Kukanye kuphela lapho kufika incwadi ekhanyisa okusha ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Karen Paget uyeza Ukukhashelwa Kwezwe (Yale University Press) kuwumsebenzi onjalo nje, uxoxa indaba yangaphakathi yokuthi i-Central Intelligence Agency yonakalise kanjani ukukhula kwemvelo nentando yeningi kwenhlangano yamalungelo abafundi ngokungena kuNational Student Association (NSA) futhi iyiqondise emaphethelweni ayo eMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
Indaba iqala ngeminyaka yawo-1950, okungase kushiye abanye bezibuza ukuthi akuyona yini indaba yakudala nengenamsebenzi manje. Kusabalulekile namuhla, nokho, ngenxa yokukhula okunomdlavuza kokubhekwa kwe-Big Brother kanye nokwanda kwemisebenzi yomshoshaphansi ebizwa ngegama “lokukhuthazwa kwentando yeningi,” ukusuka e-Cuba kuya e-Ukraine. Ukwanda okugcwele kwezimali eziyimfihlo emikhankasweni, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kungenzeki ukwazi ukuthi ngabe abasebenzi bezikhungo zethu zezobunhloli banayo yini indima ekuhlukumezeni ama-radicals noma ekuqondiseni izinhlangano zomphakathi, noma ukuthi izindima ezinjalo zidluliselwe ezinhlanganweni ezizimele. Intando yeningi ikhula ebumnyameni. Noma yikuphi ukukhanya okuvela emlandweni kungasebenza njengemishayo ephezulu yokukhanyisa ikusasa.
Ukuzibandakanya kwami komuntu siqu kule ndaba kuqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, lapho ngisengumhleli wabafundi I-Michigan Daily, iphepha labafundi baseNyuvesi yaseMichigan. Kuleyo minyaka eyayisafufusa, ngangiwumcabango othuthukayo owayengazi ukuthi iCIA isiqalile ukunxenxa abafundi ngempi yayo eyimfihlo yokulwa neSoviet Union. Ngo-1960, ngagibela izinyawo ngiya e-University of California, eBerkeley, ukuze ngiyobhala ngenhlangano entsha yabafundi lapho. E-Bay Area, abafundi ababhikishela i-House Un-American Activities Committee bashaywa, bathululwa ngepayipi futhi bagezwa izitebhisi zeCity Hall. Babethuthukisa iqembu lokuqala lezepolitiki lesikhungo e-Berkeley, elaziwa nge-SLATE. Babelwela ilungelo lohulumeni babafundi ukuthi bathathe izintambo ezindabeni “zangaphandle kwekhampasi” njengokucwaswa ngokwebala yonke indawo kusukela emahhotela amaphakathi nedolobha laseSan Francisco kuya eMississippi. Babesohlelweni lokuba yi-Free Speech Movement kanye ne-Vietnam Day Committee yango-1964 nango-1965.
Ngichithe ihlobo elijabulisayo ngihlala efulethini eligcwele ama-radicals aseBerkeley. Omunye wezivakashi eziningi engahlangana nazo kwakunguDonald Hoffman, owayemele i-National Student Association, eyayihlanganisa amalungu ohulumeni wabafundi kanye Daily abahleli ababehlangana njalo ehlobo. Wayemdala kancane kunami, engumuntu okhululekile onobungane owayefuna ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abafundi baseBerkeley beza emhlanganweni wezwe walelo hlobo. Futhi wayeyi-ejenti ye-CIA, futhi wahlala kanjalo amashumi amaningi eminyaka.
