Isikhathi esifushane, esidlulayo cishe njalo eshumini leminyaka manje, umhlaba ocebile ujwayele ukwamukela i-Afrika – izwekazi elikhungethwe kabi ubumpofu, izimpi kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nayo - njengephrojekthi yezilwane ezifuywayo. I-Afrika njengenhloso yamaphupho aseNtshonalanga iyisifo esidala, futhi ayipheleli embonini yezokuzijabulisa – nakuba iHollywood imele uhlobo lwayo olubi kakhulu futhi olubi kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ebhekene nenhlekelele yase-Iraq, uNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair (okuthe, uma engenzeleli, angeke nakancane asolwe ngokunganaki i-Afrika) wamukela izwekazi elidala ngamandla avuselelwe, ngo-2005 ekhiqiza “Intshisekelo Yethu Evamile,” idokhumenti ebanzi, enezisusa ezinhle ebeka izinhlelo ezinemininingwane yokuqeda ubumpofu base-Afrika kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nayo. Kungakapheli neminyaka emibili kamuva, idokhumenti selikhohliwe.
I-Afrika, nokho, ayizange, okungenani ibe yiHollywood. Ekupheleni kuka-2006, i-Afrika “yashisa ngokuzumayo” embonini yezokuzijabulisa, ukusebenzisa amagama angenangqondo afanelekile e-New York Times. Ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka, izwekazi lakwazi ngandlela thize ukuheha izihlabani ezinamagama amakhulu – futhi ngenxa yalokho abezindaba abakhulu– kusukela ngoBono, kwase kuba uClay Aiken, uJessica Simpson, u-Angelina Jolie noBrad Pitt, uGeorge Clooney kanye abanye abambalwa. Ngisho noMadonna, ongavamile ukuhlotshaniswa nokuba nomqondo ophakeme, “ngokungazelele waphonsa iso eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka e-Afrika†(lokhu kuvela kuyi-New York Times), ngalowo nyaka edume ngokuthola ingane yaseMalawi. U-Ed Zwick kanye no-Leonardo di Caprio kanye no-Jennifer Connelly bathatha i-pathology igxathu eliphezulu (noma ngaphansi), bevela endaweni engekho futhi babonakala bethatha izwe lonke, i-Sierra Leone. Ifilimu yabo ethi ‘Blood Diamond’, okuhloswe ngayo ukuthi idale kabusha izinto ezesabekayo ezenzeke eSierra Leone kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1990, yaphuma ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi. Abakhiqizi bale filimu, elenza igama elithi narcissism linganele, bathi inhloso iwukusindisa iSierra Leone (namazwe anjengayo) ekulimazeni abazingeli bedayimane kanye nabangane babo bomdabu abahluphekayo abacindezela izingane eziyizigelekeqe ukuba zingene embuthweni wabo futhi benze unya olungachazeki. .
Kuke kwaba nesikhathi, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, lapho amafilimu afana ne-‘Blood Diamond’ ayezokwamukelwa kakhulu, hhayi okungenani abantu ababekezelela isikhathi eside baseSierra Leone. Impi ebhebhezelwa ngamadayimane kuleliya lizwe yaqala ngo-1991, kodwa ayizange ikhulumeke emithonjeni eminingi yezindaba emhlabeni kwaze kwaba ngu-1999, ngemva kokuba abalweli be-Revolutionary United Front (RUF), okuyiqembu lezigebengu, elihlubukayo, behlasela futhi bacishe wacekela phansi iFreetown, inhloko-dolobha yezwe. Umkhankaso wabo wahlukaniswa nokuhlaselwa kwezakhamuzi ngaphandle kwesizathu, okuhlanganisa nokucwiywa kwabesifazane nezingane. Ibutho elikhulu le-UN, elinamandla angu-17,500 2002, lisekelwa amanye amasosha aseBrithani, labe selithunyelwa, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili laphumelela ukukhulula iningi lamasosha. Ngo-70,000, ngokuqhutshwa ngempumelelo kokhetho lwentando yeningi ezweni lonke, impi kwathiwa isiphelile. Izilinganiso eziningi zibeka inani lalabo ababulawa ku-XNUMX XNUMX; ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zengqalasizinda yezwe, eyayivele inezinkinga ezinkulu ngesikhathi impi iqala, yacekelwa phansi ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana.
