Umthombo: Middle East 4 Guqula

Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, umphakathi wase-Irani ubone amagagasi alandelanayo emibhikisho. Umuntu angaphikisa ngokuthi bekulokhu kusesimweni esingapheli "sokuvukela umbuso".

Kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu, kungenzeka ukuhlonza amagagasi amade amathathu axhunywe ngochungechunge lwemibhikisho emikhulu, emincane noma emincane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yezombusazwe, ehlobene nomsebenzi noma yezenhlalakahle.

Igagasi lokuqala: May 1992 - April 1995

Ngalesi sikhathi, kwaba nemibhikisho emikhulu noma emincane engaba ngu-10 emadolobheni noma emadolobheni ahlukene. Izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini eziyinhloko zale mibhikisho yilezi: iMashhad, iShiraz, iZehedan, iZanjan, i-Urumieh, i-Arak, iMobarakeh, i-Qazvin, ne-Eslam Shahr.

Isisekelo senhlalo sale mibhikisho kwakungabantu basemadolobheni abantulayo nabancishwe amathuba (izingqimba eziphansi kakhulu zesigaba sabasebenzi ezinobuthaka obukhulu bokushintsha). Lesi yisigaba esiphansi esingalahlekelwa lutho futhi okufanele sikhokhe inani lokubhula umlilo. Iqembu elikhulu labantu elagqugquzelwa ukubhikisha kwakuyizigaba zesigaba sabasebenzi, kodwa ngaphandle kwesu elicacile, amaqhinga, uhlelo, izimfuno, kanye nokuntuleka kwesigaba esicacile. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphandle kwemibhikisho yaseQazvin, umuntu akakwazanga ukuhlonza ukubamba iqhaza okubalulekile kwesigaba esiphakathi.

Le mibhikisho yenzeke ngokumelene nesizinda sokunganeliseki okwandayo kwamazinga ahlukene kanye nokuqina umuntu angakufingqa njengokungalingani nokuncishwa. Umnyombo wawo ukungalingani kwesigaba okubekwa yi-determinism yezomnotho, amaphoyisa, kanye nemibono.

Ugqozi olusheshayo lwale mibhikisho kwaba ukuwohloka kwezinga lokuphila okulethwa ukushaqeka kwezinqubomgomo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo ezibekwe ezweni nguhulumeni ka-Hashemi Rafsanjani - inhloso yakho enkulu bekuwukusabalalisa kabusha ingcebo nemali engenayo, okuholela ekwandeni kwesigaba. ukuhlukana nokungalingani.

Imibhikisho yaqala ngokuphikisana nalezi zinqubomgomo futhi yayizivikela ngokwemvelo. Ngokushesha bathola izilinganiso zezombangazwe futhi bashintshashintsha. Ngokujwayelekile, le mibuthano yaqala ngezisusa ezihlukene kodwa yashintsha ngokushesha yaba imibhikisho ephikisana nesimiso sezombangazwe, ibuza ukuba semthethweni kwayo. Ukuguquguquka kwangaphakathi kwale mibhikisho kwakusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umzabalazo wokuphila nanoma yimuphi umzamo wokuyingenisa ohlelweni ngokushesha waphenduka umzabalazo wenguquko kanye nokugxumela ezidingweni zezombusazwe.

Lokhu kunyakaza okuzenzakalelayo kwahlanganiswa futhi kwaholwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthuthukiswa kwayo kwangaphakathi kwe-organic. Okwenze kwacwebezela izinto ezingazodwana kanye nezakhi ze-athomu zalesi sisindo futhi zazixhuma kwakuwukuhlonza kwazo ngokushesha: ubunikazi beyunithi yekilasi ephuma ezimeni zabo zenhloso. Amaqembu ezombusazwe, izinhlangano zezohwebo noma amaqembu omphakathi awazange adlale indima ekuhlanganiseni noma enhlanganweni yawo. Amaqembu afana nabasebenzi, othisha, abahlengikazi, abesifazane, abafundi, abameli noma izinhlangano zababhali awazange nje ahole kule nhlangano, kodwa awazange abe nokubeseka.

Isimo salokhu kunyakaza sasisemaphethelweni emadolobheni kanye nedolobha lesathelayithi, izindawo lapho kwakukhona igebe elikhulayo phakathi kwezidingo zabantu kanye nezidingo zohlelo lwamandla nengcebo nalapho ukungalingani kwakuzwakala kakhulu.

Lawa maqembu emibhikisho abenamandla amakhulu odlame oluphindiwe ekuphenduleni ingcindezelo. Nokho ekusebenziseni udlame asibonanga ofakazi bokuvukela okungenangqondo kodwa izinhlangano ezinomqondo ocacile wezepolitiki futhi ezaziqondise izikhungo nabamele amandla, ingcebo nokungalingani ukuze kuhlaselwe futhi kucekelwe phansi.

Lokhu kunyakaza kwenzeka ngaphansi kokucinywa kolwazi futhi bebengenawo amandla okusabalalisa izindaba zabo ngokuzimela. Khonamanjalo, abezindaba ezisemthethweni bazithulele ngisho nangemva kokucindezelwa kwalokhu kuvukela umbuso. Ngisho nokungavamile okukhulunywe ngakho kwakuyinguqulo ehlanekezelwe eyanikezwa izinhlangano zezokuphepha nezobunhloli.

