Umthombo: The Intercept
UMongameli Joe Biden abaphathi bayacelwa ukuthi bajezise iHungary, Colombia, Chile, namanye amazwe ngokufuna ukukhuphula ukukhiqizwa kwemithi yokugomela i-Covid-19 kanye nokwelapha ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile evela ezinkampanini ezithaka imithi.
Lezi zijeziso zinxuswa yimboni yezidakamizwa, efake amakhulu wamakhasi emibhalo eHhovisi Lommeli Wezohwebo wase-US echaza usongo olubangelwa yinoma yimuphi umzamo wokuphonsela inselelo โukuvikelwa kwempahla eyisisekeloโ ekuphenduleni ubhubhane lwe-coronavirus.
Imboni yezidakamizwa igxeke kakhulu noma yimuphi umzamo wokwabelana ngamalungelo obunikazi bomgomo noma ulwazi lobuchwepheshe oludingekayo ukuze yenziwe, naphezu kwesidingo somhlaba wonke. Ngokokunye ukulinganisa, amazwe acebile angamaphesenti angu-16 kuphela abantu bomhlaba asenawo kakade ivikelekile ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke izinkontileka zokugomela i-Covid-19. Futhi izilinganiso zamanje zibonisa ukuthi amazwe amaningi anemali engenayo emaphakathi nesathuthuka ngeke athole imigomo esabalele iminyaka. Abanye kwelivi ukubikezela ukuthi amazwe anemali engenayo ephansi njengeMali, iSouth Sudan, neZimbabwe angase angafinyeleli amazinga abalulekile okugoma kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kuka-2024.
Ukubambezeleka ngokungangabazeki kuzobiza izimpilo ezingenakubalwa kanye nekusasa elibeka engcupheni, izinguquko ezingaba yingozi zegciwane le-Covid-19. Umuthi wokugomela i-AstraZeneca-Oxford, ukuhlolwa kokuqala okubonisiwe, awusebenzi kahle kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwe-Covid-19 olusabalale ngokushesha eNingizimu Afrika, ngokwesibonelo. Ubhubhane oluthatha isikhathi eside luzophinde lusabise ngokunweba futhi lubhebhethekise ukuwohloka komnotho emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuphendula, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bacubungula ukukhululwa kwesikhashana kumalungelo empahla yengqondo ukuze kukhiqizwe ngokushesha ukwelashwa kwe-coronavirus ngezindleko eziphansi, okuyisidingo esiphikiswa kakhulu ngabameleli baseMelika embonini yezemithi.
Ukucindezela kohulumeni bangaphandle ukuthi babeke ngokungakhethi intengo kanye nejubane lokukhiqizwa kwemithi yokugomela i-coronavirus, abagqugquzeli bezidakamizwa ne-Biotechnology Innovation Organisation, noma i-BIO, waphikisana, izobeka โimisebenzi yaseMelika kanye nabasebenzi abathembele kuyo engozini, futhi ivimbele intuthuko yesayensi ekufinyeleleni umphakathi.โ
I-Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, noma i-PhRMA, elinye iqembu lokwamukela izidakamizwa, kuceliwe ukuthi abaphathi be-Biden "baphishekele imizamo ehlukahlukene yokuphoqelela" futhi "basebenzise wonke amathuluzi atholakalayo kanye namandla ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi abalingani bokuhweba baseMelika" abawamisi amalungelo empahla yengqondo yendabuko ekulweni ne-coronavirus.
I-BIO ne-PhRMA bamele amafemu ezidakamizwa amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa i-Pfizer, i-Gilead Sciences, ne-Johnson & Johnson. La maqembu womabili ehlangene asebenzise imali engaphezu kuka-$38 million enxenxa izikhulu zikahulumeni ngonyaka odlule, kanti izinkampani ezingamalungu zigcina ubudlelwano obukhulu namathangi aqavile, abenzi bomthetho kanye nezifundiswa ezisebenzayo ekubumbeni impendulo yenqubomgomo kulolu bhubhane. Amanye amaqembu axhaswe ngezimali yimboni yezidakamizwa, njenge US Chamber of Commerce, lo Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yabakhiqizi, lo I-Alliance for Trade Enforcement, Kanye I-Intellectual Property Owners Association yenza izimfuno ezifanayo kubaphathi ukuthi bathathele amazwe abaphonsela inselelo amalungelo empahla yengqondo yezinkampani ukuphendula lo bhubhane.
U-Albert Bourla, i-CEO ye-Pfizer, behleka usulu iziphakamiso zokwabelana ngempahla yengqondo โnjengembudaneโ futhi โeyingoziโ esithangamini sezimboni ngonyaka odlule. Imithi yokugoma ingenisa izinkampani zezidakamizwa ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-21 kulo nyaka kuphela, ngokusho komunye ukulinganisela nguBernstein Research.