Cishe sekuyiminyaka emihlanu impi yaphela, futhi izwe lihlela ukuqhuba ukhetho lwesibili lwentando yeningi, ngoJulayi. Umnotho waseSierra Leone ubhaliswe ngokuba ngcono okuphawulekayo: ukukhula eminyakeni emibili edlule kube ngamaphesenti angu-7. Imboni yedayimane ebucayi yaseSierra Leone, nakuba isenenkinga, ithuthuke kakhulu. Ngo-2006, ngemva kokusetshenziswa kanzima kohlelo lokulawula amazwe ngamazwe, iKimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), iSierra Leone yathumela ngokusemthethweni amadayimane anenani elingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-140 zamaRandi, cishe njengangonyaka odlule, futhi lokho kwaphinda kabili lokho ngo-2004. Ngo-1999, ekuphakameni kwempi, ukuthekelisa okusemthethweni kwaba ngaphezudlwana kuka-$1 million; akudingekile ukusho, amadayimane amaningi ezwe abe esentshontshwa futhi ashushumbiswa yi-RUF namadlelandawonye ayo, edlula eLiberia nasemakethe yedayimane yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokubuyisela emuva, i-RUF yathelwa ngezikhali, ababulala ngayo futhi yakhubaza abesifazane nabantwana abangenakuzivikela.
Ukuthi amadayimane, uphawu lomhlaba wonke lothando, empeleni angathinteka enzondweni nasencithakalweni kanye nodlame oluvuthayo yindaba ephoqa kakhulu. Futhi “i-Blood Diamond”, ehambisana no-Leonardo di Caprio njengomshushumbisi wedayimane waseNingizimu Afrika onesihluku futhi eyisikhulu ngokumelene nezigigaba ezinkulu nodlame oluqeda konke, iwumdlalo othokozisayo, nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kodwa njengoba uZwick enza izimangalo ezinkulu kakhulu zefilimu – njengomzamo ‘okhathalela umphakathi’, njengento ejule kakhulu yobuchopho kuneminikelo evamile yaseHollywood yothando olugcwele izinyembezi noma udlame lwenkanuko yokuhlanya – ‘ I-Blood Diamond’ kufanele ihlolwe kanjalo. Ngizizwa ngiqiniseka nakakhulu ukusho lokhu ngoba ‘Idayimane Legazi’ landulelwa ngokushesha noma lalandelwa imizamo embalwa eyaziwa kancane, eminye yayo inikeza izinguqulo ezihluke kakhulu, ezibukeziwe zalokho iSierra Leone eyadlula kukho phakathi nempi yayo. . Kwakukhona u-Ismail Blagrove's ‘Mad Den Nor Glady’O,’ okhiqizwe inkampani ezinze eLondon, ephikisana ngokunganaki isimangalo esidumile sokuthi impi yayimayelana namadayimane; futhi kube nefilimu embi, eyisiphukuphuku, ‘Empire in Africa,’ ekhiqizwe ngumFulentshi ogama lakhe linguPhilippe Diaz, ekhombisa izigebengu zeRUF njengamaqhawe angaqondwa futhi othando avinjwa amasosha e-UN abulalayo nezikhulu zendawo ezikhohlakele. (Ulwazi olubalulekile lukaDiaz, ovela kuyo yonke le filimu njengokwenziwa inhlolokhono, uyisidakwa se-RUF commando uMike Lamin, okungenzeka ukuthi igama elithi usizi laqanjwa ngaye.) Ngaphambi nje kokuphela konyaka, i-History Channel ikhiqize “Igazi Diamonds’, idokhumentari enhle kakhulu okufanele ibukwe yinoma ubani onentshisekelo kulesi sihloko. Maduze kuzokhonjiswa ‘Bling’, ekhiqizwe i-Article 19 Films yaseNew York. ‘Bling’, engasebenzisana naye kancane, uxoxa indaba yedayimane yaseSierra Leone ngokusebenzisa abaculi be-rap baseMelika, ehlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo okuyinhlamba kwemikhiqizo yedayimane (‘bling’) kanye nokucekelwa phansi nokwesaba okubangelwe amadayimane Afrika. Inkampani yaseCanada, i-Kensington Studio, nayo izobe ikhombisa ‘Diamond Road;’ njengoba ngiyabazi abakhiqizi futhi ngikulandele ngandlela thize abakwenzayo, ngingasho ukuthi ‘Diamond Road’ cishe izoba phezulu kakhulu. futhi olunzulu ukuthi amafilimu odlule.