Leli gagasi lavinjelwa ekuqhekekeni kwegazi, futhi phakathi Islamshahr iyodwa, ngezindleko zabantu abangaphezu kuka-50 abadutshulwe bafa ngendiza enophephela emhlane, amakhulu alimala futhi izinkulungwane zaboshwa.

Igagasi lesibili: Julayi 1999 - Juni 2009

Imibhikisho emikhulu emibili yenzeka ekupheleni kwaleli shumi leminyaka: NgoJulayi 1999 abafundi baseTehran naseTabriz Universities babhikisha ngesikhathi kuvalwa iphephandaba lansuku zonke iSalam kanye nokuhlasela kwamaphoyisa ezindlini zabafundi, kwathi ngoJuni 2009 sabona imibhikisho esabalele ezindaweni zobugebengu. ukhetho lukamongameli eTehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz, Qom, Tabriz, Kazeroun, Neishapour, Najaf Abad, Babol, Arak, Astaneh, no-Urumieh. Lokho kwangonyaka wezi-2009 kwathatha isikhathi eside ukwedlula yonke imibhikisho edlule kusukela kuNguquko, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kukaZibandlela (u-Ashura - usuku lokuzilela u-Imam Hossein). Imibiko esemthethweni ikhuluma ngabantu abangama-37 ababulewe eTehran, kwalimala amakhulu kwaboshwa abangama-300.

Ukunyakaza kwaleli gagasi lesibili kuhluke ngokwesisekelo senhlalo, ukucasulwa kwasekuqaleni, imithombo yokugqugquzela, kanye nezwe kusuka ezingxabanweni zangaphambilini.

Isigaba esiphakathi sakha indikimba yenhlalo enkulu yale mibhikisho kanye nemibhikisho eyayizungeza amalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki futhi yayiqondiswe emnyombweni wamandla ezombusazwe. Ukuba khona kwezixuku zasemadolobheni ezintula kakhulu nalabo abahlala emaphethelweni awo kwakunzima ukukubona.

Ekuzalweni kwayo nasekusakazekeni kwayo kusenesikhathi, le nhlangano yayinobuholi obuphakathi nendawo futhi yabuthwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuzibeka ngaphakathi kwemifantu yezinhlaka zamandla abusayo, bathola ingubo ethile yokuphepha.

Umugqa wezombangazwe owawulandela le mibhikisho kwakuwukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sezombangazwe, futhi amaqhinga akho ayeyinhloko kwakuwukungalaleli komphakathi.

Ngokungafani negagasi lokuqala, le mibhikisho yazuza ekusakazweni okuningi kwabezindaba futhi yaba nezisekelo zokuxhumana ezisebenzayo.

Kodwa ekugcineni, ukucindezelwa okunonya kwenza lezi zinhlangano ziqine ngokwezombangazwe nangobuchule. Inhlangano edumile yaya ngokuya iziqhelelanisa nabaholi bayo futhi ubuholi budlulela esisekelweni sabo kancane kancane. Ekugcineni, isenzo soquqaba saphetha ngodlame oluhlangene futhi umnyakazo wezinguquko kwezombusazwe washintsha waba umnyakazo woshintsho olukhulu kwezombusazwe.

Igagasi lesithathu: Disemba- Januwari 2017-18 kanye no-Okthoba-Novemba 2019

Igagasi lesithathu laliwukubuyisela ngezindlela eziningi emibhikishweni yasekuqaleni kwawo-90. Isisekelo salokhu kuvukela umbuso kwabekwa enanini elikhulu lemibhikisho emincane nemikhulu emikhulu kanye nokunyakaza okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwawo-2010: i-Neishapour (Julayi 2012 ngokumelene nezintengo ezikhuphukayo), iTehran (isiteleka sika-Okthoba 2012 kanye nombhikisho we Bazaar), Urumieh (Julayi 2012 isiteleka kanye nokubhikisha ngokumelene nokumiswa kwe- Ichibi Urumieh), Tabriz (Julayi 2012, isiteleka kanye nokuthatha indawo engcwele), Tehran (March 2013, imibhikisho ngokumelene nokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, iTehran kanye namanye amadolobha amaningi (Okthoba 2012 umbhikisho ekuboshweni endlini komholi wezinguquko, uMehdi Karrubi), esifundeni saseVarzaneh. (Okthoba 2012 umbhikisho kanye engcwele abalimi), Nahavand (August 2012, ukubhikisha ekukhuphukeni kwentengo kagesi nesinkwa) kanye amashumi eminye imibhikisho enobukhulu obuhlukahlukene Lezi nakho, ngokukhulisa omunye komunye wenza njengendlela yokugqoka izingubo izibhelu zika-2018 no-2019.

Isisekelo esiphathekayo sale nhlangano yemibhikisho kwaba yinhlekelele yezomnotho eyakhuphuka isuka enkingeni yokuzala yaba inkinga yokusinda kwengxenye enkulu yomphakathi. Ukuwohloka okusheshayo nokushaqisayo kwezimo zokuphila zesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nezigaba ezahlukene zezigaba eziphansi, okuhambisana nokwehla ngokushesha kwezigaba ezimaphakathi zomphakathi zibe ubumpofu, kwandisa igebe phakathi kwezimali kanye nabasebenzi lifinyelele ezingeni elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili.