Umhleli we Daily ngaphambi kwami, uPeter Eckstein, wafakwa ohlwini yi-CIA ukuthi iqondise imisebenzi yayo yokuqasha, eyayiqondise izishoshovu zabafundi eYurophu ezazikhangwe emikhosini yentsha exhaswe yiSoviet. UPetru wandulelwa omunye Daily umhleli, uHarry Lunn, owaba ngumsebenzi we-CIA impilo yonke ekuthunyelweni okuningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngo-1962, nginelukuluku lokwazi ngalemikhosi yentsha futhi ngilangazelela ukubona umhlaba, ngaxoxisana nami njengomuntu ongase abe yingxenye yethimba laseMelika (elimelene namakhomanisi) eMkhosini Wentsha waseHelsinki owawuxhaswe yiSoviet eFinland, okungenye yenkathi ethile. Inhloso yabo kwakuwukubhekana nezithunywa zamakhomanisi ngendaba ephikisayo mayelana nentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi baphikise ngokuqinile noma yikuphi ukusondelana noma ukuphilisana phakathi konxiwankulu kanye nobukhomanisi. Ukungathathi hlangothi eMpini Yomshoshaphansi kwakubhekwa “njengokuthambile” kubuKhomanisi.
Ekugcineni, angizange ngiye. Kodwa angisoze ngamkhohlwa owesifazane ohlakaniphile, okhangayo owaxoxa nami. Uthole iziqu eSmith College, igama lakhe kwakunguGloria Steinem. Lona bekungunyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuthi asebenze e-Playboy Club eNew York City kanye neminyaka eyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba abhale i-"A Bunny's Tale" ku. Bonisa futhi wazichaza “njengomshisekeli wesifazane okhuthele” ngo-1969.
Ngokusho kukaHarry Lunn weCIA Ukukhashelwa Kwezwe, wakhuthaza uSteinem ukuba abe “ubuso bomphakathi beNkonzo Ezimele Yolwazi,” ithimba elimelene namakhomanisi elilawulwa futhi lixhaswa yi-CIA, eMkhosini Wentsha waseVienna; ekuqaleni kuka-1959, yayisiqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Independent Research Service. "Wayengomunye wabesifazane abambalwa ekilabhini ye-NSA-CIA," kubhala uPaget, ephawula ukuthi "uSteinem, owabambisana ngamabomu neCIA, uyazwela namuhla ngomsebenzi wakhe ne-Ejensi."
USteinem wabuthela abantu baseMelika abangaba yikhulu eqenjini lezithunywa ukuze babhekane nentsha eyizi-17,000 eMkhosini Wentsha waseVienna ngo-1959 ngaphansi kwezimpawu zeMarxism kanye nenkululeko yezwe. Iqembu lakhe lasebenzisa amaqhinga angcolile ukuze liphazamise ukuqhubeka kwecala, okuhlanganisa nokusabalalisa inkulumo-ze emelene namakhomanisi ukuze kugcwaliswe ukushoda kwephepha lasendlini yangasese kanye namaqembu ezingxoxo ahlaselayo ukuze ahlasele imfundiso yamakhomanisi. Ijabule ngomsebenzi wakhe eVienna, i-CIA yathumela uSteinem ukuthi ahole ithimba elifanayo e-Helsinki ngo-1962, lapho i-CIA yabonisana nabafundi base-Afrika nge-jazz yaseMelika futhi, ngokusho kukaPaget, yashiya "izithombe ezikhumbulekayo zikaSteinem ehlukanisa amakhethini obuhlalu ukuze angene e-nightclub. njengokungathi unguMata Hari.”
Omunye umuntu engahlangana naye ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kwakungu-Allard Lowenstein, owayehambele yonke ingqungquthela ye-NSA kusukela kwasungulwa leli qembu futhi wayenokuxhumana okungaqondakali kodwa kwangempela kuMnyango Wezwe kanye namandla e-CIA ngemuva kwezigcawu. U-Lowenstein ngesibindi wasiza ukushushumbisela abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika eNtshonalanga, wayengumeluleki weKomidi Lokuxhumanisa Labafundi Abangenalo Udlame ngesikhathi saseMississippi Summer ngo-1964, wahola umkhankaso kazwelonke we-"Dump Johnson" ngo-1967 no-1968, wakhethwa kuCongress ngo-1968, futhi ekugcineni wabulawa. ngo-1980 yi-protégé ephazamisekile, u-Dennis Sweeney, owathi u-Lowenstein wayetshale idivayisi yokuxhumana emazinyweni akhe.
