambo ezikhethiwe zobuntatheli obuthanda inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. Izikhulu zase-US azizange zisabise kakhulu abasebenzi bakwa-Al Jazeera, futhi azizange zihlanganyele kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokufumbathisa. Ukungenelela kwakunesizotha, isikhathi eside, futhi kuseduze. Enkambweni yokufunda lezi zintambo sifunda ukuthi, kuHulumeni wase-US, i-Al Jazeera yaziswa njengethuluzi lamasu, njengommeleli othembekile we-US "idiplomacy yomphakathi." Sizwa abaphathi abakhulu be-Al Jazeera bezichaza ngokuthi "ozakwethu" kanye "nezimpahla" zase-US Siphinde sifunda ngezinga i-Al Jazeera elawulwa ngayo izwe laseQatari futhi isetshenziswa njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo yangaphandle. Sifakaza ngezinga i-Al Jazeera English ecishe ibe yizwe langaphandle ngokuphelele, singazenzi ngisho sengathi sikhuluma "njengezwi lama-Arabhu" futhi sisebenza njengokufakelwa kwekoloni. Isithombe sika-Al Jazeera esivezwe ngamakhebula asisibi, futhi mancane amathuba okuthi i-Al Jazeera iqhubeke ingenamyocu.
Hlangana noMnu. Al Mahmoud
NgoMashi ka-2006, u-Abdul Aziz Al Mahmoud, umqondisi wewebhusayithi ye-Al Jazeera Arabic, wayesenele wayeseyeka. U-Al Mahmoud wayedumele ngesiteshi kanye noMqondisi Ophethe, u-Wadah Khanfar (okuningi mayelana/okusuka eKhanfar kulandela ngezansi). U-Al Mahmoud, isakhamuzi sase-US esifundile saseQatar futhi owake waba yindoda yezempi, uchazwe ngosomaqhinga base-US ngokuthi "umuntu osondelene neNxusa" (okukodwa kwabaningi njengoba kuvela - "I-Embassy Doha yakhe ubudlelwano bokubambisana phakathi kwe-Al Jazeera"). Kuthiwani ngo-Al Jazeera wayeseshintshile, kangangokuthi kwadingeka asule? Encazelweni ehlobene nathi yeNxusa laseMelika ngaleso sikhathi, Chase Untermeyer, Al Mahmoud kubika ukusho:
Ezinsukwini zakudala [2001] . . . I-Al Jazeera yayigcwele imibono emihle futhi iphila ngenkulumompikiswano evuthayo phakathi kwabasekeli bemibono ehlukene (abashisekeli bobuzwe bama-Arab, ama-Islamist, ama-secularists, socialists njll), nokuthi yayinoguquko lwangempela ngayo. Manje, uthe, abantu beza bezosebenza kusuka ku-9 kuye ku-5 njengezikhulu futhi i-Al Jazeera isiyingxenye yokusungulwa okujwayelekile.
I-Al Jazeera echazwe ngenhla, ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwayo, ifana naleyo ekhonjiswe kudokhumentari eyenziwe ngokucophelela, ejulile, I-Al Jazeera: Izwi le-Arabia.
"Ukufakwa obala" kwe-Al Jazeera, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yengcindezi yase-US kanye nokusebenzisana okuvamile kwe-US nabaqondisi nabahleli be-Al Jazeera emibuzweni yokusakazwa kwezindaba, kungenye yezindikimba eziphikelelayo ezintanjeni, eshicilelwe yi-WikiLeaks, evela eNxusa LaseMelika eDoha. (ezinye zazo ngaphambili ihlanganiswe ngu-MRZine). Ukuba “nomthwalo wemfanelo” kanye “nochwepheshe” kwakusho ukuthi, empeleni, ukuziphendulela e-US naku-Emir waseQatar, njengoba nje ne-US yathola ukubaluleka kwezwi lika-Al Jazeera ezweni lama-Arab, futhi njengoba nje u-Emir esebenzisa umdondoshiya wakhe wezindaba. ukuhlasela izimbangi zama-Arab uma kulula, ikakhulukazi iLibya.
Usuku Empilweni ye-Al Jazeera Ukuphendula Uhulumeni WaseMelika
Bekuyi October 13, 2005.
U-Al Mahmoud kungenzeka ukuthi uphuthelwe umbono, kodwa ubeyingxenye yomnyakazo we-Al Jazeera wokusiza izithakazelo zase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngalolo suku ngoMfumfu wezi-2005 wahlangana ngokwehlukana neNxusa Lase-US u-Chase Untermeyer kanye Nomphathi Wezindaba Zomphakathi weNxusa LaseMelika (PAO), Mirembe Nantongo. Bafune u-Al Mahmoud mayelana nokuphikisa okufanele kokuqukethwe kuwebhusayithi ye-Al Jazeera Arabic. U-Al Mahmoud "uvumile ukuthi okunye okuqukethwe kwakungamukeleki njengoba kushicilelwe futhi kwakushintshiwe ngokuyalelwa nguye" - ngempela, siyatshelwa, konke okuqukethwe "okuphikiswayo" kususiwe, akushintshwanga nje, futhi hhayi nje ingxenye. (Okuqukethwe okungabazekayo bekufanele kuhambisane, ngokwengxenye, nesithombe se-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nokuvakashelwaKaren Hughes, ngaleso sikhathi owayeNgaphansi KoNobhala Wezwe Wezokusebenzelana Komphakathi Nezindaba Zomphakathi futhi kamuva owayezovakashela i-Al Jazeera mathupha; kanye nombukiso wesilayidi ka-9/11 ongakunaki ukugcizelela ngokwanele ukuthi i-US yayingakanani isisulu nokuthi lalilikhulu kangakanani irekhodi layo lokusiza abantu eMpumalanga Ephakathi.)