Ngakho-ke, izigaba zabasebenzi eziphucwe kakhulu zakha ingxenye enkulu yemibhikisho, ene-athomu futhi ngobuningi. Ukuba khona kwesigaba esiphakathi kwakungabonakali kancane. Ubuholi buhlala bungaphakathi futhi buzenzakalela kodwa, uma kuqhathaniswa negagasi lokuqala, singabona ikhono elikhulu lokuthonywa izinto zangaphandle. Kwasabalala ngokufana ezindaweni ezintula kakhulu kanye nalezo eziphoqelelwe ukungalingani okukhulu.

Kodwa umehluko omkhulu obalulekile uhlukanisa leli gagasi nelokuqala:

Kube nentuthuko enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yezindaba, okuhlanganisa nezinkundla zokuxhumana ukuze uthole ulwazi nokuxhumana kanye nokuhlanganisa nokuhlela. I-inthanethi, amasathelayithi, ama-smartphone, nezinkundla zokuxhumana zinikeze amathuluzi amasha okuxhumana. Ngasikhathi sinye, amanethiwekhi we-TV aphesheya (anezisekelo ezinkulu zezezimali zikahulumeni wase-US kanye nohulumeni waseSaudi) futhi anesembozo esibanzi nesidumile, ayasebenza futhi awagcini nje ngokuqeda ukuvinjwa kwezindaba kokunyakaza, kodwa futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaniseni imibukiso eyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngokusizwa yilezi zikhungo kube nzima, noma kungenzeki, ukuphazamisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezikhungo ezehlukene zokubhikisha nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuzihlanganiseni.

Kuphinde kwaba noshintsho olusezingeni eliphezulu ezingeni lokusabalala kwemibhikisho manje enwetshiwe isuka emashumini iye emakhulwini ezindawo ezingomakhelwane nasezifundeni zasemadolobheni (ngesilinganiso esisodwa esifinyelela ku-500 endaweni ehlukene ngo-2019) futhi yakhipha izigidi emigwaqweni ngasikhathi sinye.

Uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngaphambili, bekukhona ubukhona obukhulu kakhulu bentsha engasebenzi phakathi kwesixuku, okuvumela ukuvela kobuholi obuphilayo phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano obungcono kakhulu ngokwekhwalithi kunangaphambili futhi buvumela ubuhlakani obukhulu bokubhekana nezinsiza zokucindezelwa. .

Kusukela ekuqaleni, ukuvukela umbuso kwakugxile kakhulu kwezombusazwe futhi cishe ngokushesha iqembu ngalinye laphonsela inselelo izikhungo eziyinhloko zombuso. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinkulumo ezazigqama kule mibhikisho kwakuwukuchithwa kwesimiso sezombusazwe esikhona, 'ukuphika', lapha nalaphaya umuntu wayekwazi ukubona imithambo edlulayo nedlulayo yemibono eminingi 'eqinisekisayo' okubonisa ukuthi izigaba lesi sibalo sabantu sivulekele ukuthonywa yinkulumo-ze evela ngaphandle kwezwe futhi sinethuba lokukhangiswa uxhaxha lwamathelevishini esathelayithi asakazwa ezweni evela ngaphandle.

Kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule ingxenye enkulu yezinsiza zomphakathi e-Iran ichithelwe ukuqinisa izingalo zengcindezelo kanye nezempi kanye nezinsiza zokuphepha. Lezi manje zifakwe ubuchwepheshe bamuva nje, inhlangano yazo yangaphakathi ibuyekezwa njalo futhi ithuthukiswe, ukwakheka kwezikhungo zabo kubuyekezwa, abasebenzi bazo banwetshiwe, amathuluzi abo nokuqeqeshwa kubuyekezwa njalo. Amaqhinga avamile aqinisekisa ukulungela kwawo iziyaluyalu zesikhathi esizayo, nokho ukuqina nezinga lokuvukela kwakamuva kwabamangaza, kangangokuthi kwezinye izindawo bahluleka ukulawula isikhashana futhi abakwazanga ukuphinde bakwazi ukulawula ngaphandle kokudlala cishe yonke iqoqo labo lengcindezelo kanye. ngisho nempi yangempela yasemadolobheni, ukuze ekugcineni ilawule ukuvukela.

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Ingxubevange yezindaba zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, zezenhlalo, nezamasiko ingumsuka wokunganeliseki okusabalele. Ikhuthaza ukungalingani, ukucwasa kanye nenkohlakalo yesakhiwo. Umuzwa wokungabi nabulungisa, ukuntuleka kwamalungelo, kanye nokukhashelwa kuba yindalo yonke futhi kusebenza njengabashayeli bezengqondo nabazimele besenzo sokubhikisha phakathi kwengxenye ebanzi yabantu.

Ukubhebhetheka okungapheli kwalezi zinsizi, izinxushunxushu kanye nokucasulwa kufake umphakathi wase-Irani esimweni sokuqhuma kangangokuthi noma iyiphi inkinga yezenhlalo, yezombusazwe noma yezomnotho inamandla okudlondlobala ngokushesha ibe yinkinga enkulu futhi ekugcineni ibe umbhikisho nokuvukela umphakathi.

