Kunoma iyiphi impi ethile, umuntu angahlola izinyanga noma iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka lapho uhlangothi olulodwa noma zombili wasebenza ngenkuthalo ukuze kwenzeke, futhi zombili izinhlangothi zehluleka ngokusobala ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela ezinokuthula. Ngisho nangesikhathi sodlame olukhulu kakhulu, umuntu angacabangela ukumelana ungahlomile ezinye izindlela ezigcinwe ngokucophelela zingacatshangwa.
Kodwa noma ungachaza konke ukulungiswa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zazo zonke izimpi ezithile - yebo, ngisho Leyo, kusekhona ukusho okungamanga kokuthi impi ngandlela-thile imane nje iyingxenye โyesintu.โ Ukube izintuthwane bezingayeka ukulwa, akekho obengashalaza, kodwa lokho kuthathwa njengokungaphezu kokuhlakanipha. homo sapiens.
Kunenkinga yalombhedo. Iyinkinga yemiphakathi yabantu enokuthula. Siyazi ukuthi amaqembu amaningi, uma kungewona amaningi, abazingeli abaqoqi abantu abahlanganyela isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwabantu lutho olufana nempi yobuchwepheshe obuphansi. Ngisho nasezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka yamuva, ingxenye enkulu ye-Australia, i-Arctic, iNyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico, i-Great Basin yaseNyakatho Melika, ngisho neYurophu ngaphambi kokukhula kwamasiko amaqhawe e-patriarchic, yenza kakhulu noma ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwempi. Izibonelo zamuva ziningi. Ngo-1614 iJapane yazihlukanisa neNtshonalanga nasezimpini ezinkulu kwaze kwaba ngo-1853 lapho iButho Lempi Lasemanzini Lase-US lingena ngenkani. Phakathi nalezo zikhathi zokuthula, isiko liyachuma. Ikoloni lasePennsylvania isikhathi esithile lakhetha ukuhlonipha abantu bomdabu, okungenani uma liqhathaniswa namanye amakoloni, futhi lalikwazi ukuthula futhi liyachuma. Umbono ophethwe usaziwayo wesayensi yezinkanyezi u-Neil deGrasse Tyson wokuthi ngenxa yokuthi i-Europe yekhulu le-17 yatshala imali kwezesayensi ngokutshala imali ezimpini ngakho-ke kuphela ngezempi lapho noma yiliphi isiko lingathuthuka, ngakho-ke - kalula ngokwanele - izazi zezinkanyezi zinezizathu eziyi-100% ekusebenzeleni iPentagon, umbono. ngokusekelwe ezingeni elingenangqondo lokucwasa okucwayizayo abambalwa abakhululekile abangakwamukela uma kuphindwa ngemibandela yokucwasa ngokusobala noma ngokobulili.
Kodwa ukumane ugomele, noma ukufakazele ngokungangabazeki, ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukahlukene iye yaphila ngaphandle kwempi ngeke ithonye ikholwa ngokungenakugwemeka kwempi, noma inikeze noma yisiphi isiqondiso sokuthi imiphakathi ebusayo yomhlaba wonke ingaguqukela kanjani ekubeni khona okungenazimpi. Okudingekayo ukuhlola ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukahlukene iphile kanjani isikhathi eside ingenayo impi yangaphandle noma udlame lwangaphakathi. Incwadi entsha ingasiza. Kubizwa Imiphakathi Enokuthula: Izindlela Ezihlukile Zobudlova Nempi nguBruce D. Bonta. Kwi iwebhusayithi, uBonta uthumele ulwazi ngemiphakathi eminingi enokuthula esekhona. Kule ncwadi, uhlole eziyi-10 zazo. Eziyi-10 zihlakazeke emhlabeni wonke futhi zihluke kakhulu. Banezinkolelo, izilimi, izimo zengqondo, nemizwelo ehlukene. Abanye babo esibaziyo ukuthi banomlando wokuba nodlame futhi bashintshele ekubeni abangenalo udlame. Bonke basengozini yokugajwa isiko elibusayo (noma ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu noma ukugawulwa kwamahlathi). Okudingwa isintu (nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane) kuyinqubo ephambene - yamasiko omhlaba avelele afunda kule miphakathi esikhundleni sokubeka izindinganiso zayo kuyo.
