Ekuqaleni kokuphatha kuka-Obama kubonakala kunezinkomba eziningi zokuthi u-Obama uzoshintsha imigomo yendabuko yase-US yokweseka u-Israel ngaphandle kwemibandela futhi uzofaka ingcindezi yangempela kulelo zwe ukuthi lifinyelele ekuxazululeni ukuthula namaPalestina. Kusukela kulesi siqalo esithembisayo, nokho, u-Obama usehoxile ngokuphelele kunoma yikuphi ukungqubuzana kwezepolitiki no-Israel kanye nabasekeli bakhe base-US, Phakathi kwezimpawu zalokho kuhlehla yilezi ezilandelayo:

*Ukwenqaba kuka-Obama–okungqubuzana ngokuqondile nenkulumo yakhe ephindaphindayo yomkhankaso mayelana nesidingo sokuxoxisana nezitha zomuntu—ukubhekana ne-Israel kanye nabasekeli bayo base-US ngokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ne-Hamas.

*Ukujikijelwa kwenqwaba yabeluleki baka-Obama emikhankasweni ababegxeka inqubomgomo yakwa-Israel, ikakhulukazi udaba lukaChas Freeman, lapho u-Obama alahla uFreeman, owayengumgxeki we-Israel, ngesikhathi ukuqokwa kwakhe esikhundleni sobunhloli bezinga eliphezulu kwakhalisa. ukuthukuthela okuvela ezindaweni ezijwayelekile.

*Ukuqinisekisa kuka-Obama ngokungananazi ngoNetanyahu ukuthi usizo lwezobuzwe nolwezempi lwase-US ku-Israel ngeke lusetshenziswe njengenzuzo ukuze uhulumeni wakwa-Israel avume ukuqeda ukudlwengulwa futhi avumele ukusungulwa kwezwe lasePalestine. Empeleni, u-Obama useze wayishiya ingcindezi yezikhulu kwa-Israel ukuthi imise izindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni ezithathiwe, njengoba nohulumeni weNetanyahu eshaya amakhala kubaphathi futhi empeleni uqinisa ukwakhiwa kwawo okusha eWest Bank futhi, ikakhulukazi, kulokho okusetshenziswayo. eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Arab East Jerusalem.

Lezi zindawo ezintsha noma ezandisiwe zase-East Jerusalem "zomakhelwane" noma izindawo zokuhlala zamaJuda, ngokwazo, zingababulali abenza noma yisiphi isivumelwano sokuthula sezizwe ezimbili namaPalestine singenzeki-njengoba, ngokungangabazeki, kuhloswe ngakho. Akekho uhulumeni wasePalestine, okuhlanganisa nokaMahmoud Abbas, ozokwamukela isivumelwano esingabandakanyi i-East Jerusalem njengenhloko-dolobha yezwe lasePalestine.

*Impendulo ka-Obama embikweni weKhomishana yakwaGoldstone, owagxeka kakhulu ukuziphatha kuka-Israel ekuhlaseleni kwayo iGaza ngonyaka odlule. Abaphathi bawuchithile lo mbiko ngaphandle kwencazelo noma ngisho nomzamo wokuphikisa lokho okutholakele okuyiqiniso. UMichael Oren, inxusa lika-Israyeli e-US, wayengeke ajabule kakhulu, ethi isikhundla saseMelika "singabhalwa eTel Aviv, sasimangalisa kakhulu."

Yini edala ukuwa okusebenzayo kwemizamo yase-US yokuletha ukuxazululwa kwengxabano ye-Israel-Palestine yezizwe ezimbili? Incazelo esobala kakhulu ukuthi u-Obama ubeka phambili izinhloso zakhe zasekhaya futhi wesaba ngokufanelekile ukuthi ingcindezi yangempela ku-Israel izobuyisela emuva kuCongress, lapho kungenzeka ukuthi amanye amalungu abalulekile, empeleni, abambe ukweseka kwawo izinhlelo zasekhaya zika-Obama. izinqubomgomo zakhe zakwa-Israyeli.