UChase Untermeyer uqale wayokhuluma nesikhulu soMnyango Wezangaphandle waseQatar, mayelana nokuqukethwe kwewebhusayithi. U-Untermeyer "ugcizelele ukuthi lolu bekuwuhlobo lombiko ongenacala okhiqize izinkinga kanye nokungezwani ebudlelwaneni phakathi kweQatar ne-United States" - uphendule udaba lwe-Al Jazeera lwaba udaba lukahulumeni waseQatar kanye nodaba lobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Khona lapha sibona ukuthi umqondo wobuntatheli "obunomthwalo wemfanelo" wakhiwe kanjani: ubuntatheli obuphendula ukukhathazeka kwemibuso yase-US kanye neQatari.
Ngokusobala i-US I-Ejensi Yezobunhloli Yezokuvikela (i-DIA) ubematasa futhi ekhiqiza imibiko njalo ehlanganisa "izigameko zokuqukethwe okungabazisayo." Inxusa u-Untermeyer uye eMnyangweni Wezangaphandle waseQatar ehlome ngomunye umbiko onjalo ukuze asize ekuphenduleni udaba lwakhe. Ku enye ikhebula, sifunda ukuthi i-DIA yayizothumela njalo imibiko enjalo kuMnyango Wezangaphandle, owawuzoyidlulisela ku-Wadah Khanfar, Umqondisi Ophethe we-Al Jazeera (ngaphezulu ngezansi). Ngesinye isikhathi uWadah Khanfar waphawula ngesimo sombiko we-DIA: “Kusobala ukuthi umuntu obhala lo mbiko akayona intatheli. Umbiko ugxile kwezepolitiki." Lokhu futhi kusitshela okuthile mayelana nokwenza "ubungcweti" kwezepolitiki njengoba kucatshangwa osomaqhinga base-US.
I-PAO, u-Mirembe Nantongo, ngokusobala inikeze u-Al Mahmoud isihlava: "enqatshelwe ukuboniswa kombukiso wamaslayidi we-9/11" . . . "lokho kuhlasela kwakuyizenzo zobugwala" . . . "sinqabe ukugomela kombukiso wamaslayidi. . . ." . . . "unikeze umbono omncane, ohlanekezelwe" . . . "ukweqiwa kwanoma yikuphi okushiwo ngendima yase-US ekukhululeni amaSulumane," nokunye. I-PAO iphawule ukuthi umbukiso wamaslayidi ususiwe esizeni, kodwa, engajabule ngokwanele ngomphumela wokugxambukela kwakhe ezinqumweni zokuhlela zenhlangano ezimele yezindaba, ucele u-Al Mahmoud ukuthi aqinisekise ukususwa kwawo. Inganelisekile nangalokho, i-PAO yabe isishaya phansi iphakethe lemibono egunyaziwe yase-US ukuze i-Al Jazeera iphinde:
I-PAO iphinde yakhuthaza u-Al Mahmoud ukuthi asebenzise izinsiza zolwazi eziningi ezitholakala kuye nabasebenzi bakhe ngokusebenzisa Isigaba Sezindaba Zomphakathi, futhi wamshiyela ifolda enamaphepha amaqiniso nezixhumanisi ezihlobene nosizo lwe-USG [Uhulumeni wase-US] esifundeni, okuhlanganisa nosizo oluphuthumayo lwe-USG. kanye nemininingwane yezinhlelo zokushintshana kwe-USG.
Umqondisi Ophethe we-Al Jazeera, u-Wadah Khanfar, akagcinanga ngokuyalela u-Al Mahmoud ukuba enze kanjalo susa ngokuphelele umbukiso wesilayidi kusuka kuseva (hhayi nje ukuyichibiyela, futhi hhayi nje ukuyigcina kungobo yomlando, njengoba u-Al Mahmoud ekhetha) kodwa futhi ngokusobala uyena owayezoxwayisa u-Al Mahmoud ukuthi alindele isivakashi sase-US. Ngakho-ke u-Al Mahmoud, njengoba kuphawulwe yi-PAO, uzilungiselele ukuvakasha kwalaba bakamuva. U-Al Mahmoud uphendule ngobumnene wathi "kwenziwe iphutha." I-PAO iphetha ngokuthi uKhanfar naye wayecindezelwe nguMnyango Wezangaphandle waseQatari, ngemuva kokuvakasha kweNxusa u-Untermeyer.
I-PAO ivala ikhebuli eyodwa ngokubeka amazwana ukuthi:
U-Al Mahmoud ngokusobala ukuxwaye kakhulu ukuheha ukunaka okungekuhle ochungechungeni lwakhe lomyalo, futhi uyakwazi lokho i-USG ecasukile isho inkinga kuye. Unxuse i-PAO ukuthi imfonele ngqo noma nini uma iNxusa libona izinto ezikhathazayo kusizindalwazi.
Inkululeko yabezindaba, okungenye yezindinganiso i-US ezigomela ngayo ekusunguleni isithombe sayo emphakathini eMpumalanga Ephakathi, iphikiswa yizenzo zangempela. I-Al Jazeera ngakolunye uhlangothi yehlulekile ukugomela ukuzimela kokuhlela.