Uma intukuthelo nodlame bekulahlwa emhlabeni wonke futhi kuhlekwa njengezinsana, njengezifanele izingane ezincane kuphela, inqubomgomo kazwelonke yezangaphandle eklanyelwe imibono enjalo ibingeke ijatshulelwe noma ibekezelelwe. Amaqembu amakhulu abantu ane-DNA efanayo nekaJoe Biden noma uVladimir Putin ahlala futhi ahlala emasikweni afana nalawo. Zikhona ngaphakathi kwemibono yezwe ethola impi ngisho nokubulala kuyinto engacabangeki nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, njengoba kungalungile ngokwanele ukusho ukuthi i-hyper-militarization idingwa "imvelo yomuntu" ngoba amaphesenti angu-4 esintu alawulwa kabi nguhulumeni obolile wase-US anakho, futhi akulungile ukusho ukuthi izinga elithile lokwamukela ubudlova. iyadingeka ngenxa nje yokuthi iningi labantu abaphilayo manje linamathele kukho.
Lapho ubonisa amafilimu avamile aseHollywood kubantu bakwamanye amasiko, bayethuka futhi bafisa ukungaphinde balubone ubudlova obunjalo. Izingane ezikhulela emiphakathini engenalo udlame azinakho ukulingisa. Izingane ezikhulela emiphakathini elahla intukuthelo zifunda ukungathukutheli. Lawa maqiniso afakazelwa ngokungapheli njengokuvela futhi kwelanga usuku ngalunye. Isiko elimemezayo elithi "landela isayensi!" awukwazi ukwenza sengathi lawa maqiniso awawona ngempela, noma uwabeke eceleni ngokwenza sengathi angamaphupho, noma uwagweme ngokuphuza ngokweqile I-Pinkerism. Umbono othi โiqhawe lomuntuโ usukela enkathini lapho ososayensi baseNtshonalanga beveza izimpawu zamazinyo ezilwane emathanjeni abantu njengobufakazi bempi. Babengekho. "Indoda isidlo sakusihlwa" yayifana nayo. Umbono wezifiso ezinodlame ezakhayo lapho zicindezelwa - futhi ziqhuma uma zingakhululwa - idethi yangesikhathi sangaphambili lapho ubuchwepheshe bamuva kwakuyinjini yesitimu, kanye nesayensi yabantu (ngokulingisa isayensi yemvelo) bakholelwa ukuthi bayayidinga. ukwenza yonke into isebenze ngendlela yenjini yesitimu.
Incwadi kaBonta, nezinye ezifana nayo, zichaza ukuthi amasiko alingisa kanjani futhi afundise ukungabikho, hhayi ukucindezelwa, kwentukuthelo - amasiko asekhona. Ungabheka amakhaya alaba bantu ku-Google Earth. Ungafunda ngazo. Ungabavakashela โ nakuba ngethemba ukuthi ungakwenza lokho ngezinga lokuhlonipha abanye okungase kube nzima kuze kube yilapho usuwafundile.
Isahluko sokuqala sikhuluma ngamaLepcha, iqembu elincane eSikkim elingalwazi udlame. Isiko labo ligwema ulaka nokuncintisana cishe ngokuphelele. Abakwamukeli ukuxabana okuqinile njengoba isiko lase-US likuphikisa ukwehluleka ukumelana nesiqhwaga. Bayakubekezelela ukuphinga njengoba isiko lase-US lisehlukaniso. Abanakho ukubekezelela nokho ukuqamba amanga - ubugebengu obungalimaza isithunzi somndeni izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ababuphathi lobu bukhona obuhluke kakhulu ngoba umhlaba wonke ubashiya bodwa. Sawubona? Ingabe uke wahlangana nomhlaba wonke? Kusukela ngo-2007, bavimbele ukwakhiwa kwamadamu amakhulu aphehla amandla kagesi - kanye namasosha asekela lokho kwakhiwa - ngesenzo esingenalo udlame.