‘I-Blood Diamond’ (iqaphele ukuthi ibunye) igxile eduze kwedayimane ‘pink’ elilodwa elatholwa futhi lafihlwa ehlathini nguSolomon Vandy (Dijon Hounsou) ngenkathi lisebenza ngaphansi kwe-RUF's grim. buka. U-Vandy wayesanda kubhaliswa ngobudlova ebuthweni labasebenzi basezimayini be-RUF ngemva kokubanjwa kwakhe esigamekweni esinesihluku sokuhlasela kwedolobhana lakubo okwashiya abaningi beshonile futhi umndeni wakhe (okuhlanganisa nendodana yakhe ayithanda kakhulu) bathunjwa bahamba. UDanny Archer (Di Caprio) ufunda ngale dayimane ngesikhathi esesitokisini esigcwele abantu (ngemuva kokuthunjwa kwakhe amasosha kahulumeni waseSierra Leone ngesikhathi ezama ukushushumbisa amadayimane ngesikhumba sembuzi) okuhlanganisa noVandy kanye ne-commando yamavukela-mbuso embone ecashile. idayimane (bobabili ngokushesha ngemva kokuthunjwa amasosha kahulumeni.) U-Archer usebenzela izithakazelo ezinkulu (uDe Beers, iqoqo ledayimane elikhulu, ucatshangelwa kodwa akakaze ashiwo ngegama), kodwa isithakazelo sakhe singokwakhe. Ukuceba nokuchitheka kwegazi kulandela ukuceba nokuchitheka kwegazi okwengeziwe (okunye okuhle kwefilimu ukuvezwa kwayo okuyiqiniso kokuhlaselwa ngabalwi be-RUF). U-Archer noVandy bayavuma ukuthatha uhambo ndawonye baye endaweni etshalwe amavukela-mbuso lapho kufihlwe khona idayimane; ngendlela emangalisayo baphumelele (yize ithimba lamasosha aseNingizimu Afrika, eliqashwe uhulumeni, lizama ukubabulala ukuze bazithathele idayimane). Kodwa u-Archer ulimele kakhulu; akakwazanga ukuphuma noVandy nendodana yakhe (eyase itholwe isivele iyi-RUF fighter). Ngaphambi kwakho konke lokhu, u-Archer wayebhalise intatheli enhle yaseNtshonalanga ayehlangane nayo endaweni yokucima ukoma (ebukeka njengeBhara edumile yasePaddy eFreetown), uMandy (Jennifer Connelly). UMandy wayesenesikhathi ekuleli zwe, kodwa cishe akanandaba nabantu bezwe, ipolitiki noma umlando walo. Unesithakazelo esijulile endabeni yedayimane kuphela, ekholelwa ukuthi uzoyiqeda impi ngokumane abonise emazweni aseNtshonalanga – abathengi abakhulu bamadayimane - ukuthi amadayimane abawazisayo njengophawu lothando empeleni ayebangela ukufa nokubhujiswa. e-Afrika. Lapho abantu baseNtshonalanga sebekuqaphela lokhu, babeyoyeka ukuthenga imikhiqizo yedayimane (elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-70 zamaRandi ngonyaka), futhi amavukela-mbuso anjenge-RUF exhasa amabutho awo ngemali yedayimane ayeyolamba imali futhi awe. Kuyacaca ukuthi akaphathwa ngokubhuqa: nakuba ebukeka eyingxenye yesiwula esinamehlo anenkanyezi, ubulula akusibo owakhe; kuyisici esiyinhloko sefilimu.
