Ngiyohlale ngikhumbula isigameko sosuku lwami lwesibili e-Afghanistan, lapho u-Abdulhai oneminyaka engu-16 engibuza umbuzo, ngesiNgisi. “Ingabe uyaqala ngqa ukuba sezweni elibuyela emuva?” Ngabona ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi amazwi akhe ayekhulunywa endaweni yokukhungatheka kwangempela ngenxa yemifula egcwele udoti, izakhiwo eziwohlokayo, umoya ogcwele izintuli, nendlela izindimbane zabantu abaswele umsebenzi abaphoqeleka ukuba bahlale ematendeni noma ngaphansi kwamabhuloho. Noma kunjalo, kuyiqiniso elidabukisayo ukuthi intsha eningi yase-Afghan engahlangana nayo inomkhuba wokuzibheka ngale ndlela: “njengabantu bezizwe” ababamba “isiko lamaqhawe.”
Leyo eminye yemisindo abezindaba abayiphonsa ukuze basichazele ngokuhleleka kwemvelo kwe-Afghanistan ekuwohlokeni nasekuweni. Esivunguvungwini esihle kangaka, kulula ngomphakathi ukuthi uphuthelwe yizindima zangempela nezibambekayo eziye zadlalwa amabutho ahlaselayo nezimakethe ezikhohlisayo kulokhu kubhujiswa ngokomzimba nangokomuntu.
NgoSepthemba, u-Abdulhai kanye nomfowabo womphakathi u-Ali kungenzeka ukuthi babechaza lezi zici zesikhathi samanje zempilo yansuku zonke yase-Afghan ngqo kubabukeli kuzo zonke izifundazwe zase-US. Bamenywa ukuba bahlanganyele ne-“Caravan for Peace”, eholwa inhlangano yaseMexico iMPJD (Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity). Ngithi "kungenzeka ukuthi" ngoba naphezu kwezikhalazo ezivela ezinkulungwaneni zabantu, inxusa laseMelika eKabul linqabile isicelo sabo se-visa. Manje njengoba benze esinye isikhalazo, bathole izinsuku zokuqokwa eziba iviki ngemva kokuba ikharavani ihlelelwe ukuphela. Kusukela namhlanje, ihhovisi lenxusa linqabile ukusheshisa izinsuku zenhlolokhono naphezu kwesicelo soKhongolose abayisikhombisa ukuthi benze njalo.
Ngesikhathi ngihlala e-Afghanistan, ngahamba ngayokhuluma nabafundi esikoleni samabanga aphezulu sabesifazane esiphethwe yi-USAID (Agency for International Development). Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, abafundi abayisithupha bakulesi sikole banikezwa ama-visa okuhamba izinyanga ezintathu ohambweni lwezifunda ezihlukahlukene zase-United States. Laba besifazane abasebasha babeneminyaka efanayo nesizinda njengo-Ali no-Abdulhai—kungenzeka ukuthi babengenazo iziqephu zomhlaba ezibhaliswe ngamagama abo futhi bengenawo ama-akhawunti amakhulu asebhange. Nokho i-USAID ngokusobala ayizange ibe nenkinga yokubakhipha bobathathu.
Akunjalo ngohambo lwekharavani oluklanyelwe ukubekela inselele inganekwane kahulumeni wase-US ocabanga phambili - uhulumeni osabalalisa 'ukuqhubekela phambili' kwakhe emhlabeni wonke. Ikakhulukazi, i-MPJD ibilokhu iqokomisa i-puppetry yezempi yase-US eqhubekayo eMexico esigabeni sakamuva salokho okubizwa ngokuthi Impi Yezidakamizwa. Ngamanye amazwi, i-caravan ibilokhu isakaza izingubo zangaphansi zikahulumeni wase-US ezingemuva ezinamachashazi angaphansi amasonto ambalwa manje. Ingabe ihhovisi lenxusa laseMelika lalingaboni konke lokho ilineni eliheleza umoya? Ingabe umphakathi wase-US uzojwayela ukubona amaphethini? Ake sibonise imiklamo embalwa eqoqweni labo...
Honduras
Ukuketulwa kwezempi okusekelwe e-US ngo-2009 kukahulumeni okhethiwe eHonduras kwaphumela ohlelweni lwezomthetho olukhetha ngentshiseko. Ngenkathi izishoshovu zentando yeningi zibekezelele ukuhlaselwa ngesihluku, ubugebengu obunodlame kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa akuzange kujeziswe kakhulu inqobo nje uma abenzi bobubi basebenza ngokubambisana nezimboni ezinkulu zezwe: i-biodiesel, izimayini zegolide, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezokuvakasha.
Namuhla, izigebengu eziyingozi nezinqola zezidakamizwa ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza zingakathintwa; le nqubomgomo ye-hands-off igxilile endaweni ngisho nangaphakathi kwenxusa lase-US e-Tegucigalpa.