Isahluko sesibili sikhuluma ngama-Ifaluk, ahlala esiqhingini esinegama elifanayo eMicronesia. Ababonisi zimpawu zentukuthelo noma udlame. Izindlela ezixakile abanakekela ngazo izingane nojahidada, kanye nezindaba ezixakayo zezipoki abazifundisa izingane, kungase kubonakale kunzima noma kungafuneki ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Kodwa into abafana ngayo laba bantu neminye imiphakathi enokuthula wukungakwamukeli ukuchukuluza - kungaba izingane ezisacathula noma omongameli. UBonta ubhala ngabo:
โEzikhathini eziningi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, imikhumbi Yamasosha Asolwandle YaseMelika iye yama esiqhingini futhi yabonisa abantu basesiqhingini amafilimu aseMelika. Kodwa ubudlova obabuboniswa kulawo mafilimuโabantu abashaywa futhi bedutshulwaโbethusa abantu basesiqhingini, abanye bethusa izifo ezathatha izinsuku eziningi. Abaningi kamuva benqaba ukubuka amafilimu aseMelika. Babehlale bebuyekeza futhi bekhuluma ngezimo ezinodlame, beqinisa emiphakathini yabo ukuphepha kwabo ezintweni ezisabisayo ezinjalo.โ
Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi bazothola intando namandla okugcina i-US ingaguquleli iziqhingi zasePacific, ngaphambi kokuthi zingene, zibe yinkundla yempi yaseChina? Kwazi bani! Kodwa kusho ukuthi abantu, kuhlanganise nabantu base-United States, bayakwazi ukwenza enye indlela ekhona. Uma izwe elingaphezu kwempi lidinga izwe elingenayo iHollywood, makube njalo. Ngokuqinisekile ngeke uphikise ngokuthi iHollywood idingwa izakhi zofuzo zakho noma ingqikithi yakho emaphakathi noma imvelo yomuntu noma umphefumulo ongaguquki nanoma yini enjalo. Ukuqeda noma ukushintsha ngokuphelele iHollywood akuwona umsebenzi olula, kodwa futhi akuwona owodwa ovinjelwe yimithetho ye-physics, akunjalo?
Isahluko sesithathu sikhuluma ngeSemai eMalaysia. Ngenkathi i-Ifaluk ikwazisa ukuzola, i-Semai ingena ngenxa yokwethuka nokuyaluza. Kodwa bagwema ubudlova ngendlela efanayo. Futhi baxazulula izingxabano lapho ziphakama, kunokuba bakhiphe isahlulelo noma bafune impindiselo. UBonta ukhathazekile ngokuthi abafundi bakhe bangase banqabe iSemai njengokwazisa ubugwala, kodwa uyabhala:
โ[A]ngokungangabazeki kudinga amandla engeziwe ukubambelela entukuthelweni yakho ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana kunokuvumela izinto zikhuphukele ekubeni udlame. Lokhu kwakamuva, ukusebenzisa izibhakela noma imimese noma izibhamu noma amabhomu enuzi phakathi nokungqubuzana, mhlawumbe kuyindlela elula, indlela yobuthakathaka, kuyilapho ukusondela engxabanweni ngokuzimisela okuthule ukuyixazulula ngokuthula ngokuvamile kuyisinqumo esinzima kakhulu.โ
Siphinde sifunda ngama-Batek e-Malaysia, okungenzeka alahlwe ngokuthi ayesaba abanye abafundi. Basiphula futhi banyakazisa isigodi sonke ngesaziso sehora ukuze bagweme umuntu oyedwa oyingozi, kunokuba bathumele isixuku sama-lynch. Kodwa izindinganiso zabo eziyinhloko ukubambisana, ukwabelana, nokulingana - okuhlanganisa ukulingana ngokobulili. Badlula inqubekela phambili yaseNtshonalanga ngezindlela eziningi okufanele ufunde kuzo, noma ungeke ukwazi ukusiphula iFort Lauderdale bese uyiyisa ehlathini isikhathi ngasinye lapho uTrump ebonwa eduze.