Ngokwami, angikaze ngibe yiqembu langaphambili le-CIA, nakuba ngizame kanzima ngokwanele. “Bengingazi,” ekukhulumeni okuyi-spook-speak. I-“Witting” yiyona le nhlangano eyayibiza ngayo abantu abaziyo. Baqale babavivinya babafaka ezikhundleni eziphezulu emhlabeni wabafundi, base bebafungela ukuphepha ngaphambi kokubatshela ukuthi bayingxenye yeCIA.
Ngaphansi kokucasha kwe-NSA, i-CIA yangiqasha ukuthi ngibhale incwajana mayelana nenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yabafundi (“Revolution in Mississippi,” 1961) ukuze isatshalaliswe emhlabeni wonke. Balenqaba leli pheshana ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi kungani, balishiya ukuthi lishicilelwe yi-Students for a Democratic Society. Baphinde bangenqaba ngeSemina Yokucwaninga Kwabafundi Bezizwe Ngezizwe ePhiladelphia, engafunda ukuthi yayiyindawo yokuhlola yama-ejenti akusasa. Ngiphendula, ngahlela umkhankaso emhlanganweni we-NSA ngalelo hlobo ngokumelene “nabathile abayimfihlo” engangibasola ngokuqhuba umhlangano. Kulokho kuhlukana kwaphuma isinqumo sami sokusebenza isikhathi esigcwele kwa-SDS njengonobhala wensimu futhi kamuva njengomongameli. Kuze kube namuhla, angazi noma ngabe iSitatimende sase-Port Huron besiyobhalwa yini ukube ngakhethwa ukuba ngibe yingxenye ye-NSA.
Ekugcineni, ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi kwaba kukhulu kangangokuthi umuntu wangaphakathi we-NSA waputshuza indaba yeCIA kuye Ama-Ramparts ngo-1967, okwabangela ihlazo elikhulu nokuhlakazeka kwe-NSA ibe igobolondo lalokho eyayiyikho ngaphambili.
Ngakho lowo umlando womuntu. Paget, umbhali we Ukukhashelwa Kwezwe futhi manje ongusosayensi nombhali wezombangazwe owaziwayo endaweni yase-Bay, wadlula kuleyo minyaka yesishoshovu njengomhlanganyeli ohlakaniphile ku-NSA kanye nomyeni wakhe, uMichael Enwall. Umyeni wakhe wahlulwa okhethweni lwe-NSA ngevoti elilodwa ngo-1965, okwadala izinsolo ezikhulayo mayelana nokuthi amandla abekwe kuphi. Uchithe iminyaka efunda imibhalo futhi exoxisana nabaholi bangaphambili be-NSA ukuze adalule indaba abaningi abangaphakathi abangafisi ukutshelwa ngayo.
Ezincwadini zakamuva ze-imeyili, ngimcele ukuthi acacise imfihlakalo yesikhathi eside phakathi kosomlando nezishoshovu: ukuthi ngabe u-Allard Lowenstein ubeyi-ejenti ye-CIA. "Ubufakazi bukhulu kakhulu," wabhala, ukuthi u-Lowenstein "wayengeyena umgqugquzeli oyinhloko noma umshoshozeli wobudlelwane be-CIA." Futhi akakholelwa ukuthi wasayina isifungo sokuphepha ngaphansi kohlelo lokuqasha lwe-CIA, olwaziwa nge-Covert Action 5. Kodwa ucwaningo lukaPaget lwamholela ekuphetheni ngokuthi u-Lowenstein “wayazi kodwa wayengazi”—okungukuthi, wayelwazi uxhaso lwe-CIA. kodwa wayengumdlali ozimele, kwesinye isikhathi eyiva ku-Ejensi.