Ngaphansi kwalezo zimo, noma yisiphi isenzo seqembu elizimele nesiqondile, kungakhathaliseki izisusa, izinhloso noma isidingo, nanoma iyiphi inkambo yezombangazwe esiyithathayo noma iqhinga elilisebenzisayo liba nokungqubuzana okungenakugwenywa nohlelo lwezombangazwe olubusayo futhi lugcine ngokuphendukela odlameni nokuvukela.

Isizathu salokhu sicacile futhi siyisamba esingenakugwenywa sezinto eziningi zomnotho, ezombusazwe nezenhlalakahle kanye nesakhiwo.

Umnotho wezwe usufinyelele esimweni esinzima. Njengoba isimo esibucayi somnotho sibonakala singapheli, futhi ithemba lanoma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokuphila zezigidi lifiphele, isakhiwo sezombangazwe sikhubazekile ngokuphelele. Lapho kungekho khona ukuvuleka okungaba khona kokuzwakalisa ukunganeliseki ngokukhululekile; ngesikhathi lapho sibhekene nezingcindezi nobunzima, ingekho imizila esemthethweni, yesikhungo noma esemthethweni yokubhikisha ngezinqubomgomo nezenzo; lapho noma yiluphi uhlobo lokubamba iqhaza ekuguquleni nasekulungiseni izimo zivalwa, uhlobo oluthile lokuvukela luyobonakala lungenakugwenywa.

Ezingeni lenhlalo, ukunqwabelana kokunganeliseki okubangelwa ukungalingani, nokucwaswa ngokocansi, ubuhlanga, izwe, inkolo, kanye nezilimi ngeke kusaqinisekiswa futhi sekuthole amandla okuqhuma. Umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zamasiko ezisemthethweni, izindinganiso, izindinganiso, kanye nokuziphatha kanye nezinguquko ezenzeke ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko nokuhlakanipha komphakathi sekube bucayi. Lokhu sekuphoqe ababusi ukuthi basebenzise ithuluzi elilodwa kuphela abanalo: ukusetshenziswa kwengcindezelo namandla anqunu. Lokhu kumane kubhebhethekise ukunganeliseki kwabesifazane, intsha, izinhlanga nezizwe kanye nabanye abantu abambalwa, futhi kubhebhethekise ukungezwani okukhona kwezenhlalo futhi kwengeza emandleni omphakathi wokuvukela.

Ezingeni lesakhiwo, ukungabibikho kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi ezibalulekile, kanye nokungabikho kwezinhlangano ezibanzi zezenhlalakahle kwenza noma yiziphi izinhlangano zomphakathi eziningi ngendlela ehlelekile zibe nzima futhi kuphoqelele imibhikisho ibe ngamaqembu amancane, ahlukene. Isibalo sabantu abangasebenzi esilokhu sikhula sibhekene namathemba anciphayo okuthola umsebenzi ongashintshi. Kulabo abangenamisebenzi indlela yokubhikisha iqondiswe ekuhlanganeni ezindaweni ezivulekile, ukuhlala emigwaqweni kanye nokubhekana namaphoyisa alwa nodweshu (qaphela ukuthi ikhono lawo lokuhlela nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezohwebo noma inyunyana yomsebenzi libhekene nezingqinamba ezinkulu).

Esimeni esinjalo, nakuba imibhikisho ingaqiniswa, ngeke ivinjwe. Nakuba ulwandle lunyakaza igagasi elilodwa lingadamba, kodwa elinye lisendleleni.

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Lokhu esengikubale ngenhla akukona okucatshangelwayo, kodwa kubonakale ngokuvukela umbuso kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule.

Kepha miningi imibuzo esele: inkulumo-ze yomzabalazo womuntu ngamunye kanye neqembu, abancane nabakhulu, umgwaqo nangemuva komgwaqo, umakhelwane kanye nozwelonke, izinyunyana nezepolitiki, indawo yokusebenza nendawo yokuhlala, izinsiza zokuhlanganisa nokuhlela, ezombangazwe. amathuba, i-inner agency, izinga lokukwazi ukuthonywa nokuguqulwa, izinga namandla okuthonya kanye nokwenza ushintsho, futhi… futhi ekugcineni umkhathizwe, amathemba namagagasi esikhathi esizayo.

Engxoxweni yamanje, ngokucabanga ukuthi akukho ukuphela kwala magagasi, ngizogxila komunye wale mibuzo: yimaphi amathemba abhekene namagagasi alandelayo okunyakaza okudumile?

Ngicabanga ukuthi kuwusizo kakhulu ukubona lokhu kuvukela umbuso hhayi njengento nje kodwa inqubo, ibhizinisi inqubo 'ukuba'; isikhala phakathi kokwesaba nethemba. Iguquguquka futhi ithintwa imizabalazo ehlala njalo phakathi kwezithakazelo zemvelo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingahambelani. Isuka phakathi kwalawo mandla nezisusa eziyiqhubekisela phambili nalezo ezithiya inqubekela phambili yayo. Nomaphi futhi noma nini lapho iqala ukuphela akunqunywa kusengaphambili. Ukuqondiswa kwayo namathemba kuncike ekulinganiseni okuguquguqukayo kwamandla angaphakathi, kanye nemithelela yokuguquguquka kwezimo zangaphandle, futhi ekugcineni kuncike ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwezinto ezihlosiwe nezizimele.

