Ngenxa yokuthi iJapane yakhetha ukuhlasela izindawo eziningi zamakholoni zaseNtshonalanga, impi yasePacific yadalula ukucwasa okungokwemvelo kwesakhiwo samakholoni. E-United States naseBrithani, amaJapane ayezondwa kakhulu kunamaJalimane. Ikhadi lomjaho lidlalwe kwangqingetshe ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene ze-Allied propaganda. Ugqugquzelwa ithimba lezivakashi laseShayina elikhulayo kanye nabavikeli bezohwebo baseMelika abakhulumayo abaxwaya izimpahla zaseJapan ezingabizi, lo mkhankaso ekugcineni uzosiza umphakathi waseMelika ukuthi ube sesimweni esisekela impi, esimelene neJapan. Ngo-1938, njengoba isazi-mlando uMichael C.C. U-Adams uyabhala, ukuvota kubonise ukuthi abantu baseMelika abaningi bathanda usizo lwezempi eChina kunaseBrithani noma eFrance. Ngisho nangaphezu koMbuso Wesithathu, iJapane yayiyisikhohlakali sase-U.S.
Umlobi uJohn Dower uthi: โIzincwadi ezazivame ukulandisa ngezenzo zonya zaseJapane, zakhuluma ngokubulawa kwamaJuda, futhi ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe akuzange kukhulunywe ngisho ochungechungeni [lwefilimu] elithi โKungani Silwaโ uFrank Capra olwaluqondiswe U.S. Army.โ
Amasosha aseJapane (futhi, ngaleyo ndaba, wonke amaJapane) ayevame ukubizwa futhi achazwe njengabantu abangaphansi: izinambuzane, izinkawu, izinkawu, amagundane, noma ama-barbarians okumele aqedwe noma aqedwe. Ikhathuni le-American Legion Magazine lezinkawu ezu elalithumele uphawu olufundeka kanje, "Noma yikuphi ukufana phakathi kwethu nama-Japs kuzenzekele nje" kwakujwayelekile.
Inhlolovo Yezempi Yase-U.S. ngo-1943 yathola ukuthi cishe ingxenye yawo wonke ama-GI ayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuzodingeka kubulawe wonke amaJapane asemhlabeni ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ukuthula. Abaphathi babo eWashington babonakala bevumelana. Ngo-December 1943, njengoba u-Adams ephawula, kwakunamasosha amaningi nemishini ePacific kunaseYurophu futhi kuye kwalinganiselwa ukuthi imizuliswano yezibhamu engu-1,589 yadutshulwa ukuze kubulawe isosha ngalinye laseJapane.
Njengoba inhlolovo ka-December 1945 ye-Fortune yembula, imizwa yaseMelika ngamaJapane ayizange ithambe ngemva kwempi. Cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nantathu alabo ababuzwa ayefisa sengathi i-U.S. ngabe yawisa โamaningi [amabhomu e-athomu] ngaphambi kokuba amaJapane athole ithuba lokucela umaluju.โ
Lolu hlobo olunonya lwenzondo ebulalayo lwaluwumphumela wokugcina womzamo omkhulu wobudlelwane bomphakathi wokukhipha idemoni isitha ePacific futhi ngalokho kuthethelele noma yini egameni lokunqoba. Isibonelo esihle singatholakala kuyi-New York Times lapho iphephandaba eliqoshiwe likhipha isikhangiso esasibonisa umshisi womlilo usetshenziselwa ukubulala amaJapane, esasinesihloko esikhulu esithi: โUkuqeda Isidleke Samagundane.โ
Njengoba ojenene abafana noSir Thomas Blamey wase-Australia bazisa amabutho akhe ukuthi, โNgaphansi kohlaka oluncane lwezizukulwane ezimbalwa zempucuko, [amaJapane] ayisilo esingaphansi komuntu,โ isiphithiphithi sokungazi nokuphikisana ngohlanga kwaphumela ekubeni amabutho Ahlangene abambe iqhaza lethu. indima yabo enqunywe kusengaphambili esiprofethweni esizigcwalisayo. Uma umuntu ongaphansi komuntu ezolwa aze afe njengesilwane, labo abalwa ngasohlangothini lokuhle bavele bashiywe bengenandlela yokwenza ngaphandle kokuba bahlatshwe ngokungenasihawu. Njengoba amasosha aseJapane ayecindezelwe ukuba anganikeli futhi ayevame ukubulawa lapho enza kanjalo, lokhu kwaba isiprofetho esizigcwalisayo.