Manje akungabazeki ukuthi amadayimane asiza ekuxhaseni ngemali, futhi ngenxa yalokho abhebhethekisa futhi andisa, impi yaseSierra Leone (njengoba enza lokho e-Angola). Lesi sici sesikhathi esidlule esibuhlungu saseSierra Leone sihlolisiswe ngokugcwele, kulandela “Inhliziyo Yendaba: I-Sierra Leone, Idayimane kanye Nokuphepha Kwabantu†, eyabhalwa ngokuhlanganyela (no-Ian Smillie noRalph Hazleton) yilo mbhali ngo-2000. Lolu cwaningo lwadalula ukungalawulwa kohwebo lwedayimane lwamazwe ngamazwe ngaleso sikhathi, lubhala ubufakazi bokushushumbiswa kwamadayimane aseSierra Leone yi-RUF idlula eLiberia (ngaphansi kukaCharles Taylor, manje oseyisigebengu sezempi esinecala), eyabe isithumela amagugu njengawo. okwakho. Njengoba ukusabela kulolu cwaningo (kanye nombiko we-UN olwenzile) kubonise, indlela kaMandy, ebusweni bayo, inengqondo ngokuphelele: amazwe angaphandle angase angakwazi ukwenza lutho ngezombusazwe ezonakele zaseSierra Leone. lokho kwasiza ekukhuliseni i-nihilism kakhulu ebufakazini befilimu, kodwa kungenza okuthile ngamadayimane – futhi ekugcineni lokhu (kanye nezinkulungwane zamasosha e-UN) kungabaluleka. Inkinga yukuthi indaba yedayimane ivunyelwe ukugijima ngokuphelele, okwenza cishe wonke umuntu osefilimu abukeke eyisiwula. Ikhehla, elisinde ekuhlaselweni kwamavukelambuso, lizwakala lithi “Ngamadayimane nje. Ngethemba ukuthi ngeke bawathole nowoyela lapha!— Uxolo, kodwa lokhu kubukeka kufana kakhulu nomkhankaso we-NGO ophelelwe ithemba: akulindelekile neze futhi kuyacasula ngokwengqikithi.
Ukuphikiswa okusobala kakhulu kwefilimu, okuvezwe uDe Beers (okumangazayo – uma kubhekwa umlando wayo omubi - manje okubonakala sengathi usho izinto ezifanele) kanye nohulumeni waseSierra Leone, ukuthi impi yaseSierra Leone yaphela kudala, futhi ukuyidala kabusha manje nokusola idayimane ngakho konke njengokungathi isaqhubeka kuwukudukisa futhi kuwukubukela phansi izwe elibekezelayo njengoba lizama ukuveza isithombe esisha sokuzinza ukuze lihehe abatshalizimali bangaphandle kanye nezivakashi. Lokhu ukuphikisa okubaluleke kakhulu, nakuba ukuzifunela kwakhe uDe Beers ngokushesha kwacaciswa – ngokwengxenye ngokubeka eceleni izigidi zamaRandi ukuze alwe nokwaziswa okungekuhle mayelana namadayimane ayecabanga ukuthi ifilimu izokhiqizwa. Ukuphikisana okungacacile ukuthi noma sezinkulu izimpi ezindaweni ezifana neSierra Leone ne-Angola, ‘amadayimane egazi’ aba yingxenye nje yamadayimane anenani lezigidigidi zamadola adayiswa emazweni omhlaba, kanye nokufaka itiyela. Ibhizinisi ledayimane njengoba lingcoliswe igazi lingase lidicilele phansi umnotho, njengeBotswana, ethembele ngokuphelele ekuhwebeni kwedayimane kodwa okungangabazeki ukuthi amadayimane awo angenazo izingxabano. Lokhu kuphikisa kwenqatshwa ngabaningi ngesikhathi kuzwakaliswa okokuqala ekuvuthweni komkhankaso we-NGO ngokumelene ‘amadayimane egazi’, ngeminyaka yawo-1990 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Ngicabanga ukuthi empeleni kuyisikhundla esisemthethweni. Kulula ukuphikisa, ukude, ukuthi umnotho omuhle waseBotswana kanye namakhulu ezinkulungwane zemisebenzi kwenye indawo angeke kukwazi ukunxephezela izimpilo ezilahlekile eSierra Leone noma e-Angola. Kodwa lesi sikhundla asilungile, futhi akwenzi lutho ukulungisa lolu daba. Umzamo kulokhu kube yiKimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), eyaqalwa uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika, ezinye izinhlangano ezizimele kanye neDe Beers, eyayihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idayimane kuphela elidayiswa ngohulumeni abasemthethweni azongena ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe. Lesi sivumelwano sasayinwa ngo-2002, futhi samukelwa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN. Akusekude nokuphelela – amadayimane aqhubekile nokushushumbiswa, njengoba noma ubani kufanele alindele, futhi aqhubekile nokusuka ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo ezindaweni ezifana ne-Ivory Coast – kodwa njengoba lezi zivumelwano zihamba, i-KPCS isebenza ngokufanele, futhi lapho. iyaqhubeka nemizamo yokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yayo yokuqapha.