Lezi zindaba zisebenza ikakhulukazi ohlotsheni lokuvukela umbuso okwenzeka ngegagasi lesithathu (2018-19) - ukuvukela okwenzeka esakhiweni esivundlile, isisekelo saso esasisekelwe emibuthanweni nasezikhungweni ezinkulu nezincane futhi zakhula njengezimpande ezinwabuzelayo ezinwabuzelayo. ingasakazekela kunoma iyiphi indlela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi iphindaphindeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Lena imodeli yokufika nokunwetshwa, enamayunithi azilawulayo, kanye nobudlelwano obungalandeli isigaba esithile esingekho ngaphansi kwe-hegemony ehlanganisiwe noma ubuholi. Esakhiweni esinjalo (okungenani ekuqalweni kwaso nasekukhuleni kwaso) akukho ukuqondiswa okukodwa nokungaguquguquki, ngeke silindele isethi ehlangene noma engaguquki yeziqubulo, izimfuno noma ukuziphatha.

Imibhikisho yeminyaka edlule yayigcwele amandla nokulinganiselwa, amandla kanye nobuthakathaka, nokuningi okufanele kucatshangelwe mayelana namandla abo. Ngendlela efanayo, amathemba okuvukela okuzayo, uma engachotshozwa, angaba ukudluliselwa ezandleni zabadlali abahlukahlukene abanobubanzi obuhlukahlukene bezindima. Lokhu kungase kusuke ekubeni ithuluzi nje nokusiza iqembu elilodwa noma elinye iqembu ukuba liguqule izinguquko esakhiweni esikhona samandla, ekugcineni lisisindise, liye ngisho ekuweleni ogibeni lokugwinywa futhi luhlanganiswe nesistimu; ukucwila endimeni yokwenziwa kube yithuluzi lezithakazelo zamazwe omhlaba; ukunqotshwa ukufeza indima yokuba ngummeleli walokhu noma lawo mandla; ukuwela emjikelezweni oyize wezenzo ezingaxhunywanga nezihlukanisiwe ezivutha amalangabi kafushane futhi ziphume; noma ekugcineni uthathe igxathu elibheke ekubeni nomthelela wenguquko eyingqophamlando eya enkululekweni nokulingana.

Ngendlela ehlukahlukene kangaka yokuphika noma ukwenqaba lokhu kunyakaza akuvikeleki njengokuthakasela ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nehaba ekunikezeni ukukhanya okuhle nokunikeza umbono ocacile.

Ohlakeni lwemibono eminingi engaba khona engiyibalulile, ngithanda ukubuza lo mbuzo: ingabe akhona amathuba angokoqobo okuthi umbhikisho wesikhathi esizayo ungaphenduka umnyakazo woguquko lwezepolitiki nesakhiwo. Impendulo kafushane ithi yebo nocha! Yebo, kuphela uma inganqoba ubuthakathaka bayo, imikhawulo, nezithiyo endleleni yayo, futhi cha uma kungenjalo - futhi zombili zingenzeka.

Ukuze sixazulule lezi, sidinga ukucabangela uchungechunge olukhulu lokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlukahluka okuncike phakathi. Ukuze kube nokucaca kanye nokwenza lula ukuhlaziya singahlukanisa lezi zimo ngaphansi kwemibandela emine ehlukene:

Umbandela wokuqala obalulekile “ukusimama”: ikhono lokugwema ukuboshelwa.

Ukuthi ukunyakaza okudumile kungadlulela ngalé kokuphindaphinda amaphutha esikhathi esidlule, kungaphumi ngemva kokuqhuma kwentukuthelo, futhi kungenzi nje njengesivimbeli sokuphepha esingokwengqondo esigcina singokunye nje irekhodi lemizabalazo ethandwayo; esinye futhi isipiliyoni sokunqotshwa, nakho konke okubi okungokwengqondo nepolitiki.

Inselelo enkulu ebhekene nombutho lapha yisamba sayo yonke izinsiza eseziqoqiwe ukuqeda imizabalazo edumile kanye nezindlela zokubhekana nazo.

Umbandela wesibili ukuhleleka nokufinyelela izinga elithile lokubumbana kwangaphakathi kanye nobumbano lwesigaba.

Lokho kusho ukuthi indikimba yokunyakaza kwenqwaba iqiniswa yizinga elithile lenhlangano elinganikeza ukuhlakazeka nokuhlukana kwangaphakathi ngezinga elithile lokuhlangana kwangaphakathi nobumbano.

Ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwalesi simiso, umuntu udinga kuphela ukubuka okuqukethwe kwekilasi le nhlangano, ikakhulukazi ngemva kuka-2012. Lapha, bekungezona kuphela izigaba zayo eziyinhloko ezingenakho ukubumbana nokuhleleka, kodwa amaqembu ayo ahlukene ahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yokungabikhona okudingekayo. izibopho. Kule makeup, inqwaba yabantu abampofu basemadolobheni ibamba indima ebalulekile.