Ezinye iziphetho ezimbili mayelana ne-Lowenstein zingathathwa ocwaningweni lukaPaget. NjengoSteinem, wayeyiqhawe eliqinile elibandayo elalifuna ukwakha inhlangano enobudlova, emelene namakhomanisi ngokumelene namaSoviet. Lokho kwakusho ukusekela iMpi Yomshoshaphansi esikhundleni samasu okuphilisana okwabe sekugqugquzelwa u-Olof Palme waseSweden, umholi wabafundi owaba undunankulu wezwe owayengathathi hlangothi isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe ngo-1986. Ama-Ramparts indaba kusukela ekushicilelweni, ukujoyina umhlangano wango-1967 we-CIA kanye nezikhulu ze-NSA zicubungula indlela yokuphatha indaba uma iputshuziwe. U-Lowenstein waphikisa ngokuthi Ama-Ramparts Indaba yayiyoshiya “igazi ezandleni [zabo]” futhi “abantu abaningi babeyobulawa” uma iqinisekiswa. UPaget ubhala ukuthi “[t]oday akekho noyedwa wezikhulu ze-NSA owayekhona ongachaza ukuzibandakanya kuka-Lowenstein." U-Lowenstein, uthi, uphinde waya e-White House, lapho acelwa khona nguWalt Rostow, umeluleki wezokuphepha kuzwelonke kaLyndon B. Johnson, ukuthi abhale impendulo Ama-Ramparts indaba uma iphumile.
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Isiphetho esisodwa esivela kulo mlando ukuthi ukungena ngokungemthetho kwe-CIA emaqenjini ezepolitiki asekhaya kwaqala kudala ngaphambi kuka-9/11 kanye “neMpi Yobuphekula” yamanje. Kube yinhlangano ekhohlakele isikhathi eside, ifihla i-ajenda yayo ngokuthi ubunhloli basekhaya bufaneleka njengengxenye yemisebenzi yayo yomhlaba wonke. Njengoba nje ukulawulwa kwe-NSA kwakufanele ngenxa yezizathu “zenqubomgomo yangaphandle”, kanjalo nokuthinta kwayo ngocingo kanye nokuhlola imithombo yasekhaya kuye kwathethelelwa ngezizathu zokuqapha ubuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe.
Okwesibili, izambulo ze-CIA-NSA zakha isimo esihlala njalo se-paranoia phakathi kwabathuthukayo ababengeke baphinde bazi ukuthi ngubani ongase abe "i-witting." Ngemuva kwamahlazo amaningi e-CIA ngeminyaka yawo-1970s, zombili izinhlangano zezepolitiki zakha izikhungo ezihlangene ukuze zidlulisele izigidi zamadola abakhokhi bentela kuma-NGO emazweni anenkinga yentando yeningi. Umehluko ufiphaziwe phakathi kwe-CIA kanye ne-US Agency for International Development, echitha izigidi ezingu-20 zamaRandi ngonyaka “ekugqugquzeleni intando yeningi” eCuba kuphela. Izinhlelo ezifanayo ziqondiswe eRussia, eVenezuela, nasezinguqukweni ezihlukahlukene “zemibala” endaweni eyayiyiMpumalanga Yurophu. I-United States ayikwazi ukumangalela ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ehlanzekile, futhi ibhebhezela ukuphikiswa komhlaba wonke ezindinganisweni zayo ezikabili.
Imiphumela yomhlaba wangempela yalokhu kukhohlisa kwepolitiki yabafundi isakithi. Nazi izibonelo ezintathu ezivela emlandweni kaPaget:
Usekela uSaddam Hussein e-Iraq. USaddam Hussein wayengumsebenzi we-CIA owathunyelwa yi-ejensi yezinhloli yaseMelika ngo-1959 ukubulala umbusi wase-Iraq, u-Abdul Karim Kassem. Lapho lowo mzamo wokubulala uhluleka, uSaddam wangena ohlelweni lokuvikela i-CIA e-Egypt kwaze kwaba yilapho i-Baath Party yakhe, nayo esekelwa yi-CIA, ithatha amandla ngo-1963. Okungenani ama-Iraqi angu-5,000, iningi lawo okwakuyizishoshovu zabafundi, abulawa ngokushesha umbuso we-Baathist. Ngakho-ke iMpi yethu yase-Iraq yaqala.