Sifunda ngePiaroa eVenezuela naseColombia. Okungenani kuze kube yiminyaka yamuva, bebengasenalo nhlobo ubudlova kanye nokuncintisana.
Bese kulibangisa e-Buid e-Philippines, nasemhlabeni wonke, ngezincazelo zemiphakathi ehluke kakhulu komunye nomunye kodwa evumelana ngokugwema udlame - phakathi kwemindeni, phakathi kwamadolobhana, kanye nomhlaba ongaphandle. Lawa macala awafani ne-European Union ewine iNobel Peace Prize, ethinta izikhali nezimpi emhlabeni jikelele. Laba bantu abagcini nje ngokuba nokuthula phakathi kwabo futhi banonya njengezimpisi ezisangene kwabanye. Bafundise izingane zabo ukuthi ubudlova buyihlazo. Bangaba namahloni kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kunokufa - njengoba nje amalungu amaningi ezempi angaba namahloni kakhulu ukungayisebenzisi kunokufa.
โUkuqonda ngokugcwele umphakathi onokuthula,โ kubhala uBonta, โkudinga okungenani incazelo emfushane yamasiko nezinkolelo eziwukhuthazayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuqonda umphakathi onodlame njengalowo wase-United States kungadinga ukuhlolwa kwemikhuba efana ne-Super Bowl Sunday yaminyaka yonke, isiko lobunikazi bezibhamu, kanye nezinkolelo ezenzweni ezinhle zamandla aseMelika nokulawula emhlabeni wonke. .โ
Inkinga, yebo, ukuthi inkolelo yokuthi kungase kube khona into embi kakhulu kunempi, ngisho nempi yenuzi - inkolelo eboniswa kabanzi ezinhlangothini zombili zempi yase-Ukraine njengamanje - ingase isenze sonke sibulawe, kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. thina. Inkolelo yokuthi akukho okubi kakhulu kunempi kuyinselele kakhulu kubantu baseNtshonalanga ukugoqa ubuchopho babo nxazonke - ngisho nalapho beqonda ukuthi buyini ubusika benuzi. Kepha kungabasiza ukuthi bahambe izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezingokoqobo kuma-moccasins abantu abanokuthula.
Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi, ukuze ube nokuthula, umphakathi udinga ukukholelwa noma iyiphi imbudane ethile yemilingo, noma yimuphi nhlobo, noma utshele izingane izindaba ezithusayo, noma ugqoke ngendlela ethile. Izibonelo eziyi-10 kule ncwadi ziyehluka kwenye yazo zonke lezi zinto. Yebo nabo banezinto abafana ngazo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-United States, bayalingana kakhulu, banendaba nemvelo, abancintisani, njalonjalo. Kodwa empeleni sidinga ngalunye lwalezo zinguquko futhi, uma umhlaba uzogcina ukuphila.
Ngingakwazi yini ukuba umuntu ongathukutheli kalula? Hhayi bo! Kodwa kuthiwani ukube ngakhulela esikweni elinjalo? Futhi kuthiwani uma ngokufunda amasiko anjalo, ngingaphinda ngigcizelele ukuzibophezela kwami โโekubeni umuntu osebenzela ukuhlakaza ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi okuhleliwe? Ngisho noma ngikhuthaza intukuthelo elungile njengendlela yokuthola lokho?
Iqiniso liwukuthi abantu bayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi ifilosofi eqondwayo - ngaphezu kwanoma yikuphi "ubuhlakani" bokwenziwa okwamanje. Futhi ngiyakucasula ubuqili bokucabanga ukuthi asikwazi ukudala isiko elingenalo udlame ngaphandle kokuthi singafakazela ukuthi abanye sebekwenzile lokho. USartre wayeqinisile. Abaxolisi besimo samanje banamanga njalo. Kodwa akunandaba, ngoba kufakazelwa ukuthi imiphakathi yabantu ikhona futhi isekhona ngaphandle kodlame noma impi. Umbuzo uthi sizoyikhetha yini ngokuhlanganyela leyo ndlela enyathelwe kahle.
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