Lesi sigaba silinde ithuba lepolitiki lokubuyela emgwaqweni. Njengoba inolwazi lwamashumi amathathu eminyaka emzileni ogcwele ukuphakama nokwehla kwesivivinyo namaphutha, iye yaqeqeshwa kancane kancane amakhadi, yafinyelela izinga elibalulekile lokuxhumana kanye nezigaba zayo ezihlukene, ngosizo kokubili okujwayelekile kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana, yenze izinga. yezokuxhumana, nakuba ingazinzile futhi ingahlangani, phakathi kwayo. Ukuzivocavoca kwalawa mashumi amathathu eminyaka kuyinikeze inqwaba yolwazi olusebenzayo nolwesu. Okubaluleke nakakhulu amandla ayiqondisayo ayaqhubeka nokondliwa yizisekelo zabo ezibonakalayo nezenhlalo. Umuntu angaphazamisa ukuthi umnyakazo walo mkhakha awuphambukisi kalula noma uchotshozwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abampofu basemadolobheni banesibalo sabantu ekukhuliseni ingemuva labo obekuze kube manje elithule futhi elingase licushwe, liguqule ibhalansi yamandla ukuze lifinyelele uguquko lwesakhiwo. Kodwa lo mkhakha usalokhu une-athomu, uhlakazekile futhi ungahlelekile, okuholela embuzweni othi, le nkinga inganqotshwa kanjani, futhi kutholakale indlela yokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa ukuhlela izici zayo zangaphakathi? Umbuzo onemibuzo engamashumi esitimeleni.

- Ukuthi sazi ngokuqondile ukuthi yiziphi izingqimba ezihlukene, imikhakha kanye namaqembu omphakathi akha lesi sibalo esingenasimo?

- Yiziphi izimfuno zabo eziqondile?

- Umuntu ulihlela kanjani iqembu ngalinye mayelana nalezi zidingo ezithile futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa ezixhuma kunethiwekhi ebanzi? Futhi ngaziphi izindlela nendlela?

- Yiziphi izintshisekelo ezihlanganyelwe phakathi kwezigaba, imikhakha kanye namaqembu abantulayo basemadolobheni? Kukusiphi isimo futhi ezizungeze yiziphi izidingo nezimfuno le nqwaba ehlukene ingabuthwa embuthanweni obanzi futhi ihlelwe ngobumbano omunye nomunye?

Olunye udaba olubalulekile wumsebenzi oseqophelweni eliphezulu futhi onenqubekela phambili. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, la mandla awakaze ayeke futhi akukho nakanye ahlala engenzi lutho ngokumelene nokuwohloka kwezimo zomnotho ezijezisayo. Ukuzabalaza kwabasebenzi, othisha, abahlengikazi, asebethathe umhlalaphansi kanye nabanye abasebenza kanzima kule minyaka edlule kufakazela lokhu. Ezimweni zamanje, ukuba khona okubanzi nokunqunywa okwengeziwe kwale mikhakha enkundleni yezepolitiki yezwe kanye nokwandisa amandla abo kweminye imikhakha yinto engenzeka ngempela. Nokho ingxenye enkulu yezinhlangano ezikhona kulo mkhakha azikwazanga ukuxhumana ngokugcwele nesisekelo sazo nokuhlanganisa leyo mikhakha engenzi lutho nengasebenzi. Ingxenye enkulu yamandla alo mkhakha isalokhu ingasetshenzisiwe, futhi sibona kuphela ukunwetshwa okuvundlile kwe-embryonic kwamandla ayo.

Ngisho namanje, lo mkhakha awunabo ubuholi obubalulekile noma indima yokugqugquzela, futhi ukuba khona kwawo okuhlukile akubonakali. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ungavalwa kanjani igebe phakathi kombhikisho walesi sigaba kanye nowombhikisho wasemgwaqweni wenqwaba yabantu abaswele emadolobheni. Yiziphi izindlela zokudala ubumbano nokuxhumana phakathi kwalokhu kunyakaza okubili kube uhlobo oluthile lokuhlanganisa? Ingabe lo mkhakha ungasivala igebe lobuholi obumaphakathi emibhikishweni yasemadolobheni ezenzakalelayo?

Iqhaza labantu abaphakathi nendawo kanye nezinhlaka ezinhlelweni zezombangazwe zesikhathi esizayo alinakuphikwa. Nakuba ngaphansi kwethonya lesimo esibucayi somnotho lesi sigaba sihlukana ngokushesha, futhi ingxenye ebalulekile yesigaba esiphakathi siye sacwila ebuphofini nasekusweleni kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, lokhu kuthuthukiswa akusho ngempela ukuphela kokungaxazululeki, kokubili kwezombusazwe kanye nezobuhlakani, yalesi sigaba. Futhi akusho ukuthi emzabalazweni wesigaba bangathuthukisa ngqo amandla okunyakaza esigaba sabasebenzi.

Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, lezi zingqimba ezimaphakathi ziye zagxiliswa ngokwezombusazwe, kodwa imuphi umumo ongase uphendukele kuwo ekubhekaneni ngokugcwele nesimiso esimisiwe? Futhi iyiphi indima ebalulekile abazoyithatha? Yimiphi imikhuba engase ikhule phakathi kwabo: Ingabe bazobamba iqhaza ngokuqondile embuthweni obanzi odumile ovela ngezansi ukuze bakhe umphakathi ongcono nonobuntu? Noma bayothembela ekungeneleleni kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe futhi bakhuthaze lombono phakathi kwezixuku zabancishiwe ukuze kuzuzwe ubunxiwankulu bezwe obusathuthuka? Noma ingabe babezophendukela kwezempi futhi bagunyaze uhlobo oluthile lokuhlelwa kabusha kwesimiso samanje?