Ngaleyo minyaka, izikhulu eziyimfihlo ze-NSA zakhuthaza iNSA Congress ukuthi igubhe ukuketulwa umbuso kweBaath e-Iraq naseSyria. Isizathu seMpi Yomshoshaphansi sokuxosha uKassem ukuthi wabekezelela amakhomanisi kumfelandawonye wakhe obusayo. (Isizathu esifanayo sanikezwa ngokuketula umbuso ngo-1954 e-Iran naseGuatemala.) U-Kassem wabulawa iqembu elidubulayo. Iningi labafundi abayizisulu zokucindezelwa okusha bekungamalungu eGeneral Union of Iraqi Students. Abasebenzi be-NSA, ngokusho kukaPaget, "baphendule amakhulu emibiko equkethe ukuhlolwa kwabafundi bangaphandle" ku-CIA, enikezwe izinsiza zezokuphepha zombuso omusha. “Kuyiqiniso elikhathaza abaningi babo namuhla,” kusho yena. E-Iran, izinhlu ezifanayo zokuhloswe ngabantu zalungiswa; "Abasebenzi be-NSA abahlakaniphile bebebonakala bengabuqondi ubungozi obulethwe abafundi base-Iran ngokuhlala bebika ngabo."
Ukushintsha iCuba. Ngemva kokusekela kafushane uguquko lwaseCuba ngeminyaka yawo-1950, i-NSA i-CIA yanquma ngasese ukuphikisa isicelo sikaFidel Castro kubafundi baseLatin America. Ezinyangeni ngemuva kokuhlasela okuhlulekile ngo-1961 e-Bay of Pigs, ubuholi be-NSA kanye ne-Young Americans for Freedom bobabili bamema abadingiswa baseCuba ukuthi banxenxe izithunywa ohlangothini olumelene namakhomanisi eNgqungqutheleni yango-1961. Zombili izikhulumi zaseCuba zasekudingisweni zazikhona ku-CIA. Ukudingiswa "okuthandwayo" kwakunguJuan Manuel Salvat, owayengumholi wabafundi owahlukana neRevolution, waboshwa, wabalekela eMiami futhi wabuyela ekuhlaselweni kweBay of Pigs. U-Salvat ofanayo waqhubeka nokuphayona ukuhlasela kwe-"Mongoose" e-Cuba, kuhlanganise nomzamo wokuqhumisa ihhotela lase-Havana lapho u-Fidel ayenomhlangano khona. Ngo-1962, inqubomgomo yase-US yokuthi "amaCubas angabe esaba khona" enkabeni yezwe yayisikhuthaze igagasi lobushiqela obuphiko lwesokudla kanye nokuhlubuka kwezinyunyana zabafundi baseLatin America ku-Leftist International Union of Students.
Kuboshwe uNelson Mandela. I-CIA yahlela ukuboshwa nokugwetshwa udilikajele kaNelson Mandela ngo-1962. Yona kanye i-NSA yasiza ekuhleleni abafundi baseNingizimu Afrika ababephikisa i-African National Congress (ANC) kaMandela (ANC), eyaziwa ngokuthi yiNational Union of Southern African Students (NUSAS). Ukuphikisa kwe-US bekuwukuthi intsha ye-ANC izihlanganise nezinhlangano zabafundi ezixhaswe yiSoviet kanye neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseNingizimu Afrika. I-NSA ixhase ngezimali i-NUSAS kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 ngezibonelelo ezivela kusisekelo esihlobene ne-CIA.
Emhlabeni wanamuhla wokushiseka kwezenkolo okusemthethweni, inkohlakalo kanye nengcindezelo, kufanele kube lula e-United States ukuthi ithuthukise futhi iveze intando yeningi yethu njengenye indlela. Esikhundleni salokho, i-CIA ihlola abalingani bethu, ukusebenza kwamasosha okuyimfihlo kwenzeka ezizweni eziningi, futhi "intando yeningi" ivame ukuhlwanyelwa ama-ejenti we-Drug Enforcement Administration, i-CIA, noma i-NSA. Njengoba imibiko eminingi yembula, i-CIA iyaqhubeka nokuhlakulela “impahla” emithonjeni yezindaba evamile, futhi ihlangana nabahleli abaphezulu ukuze badikibalise noma babambezele ukushicilelwa kwezindaba eziyimpikiswano. Isifundo sencwadi kaPaget ukuthi kukhona ukugcinwa kwendlu okujulile okudingeka kwenziwe kuwo wonke amazinga ngaphambi kokuba i-United States inikeze intando yeningi njengefomula. Kungase kungenzeki.
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