Imibhalo yakamuva khombisa izidingo ezithile ezenziwe imboni yezidakamizwa ukuze zibe nomthelela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi iSpecial 301 Report yabaphathi be-Biden. Njalo ngonyaka, Ummeleli Wezohwebo wase-US uvumela umphakathi ukuthi uphawule emazweni ahlulekayo ukuvikela amalungelo empahla yengqondo. Amazwe ashiwo ku-Special 301 Report waminyaka yonke abe eseqondiswa yi-US ezingxabanweni zokuxazulula zeNhlangano Yezohwebo Zomhlaba, ezingaholela ezindlekweni zokuphindisela nokunye unswinyo.
"Uma ubheka izethulo zekhemisi kulo nyaka, manje sezikhalaza ngqo ngezimpendulo ezihlobene ne-Covid ezingeni lezwe," kusho uBrook Baker, uprofesa wezomthetho eNyuvesi yaseNortheastern University kanye nochwepheshe wempahla yengqondo. "Impendulo kaPharma kulolu bhubhane ithi: 'Uhlelo lwethu luphelele. Wonke amalungelo esinawo adinga ukulondolozwa nokunwetshwa, futhi noma ubani ongasiniki esikufunayo kufanele alahlwe uhulumeni wase-US.โโ
UBurcu Kilic, umqondisi wePublic Citizen's Access to Medicines Programme, uphawule ukuthi Umbiko Okhethekile we-301 uveze ngokomlando izinto eziza kuqala embonini yezidakamizwa, yize kungacaci ukuthi ithimba labahwebi beBiden lizolandela yini iphethini ebekwe abaphathi bangaphambilini. โIsikhathi esiningi, iSpecial 301 Report ikopisha futhi inamathisele izimpikiswano [zemboni yezidakamizwa],โ kusho u-Kilic.
Eminyakeni eyedlule, iSpecial 301 Report ibisetshenziswa ithimba lezidakamizwa ukufaka ingcindezi ezinseleleni zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nempahla yayo yengqondo. Ngo-2006, kulandela isinqumo se-Thailand sokukhipha amalayisense ayimpoqo okukhiqiza ijenerikhi yohlu lwemithi yokwelapha umdlavuza kanye ne-HIV/AIDS, imboni yezidakamizwa yafaka isicelo kuMmeleli Wezohwebo wase-US, owabe uqondise eThailand embikweni wayo we-Special 2007 ka-301. Uhulumeni wase-US ulandele ngokumisa ukuphathwa kwamahhala ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zase-Thai, okuhlanganisa nomabonakude wesikrini esiyisicaba nobucwebe begolide.
U-Kilic waphawula ukuthi ngo-2013, ngemva kwesinqumo sikahulumeni wase-Indonesia sokukhipha amalayisense ayimpoqo okukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa ze-HIV kanye ne-hepatitis B, abaphathi baka-Obama bafaka izwe ku-Special 301 Report yabo, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zemboni yezidakamizwa. โBengise-Indonesia ngesikhathi kuphuma umbiko,โ kusho uKilic. Izikhulu zikahulumeni, waphawula, zazesaba impendulo yaseMelika. โUma i-US iyimakethe yakho enkulu yokuthumela ngaphandle, udinga ukukuthatha ngokungathi sรญna. Yenziwa kanjena inqubomgomo ye-IP.โ
Ummeleli Wezohwebo wase-US akazange aphendule imibuzo mayelana nezinhlelo zakhe Zombiko Okhethekile we-301 kulo nyaka. Umkhulumeli we-PhRMA uBrian Newell, esitatimendeni, uphawule ukuthi "ukuvikelwa kwe-IP empeleni kuvumela ozakwethu ukuthi babelane kalula ngobuchwepheshe nolwazi ukuze bathole izindlela ezintsha zokulwa naleli gciwane kanye nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwemithi yokugoma."
"Ukubukela phansi zona kanye izinqubomgomo ezisize izinkampani zocwaningo ukuthi zihambe ngokushesha ngokumelene nalolu bhubhane ngeke kusize abantu futhi kuzosishiya sonke singakulungele ukubhekana nezinsongo zezempilo zomphakathi ezizayo," kusho uNewell. "Indlela engcono ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisana okukhulu osekwenzeka phakathi kwezinkampani, ohulumeni nabanye ozakwethu emhlabeni jikelele."
I-BIO nayo ayizange inikeze ukuphawula ku-The Intercept. UTom DiLenge, umongameli wenqubomgomo yomphakathi kwa-BIO, utshele i-Wall Street Journal ukuthi iqembu lakhe liphikisana nezinhlelo zokwabelana ngempahla yengqondo. โAwukwazi ukuthi izinhlaka ezizimele zihlanganyele ekuhlanganyeleni uma uzothatha impahla yazo yengqondo futhi ubeke imingcele yokuthi zingabiza kanjani futhi zimakethe imikhiqizo yazo,โ kusho uDiLenge.