Kulezi zinsuku intengo yokubamba iqhaza emibhikishweni inkulu, futhi imikhakha ecebile kakhulu yesigaba esiphakathi esilahlekelwa okuningi ayithambekele kangako ekubambeni iqhaza. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni lapho kungenzeka khona ukubamba iqhaza ngezingozi eziphansi, lo mkhakha ungaba nobukhona obunamandla kakhulu futhi ube nomphumela onqumayo ongase ube khona ekuqondisweni kwezombusazwe, izimfuno kanye neziqubulo ezijwayelekile zalowo mnyakazo.

Umbandela wesithathu ukumba esisetshenziswa esingakasetshenziswa sesigaba sabasebenzi esingasebenzi ukuze sibaveze endaweni yesigameko futhi bavumbule amandla abo amakhulu.

Indaba lapha iwukuhlanganisa abasebenzi ngokuvundlile nangokuma mpo, ukuze imikhakha engasebenzi yesigaba sabasebenzi kuwo wonke amazinga ilethwe emzabalazweni wezigaba. Umbuzo uba yiziphi izimfuno ezithile ezingahlanganisa ngempumelelo nokuthi iyiphi indlela engasebenza ngempumelelo ekuvuseni lezi zici zokungenzi lutho.

Umbandela wesine uwukukhuphula ukwazi kwezepolitiki kanye nesigaba kanye nokunqoba amasu okucabanga kanye nokukhohlisa kwezepolitiki.

Ukwehluleka ukunqoba lobu buthakathaka kungavula indlela yokuthi imibhikisho ingene ohlelweni lwezepolitiki olukhona noma ifakwe emigudwini evuna amandla ombuso wama-impiriyali, noma amaqeqebana ahlukene kuhulumeni asebenzise ukunganeliseki kwabantu abancishiwe ukuze kuzuze bona.

Ukunqoba ingozi yokungena esakhiweni sepolitiki esikhona kubalulekile njengokunqoba izinsongo zokucindezelwa kombutho. Lapho abantu abalambile nabaphuce uboya bebhikisha bephelelwe yithemba, ishumi nambili lezitha ezifungayo nalo lishaya ujenga lizama ukuzitholela okuthile. Okudingekayo nje ukungena ngobuhlakani ngemibono yabantu futhi kubhebhethekise imibono eyiphutha.

Okwesikhashana, iqembu, okuwukuphela kwalo okukhethekile okuwukuxhashazwa, lingavela lihlangene nezisulu zalo zangaphambili, bese ligibela ukunyakaza okudumile kwabampofu lapho bebona imbobo. Ngokombono wabo abantu abahlubukile bayimihlambi elindele umalusi. Akukho ukushoda lapha. Izenzo zabo zesikhathi esidlule, iqembu labo lezenhlalo, isikhathi sabo esidlule sezombangazwe, imibono yabo, noma ukuziphatha kwabo okudlule okubalulekile: okudingekayo nje ikhono lokukhohlisa. Abanye banxusa amandla ama-imperialist, abanye bangamaqembu angaphakathi ezweni, futhi eyodwa noma enye inzalo yamakhosi asePhahlavi bonke banekhono kulokhu. Abakudingayo nje amabhokisi ambalwa emali eziteshi zethelevishini zehora elilodwa noma amabili angu-24 kanye nedlanzana labasebenzi bezombangazwe nama-lackey.

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Ekugcineni, ngizocabangela izindlela zokufeza umbandela wokuqala: okungukuthi, ukuqinisekisa "ukusimama" kwayo kanye nekhono layo "lokubusa" ukucindezelwa kokunyakaza. Kuyacaca ukuthi kuhulumeni osufike kwangqingetshe futhi ongasakwazi ukuthembela “enguqukweni” ukuze uqhubeke nokulawula umphakathi, ukubalekela ingcindezelo enqunu kuba yithuluzi lakhe eliyinhloko. Njengoba le nkinga ijula ​​nezimo ziba zimbi kakhulu, inkulumo-ze ehambisana nayo ibhebhethekisa ukwesaba ikusasa: ukwesaba ukuwela esiphethweni seLibya noma iYemen noma i-Iraq noma iSyria, noma ukuqhekeka kwezwe neminye imikhathizwe ekhona. okungokoqobo ingxenye yezindlela zokuphambukisa ukunaka ku-logjam yesakhiwo ezweni.

Ukuze sibhekane nezinsongo zokuchoboza inhlangano ethandwayo, ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ukukhulisa izindleko zabo ukuze lawo mabutho engcindezelo anqikaze ukusebenzisa amandla, ukuguqula ibhalansi yenzuzo nokulahlekelwa ngendlela yokuthi izindleko zokuna kwemvula. -emibhikishweni iba nzima futhi ibe nzima. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu kubalulekile ukunciphisa imiphumela yezingcindezi zengqondo, futhi ngempela ukubuyisela emuva isiqondiso salezi zingcindezi maqondana namandla engcindezelo. Lapha kukhona izindlela ezingenakubalwa ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kobuhlakani kwezindlela zokuxhumana ukuze kudideke, kwenziwe buthaka futhi kudaleke imifantu emzimbeni omkhulu wemishini yengcindezelo.