Kukhona, nokho, enye incazelo engaba khona, futhi ingase ibeke kabi nakakhulu amathuba enqubomgomo esebenzayo yase-US: ipolitiki yasekhaya eceleni, u-Obama nabeluleki bakhe ababalulekile bangase bakholelwe ezinganekwaneni eziningi ezingagunyaziwe zakwa-Israyeli ezivimbela ukuxazululwa ngokuthula. Lokho kungenzeka kuphakanyiswe ngu-a indaba yezindaba oshicilelo lukaJanuwari 7, 2010 lwe Haaretz, enesihloko esithi "US Fed Up With Israel, Palestinians." Ngokombiko, u-Rahm Emanuel, isikhulu sabasebenzi baka-Obama, utshele inxusa lakwa-Israel ukuthi i-United States "igula" kokubili ama-Israel kanye namaPalestina, futhi waxwayisa ngokuthi uma kuqhubeka kungekho nqubekela phambili ohlelweni lokuthula, " Ukuphatha kuka-Obama kuzokwehlisa ukubandakanyeka kwabo engxabanweni ngoba... [kunezinye] izindaba okufanele kubhekwane nazo."

Isikhalo esikhulu sabaphathi siwukuthi zombili izinhlangothi ziluchithile uhlelo lokuthula lwemibuso emibili lwango-2008 lowayengundunankulu wakwa-Israel u-Ehud Olmert. Ngokuqondile, u-Emanuel uthe, uNetanyahu "wamukela iqhwa ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokuhlala eWest Bank kuphela ngemuva kwezinyanga zokucindezela kwe-US…futhi ngesikhathi evuma obala isisombululo semibuso emibili…[kwakusekwephuzile] kakhulu ukuthi singasebenza." Ngokuqondene nabantu basePalestine, u-Emanuel wabeka icala—ngendlela evamile futhi engalungile—ukuthi “abalokothi baphuthelwe ithuba lokuphuthelwa ithuba.”

Kunezinkinga ezimbalwa ngokuthatha kuka-Emanuel–noma kuka-Obama-kunesikhathi samanje. Okokuqala, kuyamangaza ukubamba izisulu zasePalestine zokuhlukunyezwa kuka-Israyeli, ukuhlaliswa kwabantu, ukubuyiswa kwamakholoni, ingcindezelo, impi yezomnotho, kanye nodlame olungapheli njengomthwalo wemfanelo wokungqubuzana kwe-Israel-Palestine. Hleze kungaphikiswana ngokuthi i-Israel imane izivikela odlameni lwase-Palestine, eminyakeni embalwa edlule u-Israyeli ubelokhu echoboza ngobudlova ngisho nokuphikiswa okungenabudlova kwama-Palestine-ukushaya, ukuqhunyiswa ngesisi esikhalisa izinyembezi, ukubopha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokudubula abamashi bamaPalestine (kanye nama-Israel wabo). abalandeli) abazama ukumisa ukuhlasela kwe-Israel okuqhubekayo emhlabeni wasePalestine.

Mayelana "nohlelo lokuthula" luka-Olmert, kunesivumelwano esijwayelekile phakathi kwabahlaziyi bakwa-Israel ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-2008 ezingxoxweni zakhe no-Abbas, u-Olmert wabonakala enikeza okuthile ngokuhambisana necebo likaClinton lika-2000: izwe lasePalestine cishe kuma-94% aseNtshonalanga. Ibhange'; ukushintshana ngendawo, lapho amaPalestine ethola cishe inani elilinganayo lomhlaba kwa-Israyeli njengoba u-Israyeli wayezothatha iWest Bank; kanye nohlobo oluthile lokulawula kwamaSulumane ezindaweni zenkolo yamaSulumane eMpumalanga yeJerusalema.