Ngaphansi kweMicroscope
"Bayazi [i-Al Jazeera] ukuthi bangaphansi kwesibonakhulu, futhi bafuna ukuthathwa ngokungathi sína. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-Al Jazeera kuzokwandisa ingcindezi kubo yokuthi banamathele ezindinganisweni zamazwe ngamazwe zobuntatheli futhi kuphumele enhlanganweni okungase kubhekwane nayo uma beyijwayele. phansi, futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka oluvele lusungulwe abezindaba abajwayelekile." - Inxusa laseMelika, eDoha, ngoFebhuwari 13, 2006
Izikhulu zeNxusa LaseMelika, njengoba sibona ezintamboni ze-WikiLeaks zaseDoha, empeleni zenza umkhuba wokuvakashela kanye nokuxhumana no-Al Jazeera, ngethemba lokwakha leyo "ndawo evamile" futhi bakhe ubuhlobo obuthembekile obuzosabela ezinkambisweni ezivuna inqubomgomo yase-US. Njengoba nje u-Al Mahmoud ayetshele i-PAO yeNxusa ukuthi ixhumane naye ngokuqondile noma nini lapho abantu baseMelika bebona izinto ezibakhathazayo, ngakho-ke Inxusa laseMelika ligcine uhlu oluningiliziwe loxhumana nabo be-Al Jazeera - bheka. "Ulwazi Lokuxhumana Lokubandakanya I-Qatar Ekusakazweni Okuphikiswayo." Enye ikhebula, evela September 18, 2005, imininingwane yomhlangano phakathi kwe-PAO kanye noMqondisi Ophethe we-Al Jazeera, u-Wadah Khanfar, wasePalestine, njengoba bephawula. Kubonakala sengathi uKhanfar uzame ukuba ngumuntu ophakathi, onomusa noqondayo e-US, ekhumbula kahle ukuthi ngaphambi kuka-9/11 i-Al Jazeera "yayithathwa kanjani yi-USG kanye nezwe lasentshonalanga njengempahla enkulu nophawu lwenqubekelaphambili esifundeni. "(kugcizelelwe), kodwa nokho sihloniphe ukuzimela nokugxeka.
Lapho i-PAO (uNantongo ebonakala njengomuntu obuthakathaka, ongeyena neze i-diplomatic, esikhundleni sobukoloni) ebuza uKhanfar ukuthi ububheka kanjani ubudlelwano buka-Al Jazeera noHulumeni wase-US, uKhanfar waqale wagodla futhi wagxilisa ingqondo kohulumeni bama-Arab. Ngenkathi ephawula "amaphutha" nhlangothi zombili phakathi kwe-Al Jazeera ne-US, uKhanfar wezokuxhumana ubonakale ejabule futhi enethemba lokuthi "indawo yokuguqula" yayisanda kufinyelelwa ebudlelwaneni be-US-Al Jazeera, okungukuthi, "lapho ukuhwebelana okusebenzayo kwaqala ukwenzeka phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili." "I-AJ isalokhu ivuleleke kulo mbono futhi iyakwamukela," kusho uKhanfar: "Sikwazile kakhulu ukuphendula njengoba sesithole imibono. Manje sekuyingxoxo esebenzayo, ubuhlobo obunempilo kakhulu." U-Khanfar wagomela wathi: "I-Al Jazeera ayikho lapho izoba yi-anti-American. Lutho neze."
U-Karen Hughes, ummeli kaBush wezokukhulumisana nomphakathi eMpumalanga Ephakathi okukhulunywe ngenhla, wavakashela mathupha e-Al Jazeera ngo-2006 futhi waba nomhlangano noKhanfar nabanye abasebenzi abane abaphezulu be-Al Jazeera (Umhleli Oyinhloko u-Ahmed Sheikh, Iphini Lomhleli Omkhulu u-Ayman Gaballa, kanye nabethuli abakhulu u-Mohamed Krishan no-Jamil Azar). U-Hughes ukhale ngokuthi ukufakwa kuka-Al Jazeera e-Iraq kwakungachemile futhi “kunenhlonipho” ngokwanele. Ephendula, uKhanfar wenze amazwi ahlabayo, egxeka ukumelana ne-Iraqi kanye nobudlelwano obuthembisayo ne-US kanye nezinjongo zayo zokusebenza:
Sizibona njengabalingani bakho kulokhu, hhayi njengento yokudala izinkinga. Sithanda ukuzinza e-Iraq. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukugqugquzeleka akukafiki ndawo. . . . Sizibona singabalingani.
U-Hughes uphikise i-Al Jazeera ikhombisa noma yimaphi amakhasethi evidiyo avela kumavukela-mbuso noma i-Al Qaeda, efuna ngokuyimpumelelo ukuvimba thina sonke ukuthi sizwe noma sifunde kulabo abalwa ne-US (inqubomgomo efaniswe yi-YouTube). U-Hughes wabe esetshela uKhanfar ukuthi uzobeka "abakhulumeli be-USG ababili noma abathathu unomphela e-Dubai's Media City, abazotholakala ukuze baphawule nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngezinkinga eziningi." U-Khanfar uvulekele lokhu futhi wacela izikhulumi zase-US ezinolwazi ngenqubomgomo yase-US e-Iraq, ingxabano yase-Israel-Palestine, nezinye izindawo. Ubuye wengeza ngokuthi angakujabulela ukuba nabakhulumeli bakaHulumeni wase-US "empompini." Ngo-2008, esigabeni sekhebula esinesihloko esingezansi "Ukubamba Isandla Kubukeka Kusebenza," I-PAO iphawula ukuthi i-Al Jazeera yayicele ukuthi "Inxusa laseMelika linikeze amagama abantu baseMelika abaziwayo abangase bazimisele ukuvela" - i-PAO yavuma futhi yaphinde yanikela "ukukhombisa abakhiqizi ukuthi bangazicinga kanjani izifundiswa, ababhali, amalungu acabangayo. kanye nezikhulu zangaphambili ze-USG nezikhulu zezwe ezinganikeza imibono yazo ngezihloko ezithile." Ngo-2008, iNxusa Lase-US lezwa "ukuthakazelelwa" okuvela ku-Al Jazeera nokunye okwengeziwe "okunokulinganisela" (okungukuthi, evumelana ne-US). Inxusa lafunga ukuthi "lizosebenzisa leli thuba elihle ngokufuna ukubekwa kwamazwi amaningi ase-US, kokubili asemthethweni nangasese, ku-Al Jazeera ezinyangeni ezizayo futhi ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukusebenza yabakhiqizi nabaxoxisana nabo."