Lona kanye iqiniso lokumelana linamandla amakhulu okuvusa nokugqugquzela imibhikisho. Eqinisweni, izingxabano eziningi kanye nokunyakaza namuhla okuyizenzo ezihlakazekile ziyingxenye yalesi sigaba futhi zingasebenza njengamamodeli okunyakaza okubanzi nokuphikelelayo. Ziningi izibonelo ezinjalo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukudala ukuhlukahluka kuzo zombili indlela, indawo kanye nokuma kombhikisho kubalulekile ngokufanayo. Lapha ukuhlanganisa ukunyakaza emgwaqeni nangemuva kwemigwaqo, ezindaweni zokusebenza okuhlanganiswe eduze nemizabalazo ezingeni lomakhelwane kubalulekile. Ngokufanayo, uma imizabalazo yeqembu ebiza kakhulu ingahlanganiswa nezenzo zomuntu ngamunye ezingambi eqolo, kusho ukuthi bambalwa abantu noma iqembu phakathi kwesixuku sabasebenzi nabakhandleka abangakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ngokwamandla abo, futhi bathole indima yabo kulo mzabalazo. .

Ukunyakaza kombhikisho okusebenzisa izinhlobo ezilinganiselwe kuphela, ngokwendawo noma ngendlela, kungasetshenziswa kalula. Uma abantu ababhikishayo bengakwazi ukuthola izindlela zokuzungeza futhi baguqe ngamadolo labo abamelana nabo, ngokushesha bazoguqa. Uma bengashisi ibhilidi elibacindezelayo, bazozibulala. Umbhikisho ongaqhubeki lapho uphonselwa inselelo nakanjani kuyodingeka uhlehle. Uma ingazungeza, izozungezwa. Uma ingadali imifantu izoqhekeka. Uma ingahluliwe izohlulwa.

Uma ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi kungakwazi ukuhamba ngobuhlakani noma ukubonisa ukuguquguquka ezindleleni zabo, labo abaphethe amathuluzi okulawula bazowanqoba. Kuphela ngobunjiniyela benethiwekhi enkulu yezikhungo ezincane kakhulu nezizinikele lapho ingalo yombuso yengcindezelo ingancishiswa.

Yebo, iphuzu lokugcina eliqinisekile kufanele lize nokuchithwa kwekhwalithi yebhalansi yamandla. Umphumela onjalo ungafezeka kuphela ngokuhlanganisa wonke amandla angasetshenziswanga futhi kuhanjiswe zonke izinsiza zokudala, isibindi, umuzwa wobumbano, isidingo samalungelo, ukulingana, kanye nenkululeko. Nokho nakuba umzabalazo oqhubekayo ngale migqa uyisimo esidingekayo ukuze uphumelele, nokho akusona isimo esanele. Imithombo yenhlangano ethandwayo ingeyendawo enemifantu ehlukahlukene emphakathini egcwele ukuhwebelana, imisebenzi, ubuzwe, ubulili, inkolo, nezilimi. Lesi isimo sezwe esingaba nomthelela ombaxambili ophambanayo kumnyakazo odumile.

Isimo esanele sempumelelo yikhono lokudlulela ngale kwalokhu kwahlukana kanye nemifantu. Ukube lokhu bekungafezwa, kuvula umnyango wensiza enamandla futhi engenakunqotshwa. Ngesizathu esifanayo ukwehluleka lokho kungaba kokubili okubizayo nokulimazayo. Lokhu kungqubuzana nokuqhekeka okungaba khona, uma kungalethwanga eceleni, ngeke kunciphe. Impela, bangahlanganiswa kalula ngokumelene nomnyakazo futhi ingxenye eyodwa yesisekelo senhloso yalowo mnyakazo wokubhikisha ingazithola isiwuphikisa. Leli yisu imishini yokulawula ekwazi kahle ukuxhashazwa. Sonke sike sabona izinhlangano eziningi ezinjalo zokusabela, noma ngabe ezenkolo, ubuzwe, ubuzwe, ubulili, uhlanga, noma abantu abaningi.

Labo ababhikishayo kanye namandla abhekene nabo bamisa izinhlangothi ezimbili zokuhlukana komphakathi. Ukunqoba kwelinye ikamu kudinga ukuba le mifantu yeqe, futhi kunqotshwe imifantu, kanti kwelinye ikamu ukusinda kuncike ekujuleni nasekuyivuleni. Ngamafuphi, le geography iyizwe lapho kungekho khona ababukele.

Ukuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo emphakathini kungenzeka kuphela uma usuzibonile. Ukuthembela nokusebenzisa zonke izinsiza zakho namandla akho kungenzeka kuphela uma ubumbano nesibopho phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezikhona kusondela eqinisweni eliphokophelwe. Empeleni lokhu kusho ukweqa kanye nokuhlanganisa izimfuno ezijwayelekile neziqondile; kuncike ebunyeni obenziwa bube nemibandela ekwamukeleni ukwehluka kobunikazi obuningi obukhona emphakathini.

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