Umehluko omkhulu ekusatshalalisweni komjovo wokugomela i-coronavirus emhlabeni wonke sekuqubule impikiswano eshubile mayelana namalungelo okugunyaza okukhethekile anikezwa abanikazi belungelo lobunikazi bezemithi ngaphansi kwemithetho yeWorld Trade Organisation. Izizwe ezicebile njengeCanada, i-US, kanye neJapan zithole imigomo eyanele yazo zonke izakhamizi ezizimisele kulo nyaka futhi ziye zasekela izinqubomgomo zomhlaba jikelele ezivumela izinkampani zezidakamizwa ukuthi zixoxisane futhi zibeke ngokuzithandela izinga lentengo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemithi yokugomela i-coronavirus. I-US, UK, kanye neSwitzerland, benanela ukukhathazeka kwabakhi bezidakamizwa, kubikiwe Imizamo yokuphikisa ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane yokwabelana ngempahla yengqondo nobuchwepheshe bemithi yokugomela kanye nokwelashwa kwe-coronavirus.
Esikhundleni salokho, i-US isekele lokho okubizwa nge-COVAX Facility, i imali ekhokhelwa imali, ubambiswano lwezizwe ngezizwe lwezinkampani ezizimele eziklanyelwe ukusabalalisa imigomo emazweni anemali engenayo emaphakathi nephansi ngeminikelo nokuthengwa kwangasese kwemithi yokugoma. Ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-COVAX, i-US elusekela ngezimali eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine zamaRandi, izinkampani zemithi zingasabalalisa ngokuqondile noma ozakwethu bamalayisense ukuze benze imithi yokugoma phesheya.
I-Serum Institute of India ibambisene ne-AstraZeneca ukwenza imithamo engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300 nge-COVAX emazweni angaphezu kwe-100 anengeniso ephansi ngoJuni. Kodwa lelo nani limelela mayelana 3 amaphesenti yenani labantu bamazwe ahlelelwe ukuthola imigomo.
Imizamo yokwandisa kakhulu amandla okukhiqiza ukwelashwa kwe-coronavirus, okwamanje, isithuthukiswe amazwe amaningi, okuhlanganisa Uhulumeni waseHungary nabaholi ku Indonesia.
Ngokwesibonelo, i-Chile inemithetho ethuthukisiwe yokuvumela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi โilayisensi eyimpoqoโ ukuthi ingenise futhi yakhe imithi yokwelapha ehlobene ne-coronavirus, okuhlanganisa nemithi yokugoma, ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi welungelo lobunikazi. I-Chilean Chamber of Deputies ivotile ngokweqile ngonyaka odlule ngokweseka isinqumo sokuvumela izinhlangano zomphakathi noma abenzi bezidakamizwa abajwayelekile ukuthi bakhiqize ukwelashwa okuhlobene ne-coronavirus.
Amanye amazwe anezivumelwano ezithuthukisiwe zezizwe ngezizwe zokuhlinzeka ngendlela yokusebenzisana ekwandiseni ukukhiqizwa kwemithi yokugomela i-coronavirus emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-Okthoba odlule, umfelandawonye oholwa yiNingizimu Afrika ne-India Ithuthukile isiphakamiso esiya kwi-World Trade Organization ukuthi ikhiphe inkululeko emazweni angamalungu ekuphoqeleleni ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lobunikazi ekwelashweni okuhlobene nobhubhane. UMongameli waseCosta Rican uCarlos Alvarado Quesada ucele ukuthi kube โnendawo yobuchwephesheโ yomhlaba wonke ukuze kwabelwane ngobuchwepheshe namalungelo obunikazi ukuze kubhekwane nalolu bhubhane ngokushesha, okubandakanya ukuhlolwa nemithi yokugoma.
Isivumelwano SeNhlangano Yomhlaba Yezohwebo Ezindabeni Ezihlobene Nohwebo Samalungelo Empahla Yengqondo, isivumelwano esibandakanya amalungelo empahla yengqondo, sihlanganisa ukukhululwa ezidingweni zezempilo zomphakathi. I-lobby yezemithi, nokho, icela i-US ukuthi ihole ekuvimbeni noma yikuphi ukukhululwa okunjalo.