Okunye okumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi u-Hughes ekhuluma ngezindaba "zobungcweti" wawuhlanganisa ngqo lo mbono nokuqukethwe yi-Al Jazeera, "ikakhulukazi njengoba ihlobene nokusakazwa kwe-Iraq kanye nokusakazwa kwamakhasethi evidiyo ahlinzekwe ngamaphekula." Kuyacaca lapha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ubungcweti nokuthi kungani buba isisekelo esiwusizo sokugxambukela kwezepolitiki yase-US. U-Hughes ucele "ingxoxo yomphakathi nehloniphekile," umugqa wakudala ovame ukusetshenziswa yilabo abangasebenzisa izinkulumo zokuphikisa, abaphikisi besikole "ngemikhuba" okuthenjwa ukuthi, okuzokwenza bathule futhi bakhululeke. Ithimba laseMelika elihambisana no-Hughes e-Al Jazeera, okuhlanganisa neNxusa u-Chase Untermeyer, uMqondisi Wezindaba Zase-Near Eastern/Press and Public Diplomacy u-Alberto Fernandez, kanye no-PAO Mirembe Nantongo, bacele i-Al Jazeera ukuthi inikeze ikhophi yenqubomgomo yayo yokuhlela, ngenkathi ikhononda "izinga" labantu abamenywe u-Al Jazeera njengezihambeli ezinhlelweni zayo zezingxoxo.
Eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kukaHughes, ngesikhathi somhlangano ukuvakashelwa kweSenate Foreign Relations Committee Ilungu Labasebenzi uPerry Cammack, iphuzu laphakanyiswa noKhanfar mayelana nokwehliswa okusobala kwe-Al Qaeda ku-Al Jazeera. Lokhu ngokwengxenye bekungenxa yokuthi i-Al Jazeera izama "ukwenza umusa" kuhulumeni wase-Iraq, ifuna ukuthi i-Al Jazeera ivunyelwe ukubuyela e-Iraq. Emhlanganweni ngalowo nyaka (2008) ne-Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy, James K. Glassman, u-Wadah Khanfar uthe ubudlelwano noHulumeni wase-US "bungcono kakhulu kunangaphambili" nokuthi i-Al Jazeera ayisasakaza okuqoshiwe "okweqisayo" okungahleliwe, futhi "imizamo yokubheka amaqiniso ne-USG ngaphambi kokusakazwa kwezigameko ezibandakanya amasosha ase-US."
Khanfar, ngezinye izikhathi, ingaphinda ukuthi i-Al Jazeera "ayimelene ne-US" futhi "ayisekeli noma yiluphi uhlobo 'lwenqubomgomo yokuhlela emelene ne-US'." Njengokungathi uzwa ukuthi uKhanfar wesaba ukuthi ingxoxo izoba lapho azophoxeka khona ekuthatheni indima yonodoli wase-US, iPhini LikaNobhala Womsizi Wezwe Wezindaba Eziseduze NeMpumalanga, UGordon Gray, wathi kuye: "Asiceli i-Al Jazeera ukuthi ibe yithuluzi likaHulumeni wase-US; esikucelayo wumsebenzi wayo wobuchwepheshe." U-DAS Gray ubuze uKhanfar ukuthi angathanda yini ukubona ukubambisana okukhulu phakathi kwe-Al Jazeera noHulumeni wase-US, "endaweni yokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-Al Jazeera"(kugcizelelwe), futhi wakhuluma ngohlelo lwe-US International Visitor. Qaphela ukuthi uGrey uyichaza kanjani impendulo kaKhanfar: "UKhanfar wavuma ngokushesha" (kugcizelelwe). U-Khanfar uye waze wathi abasebenzi bakhe banesithombe esijwayelekile kakhulu sase-US futhi bangazuza ngokuchayeka okwengeziwe. UKhanfar uphinde wanxusa izikhulu zikaHulumeni wase-US ukuthi zivele ku-Al Jazeera. Ngempela, uKhanfar wayenenzondo ngokusobala ngokukhetha kwe-US okwaboniswa i-Al Arabiya, imbangi yayo ephethwe yiSaudi (kanye futhi ngo-2009 wasiphinda lesi sikhalo esingabonakali).
Ubungcweti, futhi, baba yindlela yokusungula indlela uhulumeni wase-US azoba nomthelela oqondile ku-Al Jazeera. Ukuthi kube nethonya elikhulu kufakazelwa uhla lwemibhalo - kodwa ngokusobala lelo thonya lingamukeleka kuphela kubantu abadala e-Al Jazeera inqobo nje uma lihlanganiswe ngenhlonipho ngobuqotho bomsebenzi, kunokuzithoba ngokuphelele kwezombusazwe.