Kamuva uJenene Blamey watshela i-New York Times: โUkulwa namaJaps akufani nokulwa nabantu abavamile. I-Jap iyiqaba elincaneโฆ Asisebenzisani nabantu ngendlela esibazi ngayo. Sibhekene nento yakudala. Amasosha ethu anombono ofanele ngeJaps. Bazibheka njengezilokazane.โ
Lolu hlelo lucashunwe yi-Times ekhasini lokuqala.
U-Eugene B. Sledge, umbhali wencwadi ethi With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa, wabhala ngabalingani bakhe โabavuna amazinyo egolideโ ezitheni ezifile. E-Okinawa, uSledge wafakaza, โinto enyanyekayo engake ngabona iMelika iyenza empiniโโlapho isikhulu sasolwandle sima phezu kwesidumbu saseJapane futhi sichamela emlonyeni waso.
Kwakungekho ukushoda kwezindaba ezithusayo mayelana nonya lwase-Japan ukuze kubhebhethekise inzondo enjalo futhi ingxenye enkulu yazo yayiyiqiniso. Eziboshwa ezingu-235,473 zase-US nase-U.K. ezibikwe ukuthi zithunjwe yiJalimane ne-Italy zihlangene, zingamaphesenti angu-4 kuphela (9,348) afa ngenkathi amaphesenti angama-27 ama-Anglo-American POWs aseJapane (35,756 of 132,134) awasindanga. Ngempela, ngokudlwengulwa kwe-Nanking, i-Bataan Death March, kanye nezigameko ezinjengalapho amaMarines e-Guadalcanal ehlaselwa amasosha aseJapane enza sengathi azinikele, i-litany yamacala empi yaseJapane ayizange idinge ukuhlotshiswa okuningi ukuze kuvuse ulaka lwama-Allied. Ukuziphatha okwalandela kwamadoda alwa namaJapane ePacific (kanye nalabo abawasukela ekhaya) kwakuwumphumela nje owawulindelwe womkhankaso obulalayo wokukhohlisa kanye nenkulumo-ze ngokumelene nesitha, esasivame ukudlala kanye kulokho kwesaba. Imiphumela, nakuba ingabikezelwa, nayo iyashaqisa.
UDower uyabika: โNgo-April 1943, iLanga laseBaltimore labhala indaba emayelana nomama wendawo owayenxuse iziphathimandla ukuba zivumele indodana yakhe ukuba imthumelele indlebe eyayisike isosha laseJapane eNingizimu Pacific. Wayefisa ukuyibethela emnyango wakhe wangaphambili ukuze bonke bayibone.โ
Kushicilelo lwango-1943 lwe-Leatherneck, i-Marine yanyanga zonke, isithombe sezidumbu zaseJapane saqhutshwa ngaphezu kwamagama-ncazo athi: โAma-JAPS AMAHLE ama-Japs afile.โ NgoMashi 15,
I-Time yango-1943 yalandela okufana nalokhu ngokubika ngaphandle kokugxeka mayelana โnesibhamu esindiza kancane esiphendula izikebhe zokuhlenga ezidonswa izikebhe ezinenjini futhi zigcwele abasindile baseJap, zaba izisefo ezinegazi.โ
Kuvelaphi ukuziphatha okunjalo? Enye indawo yokuzalela i-boot camp. Cabangela leli culo lekamu le-U.S. Marine Corps:
โDlwengulela idolobha futhi ubulale abantu, yilokho esikuthanda ukukwenza! Dlwengulela idolobha futhi ubulale abantu, yilokho kuphela okumele ukwenze! Buka izingane ziklabalasa futhi zimemeza, zidlwengula idolobha futhi zibulala abantu, iyona nto esithanda ukuyenza leyo!โ
Mhlawumbe u-Edgar L. Jones, owayeyintatheli yempi ePacific, wakubeka kahle kakhulu lapho ebuza kuyi-Atlantic Monthly yango-February 1946, โHlobo luni lwempi izakhamuzi ezicabanga ukuthi siyilwile noma kunjalo? Sadubula iziboshwa ngegazi elibandayo, saqeda izibhedlela, sachitha izikebhe zokusindisa, sabulala noma saphatha kabi izakhamuzi eziyizitha, saqeda isitha esilimele, saphonsa abafayo emgodini nabafile, futhi ePacific sabilisa inyama ekhanda lesitha ukuze senze imihlobiso yetafula. sweethearts, noma baqophe amathambo abo abavula izinhlamvu.โ
Igama elithi โisikhuluโ lalinengekile ngendlela efanayo: U-Elliot Roosevelt, indodana kamongameli nowayethulule isifuba sakhe, watshela uHenry Wallace ngo-1945 ukuthi iMelika kufanele ibhomuse iJapane โkuze kube yilapho sesicekele phansi cishe ingxenye yabantu baseJapane.โ UPaul V. McNutt, usihlalo we-War Manpower Commission, waqhubeka kancane lapho emelela izethameli zomphakathi ngo-April 1945 โukuqothulwa kwamaJapane ku-toto.โ Unobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson wavuma, ethi, โukuze umuntu aqhubeke neJapane, kwakudingeka ayiphathe kabi, ngokungafani namanye amazwe.โ Ukuthi le mizwa yayivame ukuhunyushwa esenzweni kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi amabhomu ase-US abulale izakhamizi eziningi ngokuphindwe kane kuya kahlanu ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ezedlule zempi yasePacific kunaseminyakeni emithathu yokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Allied eYurophu kuhlangene. Futhi-ke kwaba khona indoda eyagcina ikhiphe umyalo wokuwisa amabhomu e-athomu kubantu baseJapan.