Ikhebula eliputshuziwe loMnyango Wezwe kusukela ngoMashi 19, 2004 lidalule ukuthi iHonduran Air Force (HAF) ibiqopha amathrekhi ezindiza zezidakamizwa ezihlala endaweni yomuntu ocebe kakhulu ezweni, i-biodiesel tycoon uMiguel Facussé. Ikhebula likubiza ngokuthi “ngokwesithathu ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanhlanu ezedlule lapho abashushumbisi bezidakamizwa bexhunyaniswa nale ndawo kaMnu. Facussé.”
Naphezu kwemibhalo yokubeka icala, uhulumeni wase-US akazange athathe isinyathelo sokulungisa leli cala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhebula langomhla ziyisi-8 kuSepthemba 2009 liveza ukuthi lowo owayeyinxusa u-Hugo Llorens umeme u-Facussé esidlweni sasemini ukuze acele iseluleko sezepolitiki. Akakaze acelwe ukuthi aziphendulele ngokunyakaza okusolisayo okwenzeka endaweni yakhe.
Ngokuphambene, ngoMeyi 11, 2011, indiza enophephela emhlane ye-US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) yabona kufanele ukuthi idubule esikebheni esincane somfula eyayisibonile ngenkathi sindiza phezu kwehlathi lemvula lase-Ahuas, sisola ukuthi kungenzeka sinezidakamizwa. Esikhundleni salokho bekugcwele izakhamizi zasendaweni ezihamba phakathi kwamadolobha, abane kubo asebeshonile - okuhlanganisa nowesifazane okhulelwe - kanti abanye abane kubo abalimele kabi. Omunye wabalimele angase adinge ukunqunywa yomibili imilenze ngenxa yamanxeba ezinhlamvu. Abasindile basinda kuphela ngokugxumela emfuleni. I-DEA yenqaba noma yisiphi isibopho noma isibopho kwabahlukunyeziwe nemindeni yabo. Lesi sikhungo siphinde sibe ne-video yesigameko esingafuni ukuyikhipha.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-DEA iyathanda noma cha, osekukhululiwe amakhebuli ezokuxhumana aqinisekisa ukungabi nabulungisa okukhulu kophenyo lwayo olukhethekile kanye nokuqiniswa komthetho okukhethekile. Ngokwencazelo, alukho lolu phenyo nezenzo zokuxhamazela ezike zibonakale zihambisana nabo bonke ubufakazi obutholakala kalula.
Ngemva kokuwa kwezintambo eziputshuziwe, inxusa u-Llorens wasula esikhundleni wabe esechitha cishe unyaka efundisa e-United States ngaphambi kokwamukela ukukhushulwa esikhundleni sokuba “Umsizi Wesikhulu Semishini” e-Kabul, e-Afghanistan. Eqinisweni, manje usengamele ihhovisi elifanayo elenza isinqumo ngama-visa.
Afghanistan
I-Afghanistan sekuyisikhathi eside iwumthombo oyinhloko we-opium emhlabeni, futhi kusukela ngo-2010, iphinde ibe ehamba phambili ekuhlinzekeni insangu. Izici ezingenantando yeningi zikahulumeni wase-Afghan zandisa le nkinga. Umthethosisekelo owabhalwa eWashington, DC kanye nomongameli okhethwe eBonn, eJalimane (futhi wagunyazwa okhethweni oluthathwa kabanzi njengoluntshontshiwe) kwakungeyona into abantu abaningi base-Afghan ababengayilindela ekuqaleni emsebenzini wezempi owaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi “Ubulungiswa obungapheli” futhi kamuva, “ Enduring Freedom”.
Lesi akusona isimiso lapho abantu abavamile benomuzwa wokuthi bangasinda ngokuhlanganyela imibono nemizamo yabo, bazinikele emsebenzini onokuthula nokukhiqizayo, njengokutshala izitshalo eziwusizo ukuze bondle abantu base-Afghan. Esikhundleni salokho, ukungavikeleki kokugaya kanye nokuntuleka okuphelele kokuphakelayo kokuziphendulela komphakathi izikhuthazo zokukhula kwe-opium nokuyicubungula ibe yi-heroin ukuze kube nenzuzo elula uma kuqhathaniswa.
Akuzona kuphela izikhungo ezivumela izidakamizwa nenkohlakalo, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi uhulumeni wase-Afghan osekelwa yi-US uthatha isinyathelo esibambekayo sokufaka abashushumbisi bezidakamizwa ezikhundleni eziphezulu. Lokhu kulula, ngokuhleleka, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi umongameli wase-Afghan uyakwazi ukukhetha ngesandla ababusi abangakhethiwe esifundazweni ngasinye kwezingama-34 zase-Afghanistan.