Uma kukhulunywa nge-Haiti, ku-Al Jazeera English, sibona isibonelo esigqamile se-US esebenzisa ingcindezi ukuze iguqule ukusakazwa kwe-Al Jazeera kanye nendlela eyakamuva evume ngayo ngokushesha. Kukhebula kusuka January 20, 2010, ebhalwe yiNxusa lase-US eQatar, uJoseph LeBaron, sibona ama-hackles akhe aphakanyiswa ngendlela i-Al Jazeera English ebonise ngayo "ukungenelela kosizo" lwase-US eHaiti ngokufana nomsebenzi. Sithola ukuthi emahoreni ambalwa ngemva kokuba iNxusa u-LeBaron azise i-Near Eastern Affairs/Press kanye ne-Public Diplomacy, i-US yakhipha esinye sezikhulu zayo ku-Al Jazeera English. UJudith McHale, Ongaphansi kukaNobhala Wombuso Wezokuxhumana Komphakathi Nezindaba Zomphakathi, uphinde wathintana noTony Burman, uMqondisi we-Al Jazeera English - Inxusa laseMelika eDoha liqale laxhumana noBurman futhi "laqinisekisa ukuthi uBurman ululungele lolu cingo futhi uyakuqonda ukukhathazeka okukhulu Ngaphansi kukaNobhala uzodlulisa." Inxusa laseMelika laqhubeka nokuqapha ukufakwa kuka-Al Jazeera, futhi laphawula ukuthi phakathi nezinsuku ezintathu "Ukufakwa kwe-AJE kwavela ngokuphawulekayo." Inxusa uLeBaron wengeze inothi lokugcina kulokhu,ethembisa ukungenelela okwengeziwe kufanele i-Al Jazeera English ihambe nganoma iyiphi indlela ekumele i-US ngamatemu angaphansi kokutuswa:
Inxusa liyalele izisebenzi zeNxusa ukuthi ziqhubeke nokuqapha ukubika kwe-AJE, futhi zidlulisele lezi mibono ngokushesha eWashington. Uma i-AJE, noma iziphi iziteshi ze-Al Jazeera, zibuyela ekufakweni okungalungile, Inxusa ngeke lingabaze ukungenelela emazingeni aphezulu, kuqala ngoSihlalo we-Qatari Webhodi Labaqondisi be-Al Jazeera Network.
Ubuntatheli Obungenisiwe: Ikhwalithi Ephezulu Ihlala Ivela Kude (Isho Amakholoni)
Njengoba iqhutshwa ukuthi ihambe emhlabeni jikelele, i-Al Jazeera yasungula uhlelo indikimba yokweluleka yamazwe ngamazwe, "okuhlanganisa izibalo ezihlonishwayo zobuntatheli bamazwe ngamazwe ukuze zihlole futhi zeluleke ngemisebenzi ye-Al Jazeera," eyaziwa ngokuthi "Ibhodi Lamazwe Ngamazwe Lase-Al Jazeera Lezivakashi." Leli qembu, elizodlala indima yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi (ngaphezulu ngezansi), lihlanganisa okokufaka kwabantu abanjengama-CNN UFrank Sesno; Richard Burt, umeluleki omkhulu we-Washington Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS), owayeyinxusa laseMelika kanye nomlobi wangaphambili we-New York Times; kanye nohlu lwezinye izintatheli, kusukela eFrance 3 Television, Die Zeit, kuya kuBBC.
Izikhungo zobuntatheli baseBrithani naseFrance zisebenzele qeqesha abasebenzi ye-Al Jazeera, esiphinde yakha ubudlelwano ne-University of Missouri's School of Journalism. Isikhungo sokuqeqesha se-Al Jazeera asinabo abasebenzi abasodwa, kodwa "singenisa abaqeqeshi ngokwesidingo esivela ezikhungweni zobuntatheli ezihlukene zaseBrithani/French/US," okuhlanganisa iThomson Foundation yase-UK kanye ne-Ecole Superieure de Journalisme de Lille yaseFrance. Izifundo zokuqeqesha zika-Al Jazeera zenziwa ngesiNgisi. Isikhungo sokuqeqesha - esisebenza njenge-ejenti yokufanisa yangaphandle - sihlose ukusabalalisa ithonya laso kuwo wonke umhlaba wama-Arab, ngokuqeqesha abasebenzi abavela emithonjeni yezindaba yesifunda. Ibike inqwaba yezifundo onyakeni owodwa, nezinkulungwane zabahlanganyeli. Isikhungo sokuqeqesha sika-Al Jazeera siphinde sabamba iqhaza e-US I-Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), eyasungulwa nguNobhala Wezwe u-Colin Powell ngesikhathi sokuqala sokuphatha kukaGeorge W. Bush, futhi eqondiswa ngu-Liz Cheney, ukusiza "ama-ejenti oshintsho" wendawo esifundeni.
Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi isikhungo sokuqeqesha i-Al Jazeera naso besifuna ukufundisa "ukuqwashisa ngepolitiki" ngokoMqondisi Ophethe we-Al Jazeera - khumbula ukuthi abaqeqeshi bavelaphi nokuthi abaqeqeshwayo bayaphi - nokuthi abaqeqeshi abavela e-UK's Thomson School of Journalism bazofundisa abasebenzi bendawo "ngezici zefilosofi, zomlando nezombusazwe zomsebenzi wabo" ( kungenzeka ukuthi kusho ukuthini manjeIsikhungo seReuters eMnyangweni Wezepolitiki Nobudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe e-Oxford).
I-Al Jazeera English, eyethulwe ngo-2006, ibandakanye ithrekhi esheshayo yokulingisa ubuntatheli bezinkampani ezivamile ngokuqasha ngokuqondile emibuthanweni yezinkampani ezivamile - "abezindaba abanegama elikhulu abavela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba" babezojoyina i-Al Jazeera's colony e-Doha (ngiqonde ukuthi njengoba izintatheli zihlala emiphakathini engenamasango engenamathemba amancane okuxhumana nabantu bendawo). Omunye wezisebenzi zabo zaseMelika, UDave Marash, "uthokozise isiteshi ngokuthatha i-anti-American" futhi wahamba - nakuba abasebenzi bakwa-Al Jazeera bezibukela phansi izizathu zakhe ezishiwo, bephawula ukuthi wayenezikhalo eziningi zomuntu siqu nokuthi kunoma yikuphi icala lokulwa namaMelika alizange libekwe endaweni. Qatari kanye nabanye abasebenzi Arab, kodwa kunalokho at abasebenzi baseBrithani. Abasebenzi bendawo base-Al Jazeera, bona, bakhononda ngabasebenzi baseBrithani ngokuzikhukhumeza futhi "benza njengamakholoni."