โSisebenzise [ibhomu] kulabo abaye balahla konke ukuzenzisa ukulalela imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe yempi,โ uHarry Truman wachaza kamuva, ngaleyo ndlela ethethelela isinqumo sakhe sokuqeda abantu ababiza ngokuthi โabanonya, abanonya, abangenasihe, nabashiseka ngokweqile.โ
Amazwi anjalo kanye nokuhlangana okuvelile kwakhuthazwa, ngokusho kukaDower, ngezizathu ezintathu eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, "i-psychology yokuzibulala"
yayihilela inganekwane yokuthi njengoba amaJapane ashiseka ngokweqile ayencamela ukufa kunokuba acele umaluju, โamema ukubhujiswa.โ Ukuhluzeka kwesibili kwaba nezimpande eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nesivumelwano esayiqeda. "Noma yini engaphansi kokunqotshwa ngokuphelele" ngeke "iphelele" futhi umeme amaJapane ukuthi asebenzise ukuthula njengethuba lokuzilungiselela impi ... njengoba amaJalimane enza phakathi kwezimpi ezimbili zomhlaba. Ekugcineni, โukuhlanzwa kwengqondoโ kwavusa umqondo wokuthi amaJapane adinga ukujeziswa ngendlela โyokubhujiswa nokuhlupheka okukhulu.โ Njengoba u-Alger Hiss achaza ngaleso sikhathi, โyonke ingqondo [yaseJapane] kazwelonke [kumelwe] ishintshwe ngokuphelele.โ
Isisekelo sokucwasa ngokwemvelo ngemuva kwalezi zizathu ezintathu kuveza ngokushaqisayo izizathu ezivame ukunikezwa zokuqothulwa kwaboMdabu baseMelika noma ukugqilazwa kwama-Afrika. Emashumini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokuphela โkweMpi Enhle,โ i-U.S.
โPhakathi neMpi YaseVietnam,โ kubhala u-Edward S. Herman, โkwabikwa ukuthi abameli base-U.S. abangenangqondo abasebenza kulelo zwe baqamba inkulumo ethi โukubusa nje kwe-gookโ ukuze bachaze impatho emnene eyanikezwa izisebenzi zezempi zase-U.S. ezabulala izakhamuzi zaseVietnam. โ Le nqubomgomo ibambe izintambo ngokungenelela okuhlukahlukene kwaseMelika eLatin America, "inhlangano yosizo"
umzamo eSomalia, futhi, kunjalo, iGulf War kanye neKosovo. UHerman uyifingqa ngale ndlela le filosofi: โUma abaphikisana nathi bengasilaleli futhi siphoqelekile ukubaqhumisa, ngokusobala kuwumthwalo wabo wemfanelo.โ
Kunjalo, emadodeni ayilwayo ngempela, ifika phansi ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zokucwasa ngokwebala. Ukuze unikeze isijeziso esingenabuntu, kudingekile ukuba uzitshele ukuthi isitha asiyena umuntu ngokugcwele. Uma leyo nkolelo isisunguliwe, ubugqila, ukuqothulwa kohlanga, kanye nokubiliswa kwenyama ogebhezini lwaseJapane ukuze kusindiswe njengezikhumbuzo zinezizathu ezizoke zikudinge.
Kucashunwe encwadini ezayo, "Ayikho Impi Enhle: Izinganekwane Zempi Yezwe II" (Vox Pop). U-Mickey Z. angatholakala kuwebhu ku- http://www.mickeyz.net.
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