Esinye isibonelo esihlasimulisayo sivela esifundazweni esisentshonalanga yeFarah, lapho uMnyango Wezangaphakathi kaMongameli uKarzai wayefuna ukuqoka indoda okuthiwa u-Yousif Baghlani. Abadala abaningi e-Farah babazi ukuthi le ndoda kwakungu-Bashir Baghlani, umlingani obulalayo ka-Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, inkosi enegama elibi le-heroin nenduna yempi evela empumalanga yezwe. Uhulumeni waseKabul uguqule igama ngenhloso yokudambisa intukuthelo yomphakathi ngemuva kokubhuntsha kwemizamo yokumqoka kwezinye izifundazwe. Abantu baseFarah badlulisela ukwedelela kwabo le ndoda enkonzweni yezangaphakathi, kodwa ekugcineni inkonzo yakhetha owabo umuntu othembekile esikhundleni salokhu kuphikisa.
Ngolunye usuku ngiseKabul, ngahlangana nensizwa evela kwesinye sezifundazwe ezisempumalanga okuyisikhungo se-opium lapho amaphekula eHezb-i-Islami kaHekmatyar ematasatasa khona njengamanje. Wangitshela ukuthi kuyinto evamile ekhaya ukuthi i-opium eningi ithuthwa isuswe endaweni ngendiza. Uma kunjalo, ihhovisi lenxusa laseMelika kumele lazi ngakho, kodwa ingabe bazosithatha isinyathelo ngalobo bufakazi?
Isiphetho
NgoMeyi odlule, u-Hamid Karzai wafika engqungqutheleni ye-NATO e-Chicago futhi wakhuluma ngokuthi i-Afghanistan idinga kanjani usizo olwengeziwe ukuze ithuthukise izikhungo zayo, ukuze "ingabe isaba umthwalo emahlombe omphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe." Emahoreni ambalwa nje, abezindaba base beqhamuke nelinye ibinzana elihehayo ukuchaza izwe: “Umthwalo Womhlaba”. Kepha abantu base-Afghan bathwele kanzima uma bebhekene nesisindo sohulumeni abakhohlakele kanye nethonya elingenabulungiswa, elihlaselayo langaphandle.
AmaHondurans nama-Afghan angenza igxathu elikhulu kakhulu ekufinyeleleni enkululekweni yangempela-okuhlanganisa namalungelo abesifazane-uma bevunyelwe ukwenza indawo yentando yeningi yangempela emiphakathini yabo. EHonduras, ngiye ngavakashela abantu basedolobheni abamizi yabo nezinto zabo kwakucekelwe phansi ngokuphelele yingcindezelo yezombangazwe. Bahlela ukuhlanganisa imali yabo esele ukuze banakekele izidingo eziphuthumayo zabasengozini enkulu, njengokutholela omama abakhulelwe ubisi.
Esinye isigcawu engingeke ngisikhohlwe esivela e-Afghanistan yilapho ngizama ukusiza u-Ali, omunye wentsha owenqaba i-visa, enenkinga yezibalo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngineziqu zasekolishi kulesi sifundo, u-Ali uyena owagcina engifundise ifomula ebhalwe ngesandla eside yokuthola impande yesikwele. Enkathini yokubala, ikharikhulamu yezibalo e-United States kufanele ngabe iyilahlile le ndlela yokuxazulula izinkinga “emuva” ngaphambi kokuba ngithathe i-6.th izibalo zebanga.
Kuthiwani uma izindlela zakudala zokuxazulula izinkinga zisasebenza nanamuhla? Kuthiwani uma okwedlule kusinikeza ubuhlakani, ubuhlakani, isiqephu esisodwa sendida esinokuqonda esidingekayo ekutholeni ifomula yendlela entsha sha ukuze kuzuzwe ubudlelwano obunokuthula phakathi komakhelwane basekhaya nabasemhlabeni?
Njengamanje asiyiqondi indida yokuthi singayeka kanjani ukubusa nokuxhaphaza umhlaba. Ohulumeni abazi ukuthi ukwelapha izidakamizwa ekhaya njengokugula, ukuvumela abantu baphesheya indlela yokuphila ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza ekuhwebeni kwezidakamizwa. Akufanele sizithathele phansi izifundo esingase sizithole ngokuhlangana nabantu abahlukahlukene, kodwa hhayi abaphansi, okuhlangenwe nakho nezizinda. Yile ndlela esingayeka ngayo ukuhamba "phambili" sigqoke ama-blinders.
UBuddy Bell ungumxhumanisi weVoices for Creative Nonviolence. Waya e-Afghanistan ngoMeyi nangoJuni 2012 futhi wahlala eKabul njengesivakashi samaVolontiya Okuthula Afghan. Waya eHonduras ne-Alliance for Global Justice ngoJulayi 2011 kwathi ngoFebhuwari 2012 ehamba neLa Voz de los de Abajo. I-imeyili yakhe ithi [i-imeyili ivikelwe].
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