Ngo-2006, ukulawulwa kwewebhusayithi yesiNgisi kwanikezwa i-Al Jazeera English kanye nomhleli wayo oyinhloko, Russell Merryman, isakhamuzi saseBrithani. Umqondisi wewebhusayithi ye-Al Jazeera, u-Al Mahmoud, owayephethe izinguqulo zombili zesiNgisi nesi-Arabhu, wayecacile. engajabule ngalokhu kuhlelwa kabusha.
Ngisho nalabo abangezona ngokwabo abangaphandle eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, njenge Jaafar Abbas Ahmed, baqeqeshwe yi-BBC, u-Abbas engomunye owahlala e-Doha ngemva kokusebenzela i-BBC iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi. Sitshelwa ukuthi "inombolo ebalulekile" yezintatheli zakuqala ze-Al Jazeera yavela ku-BBC. Ithimba eliqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-Al Jazeera (okuningi kulokhu ngezansi) "lizorekhoda njalo i-BBC ne-CNN" yomcimbi obuye wahlanganiswa yi-Al Jazeera "futhi uwuqhathanise ngokujulile nokufakwa kwe-AJ." Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Al Jazeera English ikhiqize "ikhodi yokuziphatha" yezintatheli zayo cishe awuhlukaniseki embhalweni we-BBC.
I-Emir yaseQatar ne-Al Jazeera
Izintambo ze-Doha ziyathakazelisa kwamanye amaphuzu, ahlanganisa indlela i-Qatar esebenzisa ngayo i-Al Jazeera nokuthi i-Qatar iyakha kanjani inqubomgomo yayo yezangaphandle. Phela umbuso waseQatar ungelinye lamazwe abambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuqhumiseni ibhomu eLibya futhi ubukade uxhasa ngezimali futhi uhlomisa amaqembu aphikisayo uCol. Gaddafi. Esinye sezizathu ezishiwo ngokungenelela kwamasosha akwamanye amazwe eLibya ukuthi kwakhiwe intando yeningi entsha, enenkululeko yezepolitiki kwabaphikisayo. Kuyaxaka kanjani ukukhunjuzwa ngokungabi bikho kwale nkululeko eQatar. Njengoba izikhulumi zingene ikhebula elilodwa chaza, "amandla ezomnotho nawezombangazwe asezandleni zombuso ... ... I-Qatar ayinalo ukuphikiswa okusemthethweni. Eqinisweni, amaqembu ezombusazwe awekho emthethweni ... ukugxeka uhulumeni kuletha ingozi yokulahlekelwa izinzuzo kanye nezintandokazi bona kanye nemindeni yabo, njengezindlu nemfundo.” Izinguquko ezithenjisiwe zentando yeningi zibhekwa abagxeki baseQatari njengezenzelwe nje ukuthuthukisa isithombe sombuso wamazwe ngamazwe. I-Emir ingakhipha noma yiliphi inani lemali kuMgcinimafa, ngokuthanda kwakhe, futhi kungadingeki iphendule kunoma ubani: izimali zombuso ziyimali yomuntu siqu. Noma sekunezinguquko, umndeni ophethe awuphenduleki kunoma yisiphi isikhungo sikazwelonke. Abantu bangaboshwa futhi bagcinwe ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa isikhathi esingafika ezinyangeni eziyisithupha (noma ngaphezulu, kuncike ekugunyazweni kukaNdunankulu), "ngokwentshisekelo yomphakathi." Amalungu esizwe sakwa-Al-Murra aphucwe ubuzwe bawo baseQatar. Futhi, njengoba abahlaziyi baseMelika bayigxeka i-Qatar ngokuxhasa iyunithi efana ne-Al Jazeera, okubonakala sengathi yanikeza amazwi e-jihadist, iqiniso elivezwe ngekhebula elilodwa ukuthi uhulumeni waseQatar. "ngesinye isikhathi 'isiza' isevisi yezokuphepha yakwa-Israyeli."
Ikhebula elilodwa likwenza kucace ukuthi izikhulu zaseQatari "zibheka i-AJ, isiNgisi nesi-Arabhu, njenge amathuluzi abalulekile wenqubomgomo yangaphandle yaseQatari"Emhlanganweni noSenator John Kerry ngoFebhuwari 13, 2010, uNdunankulu waseQatar uHamad bin Jassim Al Thani wamemezela ukuthi. "Sizoyimisa i-Al Jazeera unyaka wonke" uma kwakusho ukuthi i-Egypt izoshintsha inqubomgomo yayo yangaphandle kumaPalestina, okubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi amandla angempela ekugcineni akhona ekunqumeni okuqukethwe kwe-Al Jazeera nokuthi okuqukethwe kuvulekele ukuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu anamandla phezu kwe-Al Jazeera. Ngokuqondene nesiNgisi se-Al Jazeera, senziwa ukusika "eduze komugqa wezepolitiki waseDoha njengesiteshi sesi-Arabhu sika-AJ."