I-Intellectual Property Owners Association, iqembu Uxhaswe ngemali futhi eholwa nguPfizer noJohnson & Johnson, kufakwe incwadi eya kubaphathi ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ibiza umkhankaso weNingizimu Afrika-India kwiNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba njengephakathi โkweziphakamiso eziyingoziโ โeziphambene nokusabela kulokhu kanye nobhubhane oluzayo.โ
I-PhRMA, ekugcwaliseni kwayo, ibize isiphakamiso saseNingizimu Afrika-India ngokuthi "ukwanda okukhulu ekulweni ne-IP emhlabeni jikelele" okuzophinde kuhlukanise izingxoxo ezisemthethweni mayelana nokuzibandakanya kwamazwe ukulwa nalolu bhubhane. I-BIO kanye ne-PhRMA zombili ziklelisa amazwe amaningana ukuze afakwe embikweni okhethekile we-301, ecaphuna imithetho yentengo yezidakamizwa kanye nokucindezela kokukhululwa kwempahla yengqondo ekuphenduleni lo bhubhane.
Inkampani eqinile ukuphikiswa kwanoma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kwempahla yengqondo kuye kwabeka abameli bezempilo yomphakathi, abaningi babo abaqaphela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuningi bokugoma buxhaswe ngezimali umkhakha womphakathi futhi budluliselwe esizindeni esizimele.
"Ngakho-ke uhlelo lwelungelo lobunikazi luwukuthi, ubeka engcupheni imali yangasese, ungathola ukuzimela ngokushintshanisa njengomvuzo walokho," kusho u-Achal Prabhala, umxhumanisi wephrojekthi ye-AccessIBSA, emele ukufinyelela emhlabeni jikelele emithini. โNgaphandle kokuthi sazi, ezinkampanini ezikhiqiza imithi, akuyona imali yangasese, empeleni ngabalingisi bakahulumeni.โ
Umuthi wokugoma i-Pfizer, okuphawulwe ngawo u-Prabhala, wathuthukiswa ngokubambisana nefemu yaseYurophu i-BioNTech, ethole amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-445 kuhulumeni waseJalimane ukusiza ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa komgomo kanye nokukhiqizwa. Uhulumeni wase-US unikeze cishe ibhiliyoni elilodwa lokucwaninga nokuhlolwa okwenziwe yiModerna ukuze bakhe umuthi wokugomela i-coronavirus.
UJohnson & Johnson bathole imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-1.45 zamaRandi ku-Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, uphiko loMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zabantu wase-US, ngomgomo wabo osanda kugunyazwa we-Covid-19.
Yize uhulumeni wobumbano ejwayele ukuhambisana nezintshisakalo zemboni yezidakamizwa, kuningi okungenziwa ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza umuthi wokugoma.
Umthetho we-Bayh-Dole ka-1980, ohlanganisa ukudluliselwa kocwaningo oluxhaswe yinyuvesi- kanye nohulumeni ezinkampanini ezizimele, uhlanganisa umbandela โngamalungelo okungena ngemvumeโ ovumela amalungelo obunikazi ukuba abe khona. okwabelwana endaweni yomphakathi ngezinjongo ezihlobene nempilo. Lelo lungiselelo, elingasetshenziswa ukunikeza uhulumeni wase-US ubunikazi besikhashana bamalungelo obunikazi bomgomo we-coronavirus, nokho, akukaze kusetshenziswe.
Umthetho Wokukhiqiza Wezokuvikela ungase futhi usetshenziswe ukuze uphoqelele ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkampani ezenza imithi ukwandisa ukuhlinzekwa kwemithi yokugoma ngokwandisa umkhiqizo wokukhiqiza. Kuze kube manje, uBiden usebenzise i-DPA kuphela ukukhulisa umthamo wezitsha, amasirinji, nezinye izinto kodwa akakawuqinisi umthetho kubakhi bezidakamizwa.
Futhi i-US ingamane iguqule inkambo ngokwendlela yayo ezingxoxweni zeWorld Trade Organisation, izishaye indiva izimfuno zemboni yezidakamizwa, futhi yamukele iziphakamiso zokwabelana ngamalungelo obunikazi kanye nempahla yengqondo engaya ekusizeni ukuqeda ubhubhane lwe-coronavirus.
Kepha ithuba lokwabelana ngempahla ebalulekile yengqondo, okubandakanya amalungelo obunikazi bokugoma kanye nenqubo yezobuchwepheshe yokwakha umgomo wokukhiqiza, kusho uPrabhala, kuzodinga ushintsho olukhulu endleleni ephikisana kakhulu nombono wokuqala webhizinisi lezidakamizwa ophethe iWashington, DC.
"Empeleni maningi amandla angahle aphinde asetshenziswe ukuze kwenziwe eminye imigomo, kodwa ukuze lokho kwenzeke, kufanele kube nokuthile okuvela kuhulumeni wobumbano okuphoqa ukuthi kwenzeke," kusho uPrabhala. "Uma abaphathi be-Biden beya ku-Pfizer bathi, 'Sikuphoqa ukuthi unwebe ukunikezwa,' empeleni kuzobe kuphambene nalokho inqubomgomo yokuphatha yase-US ebilokhu injalo amashumi eminyaka kulezi zinkinga."
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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