Ebusweni bakho, lokhu kubukeka sengathi bekuyisipho esihle, kodwa njengoba kunikezwe nguhulumeni wakwa-Israeli ngokuphana okukhulu ezingxoxweni ze-Israel-Palestine zonyaka wezi-2000, ukuhlolisiswa kwembula inqwaba yezinkinga. Okokuqala, izingxoxo zika-Olmert no-Abbas zafika sekwephuzile isikhathi sakhe sokubusa, ngemuva kokuba elahlekelwe ukwesekwa kwezombusazwe ekhaya futhi kusobala ukuthi wayezolandelwa nguBenjamin Netanyahu. Okwesibili, kwakungekho mizuzu esemthethweni yemihlangano futhi u-Olmert akazange abhale lutho: ngakho, njengoba uGershon Baskin enzile. ukuphawula, "eqinisweni, kwakunezingxoxo ezinemininingwane nezihlelekile." Okwesithathu (ephinda ecaphuna u-Baskin), "Ngaphandle kokungabi qotho ezindleleni zezingxoxo, ngokusobala isiphakamiso sika-Olmert sasihlanganisa ukuqhubeka nokulawulwa kwama-Israyeli emingceleni yangaphandle yasePalestine-okukodwa nje [okwakuyi] isizathu sokuba amaPalestine anqabe isithembiso….The Olmert Uhlelo luphinde lufake nezinye izivumelwano ezingamukelekile ebukhosini bazo zonke izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko ezizozenqaba." Ekugcineni, njengoba u-Abbas esho Haaretz, akukho sivumelwano okwafinyelelwa kuso ezindabeni ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu, isimo seJerusalema kanye “nelungelo lokubuya” lababaleki basePalestine kusukela ezimpini zango-1948 no-1967 beya emakhaya nasezindaweni zabo zangaphambili kwa-Israyeli. (Avi Issacharoff, "Abbas to Haaretz: Ukuthula Kungaba Khona Ezinyangeni Eziyisi-6 Uma I-Israel Imisa Zonke Izindawo Zokuhlala," Dec. 16, 2009)

Ngemuva kokuvela kweminye imininingwane yezingxoxo zika-Obama-Abbas, okukhulu Haaretz umhlaziyi wezepolitiki, u-Akiva Eldar, wabhala ukuthi nakuba "u-Olmert ehambe ibanga elide ekufinyeleleni abantu basePalestine ... ibanga belingekho kude ngokwanele." Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule u-Yasir Arafat kanye ne-PLO benza isivumelwano sabo esikhulu, u-Eldar waveza, lapho bevuma ukunciphisa isifiso sabo sokuthola izwe lasePalestine kuphela ku-22% wePalestine eyingqophamlando eyasala ekupheleni kokwanda kuka-Israyeli ngemva kwempi yango-1948. , noma "ingxenye yomhlaba uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwe-UN olwalunikeze abasePalestine." ("Khuluma Ngemingcele Yango-1967, Hhayi I-Settlement Blocs," Haaretz, Disemba 21, 2009)

Ngamafuphi, u-Eldar waphetha, angeke kube khona isivumelwano namaPalestina nganoma yisiphi isisekelo ngaphandle kokubuya okuphelele kuka-Israyeli emingceleni yempi yangaphambi kuka-1967. Kunokuba acabange nganoma yikuphi ukuxazululwa okunjalo, ngenkathi ekhuluma no-Abbas, u-Olmert wayengamele ukuqhubeka nokwandiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala zakwa-Israyeli eWest Bank naseMpumalanga yeJerusalema. Futhi-ke, ukwanga kokugcina kuka-Olmert kokufa kunoma yiziphi "izingxoxo" namaPalestine kwaba ukwethula kwakhe, ezinsukwini ezifayo zikahulumeni wakhe, "I-Operation Cast Lead," ukuhlasela okulimazayo ngonyaka odlule eGaza.

Ngokuqondene nohulumeni weNetanyahu, inkinga akukhona (njengoba u-Emanuel aphikisana naye) ukuthi wamukele ukumiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala zamaJuda ngaphansi kwengcindezi yase-US kuphela, kodwa kunalokho manje sekusobala ukuthi uNetanyahu (inkulumo yakhe engaqondakali) akavumanga ukuthi kube yiqhwa. konke; kunalokho ukuphatha kwakhe kwandisa ngokushesha izindawo zokuhlala zamaJuda ezindaweni ezithathiwe, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga yeJerusalema.

Ngokufanayo, inkinga akukhona ukuthi uNetanyahu wamukela isivumelwano semibuso emibili "sekwephuze kakhulu ukuthi singasebenza," noma ngabe lokho okulindeleke kusho ukuthini, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi uNetanyahu akanayo inhloso yangempela futhi-cishe nakanjani-amandla okwamukela izivumelwano ezimbili ezinobulungiswa. -ukulungiswa kombuso.

Ngamafuphi, umphumela okhubazayo wepolitiki yasekhaya yase-US eceleni, uma ukuqonda kuka-Emanuel mayelana nokungqubuzana kwe-Israel-Palestine kuthonya noma kubonise lokho kuka-Obama, amathuba obuholi obuphumelelayo ekuletheni ukuxazululwa okusebenzayo awekho, noma ngaphansi.

UJerome Slater unguprofesa (ophumayo) wesayensi yezepolitiki kanye ne-University Research Scholar, State University of New York eBuffalo.

---