Kufanele futhi siqaphele ukuthi uMqondisi Ophethe, uKhanfar, uthe i-Emir ayiphazamisi i-Al Jazeera's. ukusebenza, okungase kube ukukhetha ngokucophelela okukhulu kwamagama kumuntu obonakala ewakhetha njalo amazwi akhe ngokucophelela. Kodwa-ke, njengoba iNxusa Lenxusa laseMelika liphawulile,"I-Al Jazeera ivele yachezuka ... USihlalo we-Al Jazeera naye uyilungu lomndeni wasebukhosini obusa iQatar.
Ngokufanayo, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi Inxusa laseMelika litshele iWashington ukuthi selikulungele ukusiza ukuxhaphaza ukuvuleka kwe-Al Jazeera "ngokusebenzisa i-diplomacy eqondile nomndeni ophethe waseQatar kanye namalungu ekomkhulu le-Al Jazeera's Doha." Kwenye indawo, Inxusa u-LeBaron ugcizelele ukuthi,
ukusiza ukuthuthukisa isithombe se-USG emgwaqeni wama-Arab, sidinga ukukhuphula ukusebenzelana kwe-USG kwezinga eliphezulu lobuholi be-Qatar. Ubudlelwano obungcono nomndeni obusayo ka-al-Thani buzohumushela izinguquko embozweni ye-al-Jazeera ezosiza kancane kancane ukuthuthukisa isithombe sase-United States emgwaqeni wama-Arab..
Ngenkathi evuma ukuthi i-Al Jazeera ibe yinhle kwabakwaQatar, kanye ne-Emir, iphrofayili yomphakathi yamazwe ngamazwe, uKhanfar wagomela ngokuthi i-Al Jazeera ayizange izibone njengengxenye yanoma iyiphi inhlangano yezinguquko, futhi kwakungelona izwi lama-Arabhu.
Onomthwalo wemfanelo + Ochwepheshe = Imperial
Ngempela, u-Khanfar ubonise ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani okokufaka kwe-US kanye"ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi" ukuqinisekisa "ubungcweti," "ibhalansi," kanye "nenhloso" kungatshekisa ukusakazwa kwezindaba ukuze kuvune kangcono izintshisekelo ze-US. U-Khanfar utshele i-PAO mayelana nomhlangano wokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi wansuku zonke we-Al Jazeera ukuthi "umhlangano unzima kakhulu, uqine ngisho kunohlu lwakho." (Asazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlu i-PAO enalo.) U-Khanfar uchaze ukuthi i-Al Jazeera yashintsha kanjani ukukhetha kwayo amagama, ukuze iqede ukukhathazeka kwe-US: esikhundleni sokuthi "ukumelana," manje sebezobhekisela "kumaqembu ezempi"; esikhundleni sokuthi "umsebenzi," manje sebezokhuluma ngokungananazi "ngamandla ezizwe ngezizwe" - konke lokhu kufakazela ngendlela i-ISAF ye-NATO ibeka ngayo ukulandisa kwayo kwansuku zonke e-Afghanistan.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi i- I-PAO yenxusa laseMelika izophinde ihlangane nenhloko yethimba le-Al Jazeera "lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi", Jaafar Abbas Ahmed, ngaleyo ndlela abe negalelo eliqondile kulokho okwaxoxwa emihlanganweni yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, ngisho noma ababambiqhaza bengase bangazi ngomhlangano wangaphambili we-PAO nomqondisi wabo. U-Abbas uphawula ukuphikiswa kwesizukulwane esidala sezintatheli e-Al Jazeera futhi uncoma u-Wadah Khanfar, ovule i-Al Jazeera kwiNxusa Lase-US, "njengomthombo wamandla" (mhlawumbe ekuqiniseni isandla sika-Abbas ngokubheka i-recalcitrant holdouts). U-Abbas uchaza uphiko lwakhe lwe-QA “njengesimila” abasebenzi asebezohlala naso - uthembise nesizindalwazi sekhompuyutha sabo bonke abasebenzi bakwa-Al Jazeera, ebagcina begadiwe nganoma yikuphi ukuphawula “okuchemile”. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ubungane buka-Abbas ne-PAO, njengokungathi ukhuluma nomuntu wangaphakathi, noma omunye umqondisi, njengoba behlahle amehlo abomdabu abangalawuleki. Ngokufanayo, ngesinye isikhathi, u-Abbas waze wabiza abakhiqizi bezingxoxo ze-Al Jazeera "izilima," ngesikhathi ekhuluma ne-PAO yeNxusa.
U-Khanfar wayekhona ukuze kube "uMnu. Fix It" waseMelika: "Lapho kunenkinga - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sifunda ngayo kuwe, eqenjini lethu le-QA, noma komunye umthombo - siyayilungisa ngokushesha." Empeleni u-Khanfar ucele ukuthi naye kumele athole ngqo imibiko ye-DIA ehlaziya ukufakwa kwe-Al Jazeera, ngoba uMnyango Wezangaphandle ubephuza kakhulu ukuyidlulisela. I-Embassy yavuma, iphawula ukuthi uKhanfar "ubathatha ngokungathí sina." I-US yaqhubeka nokugcizelela ukuthi i-Al Jazeera ingasakazi amavidiyo amavukelambuso noma "izingxoxo ezivusa inkanuko." I Inxusa laseMelika lincome uKhanfar njengomuntu "ozinikele ngokusobala ekuletheni i-Al Jazeera ezindinganisweni zamazwe ngamazwe zobuntatheli" futhi "obonakala engavulekele ukugxekwa kuphela kodwa nokwamukela." Ezikhathini eziningi uKhanfar uphendula ngokucacile ekugxekeni kwe-US kokuqukethwe kwe-Al Jazeera, ikakhulukazi iwebhusayithi.
Imibuzo Yokuhambisana
"U[W] kufanele asebenzise amasu enethiwekhi kamabonakude i-Al Jazeera." - UJoseph E. LeBaron, Inxusa lase-US eQatar, Februwari 10, 2009
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela - njengoba abanye bazofuna ukuphakamisa lolu daba njengobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi i-US ihlobene ne-Al Jazeera njengoba ibingenza kunoma yiziphi izitha zayo, okungukuthi ngokuhlela izenzo ezibulalayo - ukuthi nalapha izintambo ziwusizo. Ibhalwe kubantu bangaphakathi, futhi ihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ngasese ngabanye abangaphakathi emishini yokusebenzelana nezangaphandle yase-US, lowo owayeyiNxusa u-Untermeyer ukuchithile ngokuthi "akunangqondo" Noma yimuphi umbono wokuthi uBush uhlele ukuqhumisa amabhomu indlunkulu yaseDoha yase-Al Jazeera. Njengoba eveza ngendlela ephusile, kungaba wumbudane ngoba empeleni kungaba ukuhlasela kwezempi esizweni esinobungane, futhi ucela uhulumeni wakhe ukuba akhiphe ukuphika okunamandla kunalokhu obekumele kube yimanje.
Uma kukhulunywa ngengqikithi yobudlelwano base-US ne-Al Jazeera, imibuzo okufanele ifike engqondweni ithi: Kusho ukuthini ukuba nesibopho? Unesibopho sani? Ubhekene nobani? Kuyini ukulinganisela, futhi iqiniso lilinganisela kanjani lapho umqondo ngokwawo usikisela ukuthi okunye kumelwe kube amanga? Kungani ukulinganisela kubalulekile, lapho usakaza amazwi acindezelwe isikhathi eside futhi ebandlululwa njalo? Kuyini inhloso, lapho umuntu engaphansi kwengcindezi futhi enziwa ukwesaba ngomsebenzi wakhe? Buyini ubungcweti futhi kungani buhlala bubonakala buzibophezela esikhundleni sokungaphazamisi isimo esikhona?
Lapho uhulumeni wase-US ezimisele ngokucace kangaka ekulawuleni umlayezo, ekwenzeni izenzo ezijwayelekile zokucwaninga nsuku zonke ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi ejulile neyimfihlo ngemuva kwezigcawu, futhi lapho imibono yobungcweti, ibhalansi, kanye nenjongo iba ikhodi yombuso nje yokuthobela izithakazelo zase-US, akumangalisi ukuthi i-WikiLeaks ngokwayo kufanele isolwe ngokuba . . . Qagela? Abazibophezeli, abanamsebenzi, futhi abamelene namaMelika! Phila isikhathi eside ngokungabi nasibopho, ngoba ubuntatheli bufile impela.
Akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi kuzoba khona labo abafunda lezi zintambo kodwa nokho, abafisa ukulondoloza i-veneer yokuba semthethweni nokuthembeka kwe-Al Jazeera, bagcizelele ukuthi akuyona "umlomo olula" kuHulumeni wase-US. Umlomo olula akuwona - ukutsheka okusembozweni kwe-Al Jazeera yinto ngokusobala edinga ukuthi kuxoxiswene ngayo futhi kuqinisekiswe kabusha nsuku zonke. Lapho izintatheli zaseMelika zizijwayeza ukuzithiba, ngokuqaphela noma cha, kukhona nezizathu ezibanzi zamasiko nemibono zokwenza lokho, futhi ubumbano phakathi kwezinkampani zabezindaba kanye nombuso wombuso kungase kube "okuphilayo". Ingangene shí kwezombusazwe namasiko e-US, i-Al Jazeera idinga indlela yokufundisa eyengeziwe - ukubamba ngesandla - futhi, lapha, noma yikuphi ubumbano lufana "nomshini". Ubudlelwano i-US enabo ne-Al Jazeera bungabeka I-OutFoxed! ngokukhanya okuncane: njengoba abaningi behlambalaza amandla ka-Murdoch kanye ne-Fox News, leyo ngubo ayikaba nomthelela kubantu abaqondiswe yinqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US njenge-Al Jazeera, futhi ngokuqinisekile akuyona ekahulumeni, enomoya. amandla kanye namasosha, kanye nempi esebenzayo e-Libya ukuze iqale.
amanothi:
1. Ukudalulwa okuphelele: Ngemva kwengxoxo yehora lonke ku-Al Jazeera Arabic ngo-2010, ngavuma ukubhala uchungechunge lwamakholomu akhokhelwayo kuwebhusayithi ye-Al Jazeera Arabic. Le ndatshana ayibhalwanga ngesisekelo sanoma yiluphi ulwazi lwami lwangaphakathi oluncane kakhulu, futhi kufanele ngikhombise ukuthi akukho nakancane izisebenzi ze-Al Jazeera ezafuna ukuphoqelela inqubomgomo yokuhlela ekubhaleni kwami. Ekusebenzelaneni kwami nabasebenzi bakwa-Al Jazeera angikaze ngibazi ukuthi bangaba yini enye into ngaphandle kochwepheshe ngokwedlulele, abanesineke, futhi abaphanayo. NgoMashi wezi-2011 nganqamula ubudlelwano bami ne-Al Jazeera, ngenxa yezizathu zezepolitiki, ngesisekelo sokuhlanganisa iLibya neBahrain, kanye neziphetho zezepolitiki lapho i-Al Jazeera yasetshenziswa khona izwe laseQatari kanye nozakwabo wase-US empini yokulwa neLibya. .
2. Iphakheji eliphelele lamakhebuli angu-40 ingxenye enkulu yalesi sihloko esekelwe phezu kwawo aqoqiwe futhi atholakala njenge-PDF yokudawuniloda, engashumeka futhi ku-inthanethi: sicela uchofoze lapha.
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