‘I-Blood Diamond’ ivuma kokubili ukuthi impi e-Sierra Leone isiphelile nokuthi i-KPCS isikhona, kodwa kuphela ekupheleni kwefilimu – ngemva kodlame lobuhlanya, ukucekelwa phansi, izinkulumo ezingcwele mayelana nobubi. yokuhweba ngedayimane – futhi ngokubhala ababukeli abaningi okungenzeka ukuthi ngeke bahlale ukuze bayifunde.
Ukungabi nangqondo okunjalo kufanele kuthethelele umbuyekezi kancane. Le filimu ikhuluma ngeSierra Leone kodwa kusobala ukuthi ayikaqoshwa kuleliya lizwe laseNtshonalanga Afrika. Uma umuntu engazi ukuthi kakade, amadube nezindlovu (okungekho neyodwa etholakala eSierra Leone yanamuhla) kufanele kube yizipho; njengoba kufanele kubi kakhulu, i-Mende ecishe ingaqondakali (Vandy is Mende) ekhulunywa kuyo yonke ifilimu. Eqinisweni isimo sezwe siyakutshela ukuthi yiMozambique, eNingizimu Afrika – eduze ngokwanele neSierra Leone ngokwakamuva kodwa ukude kakhulu ngokwendawo. Isimo esincane esiyengayo lapho uMandy noVandy kanye no-Archer, abasinda ekuhlaselweni okuningi kwamavukela-mbuso, bangena eKamajors ngokusobala futhi ezimisele (amasosha asekela uhulumeni) ihamba kahle ngokwanele uze ukhumbule, ukube ubuwazi kakade, ukuthi ama-Kamajors abengeke. baye bavumela owesifazane ukuba adlale nabo ngothando, njengoba kwenza uMandy (njengokuvamile). (Kuphambene nesiko labo ukuthinta owesifazane lapho besenza isenzo – okuchaza ukuthi kungani izigameko zokudlwengulwa zazingekho ngokuphelele phakathi kwamaKamajor, njengoba abahlaziyi abahlukahlukene bebonile.) Angiqiniseki futhi ukuthi kungani kungu-Archer, ongowokufika. , ohola u-Vandy (okuthi, njenge-denizen yendawo, kufanele kulindeleke ukuthi azi indlela yakhe mayelana nokungcono kakhulu) ehlathini eya e-Kono, ngaphandle kokuthi indima eholayo, yobudoda bekufanele igcinelwe u-Di Caprio kuphela.
Lezi yimibono emincane mhlawumbe; kodwa ukuba nomqondo ophakeme, njengoba lokho ‘Idayimane legazi’ elimele, lihlala limema ukucutshungulwa okungakhululekile. I-denouement yefilimu ibeka izinga layo lokuziphatha kwelinye izinga (le-celluloid) lobuhlakani kanye nenganekwane. Njengoba u-Archer egwazwa yizinhlungu elimele kanzima, unikeza uVandy ‘dayimane elipinki’, ahlele indiza enophephela emhlane ukuthi igibele uVandy nendodana yakhe, futhi afonele umngane wakhe uMandy (obesehambile waya eLondon) ukuze ahlele indiza. ukuya e-Europe ku-Vandy (kanye nohlelo lokuthengisa lwedayimane). Isikhathi sika-Di Caprio esiqotho, esinothando, sokuzidela ‘Titanic’ siyavuselelwa: inguquko emangalisayo ye-mercenary eqinile kanye nomshushumbisi. UMandy uthola indaba yakhe ephelele lapho uVandy efika eLondon futhi uhlangana nabamele inkampani enkulu yedayimane (u-Mandy ubonakala ematasa ethwebula izithombe…) Kamuva sibona u-Vandy, egqoke isudi enhle (kanye no-2 wamaphawundi acebile), evela ekhuluma engqungqutheleni. ngobubi bokuhweba ngedayimane…Ifilimu iyaphela.
Kumelwe ngivume, njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, ukuthi lokhu kujabulisa okunamandla. Ukulingisa, ikakhulukazi eka-Di Caprio, muhle ngendlela emangalisayo. Njengokuzijabulisa okuthembekile kwendaba ebuhlungu yaseSierra Leone, lokho kungenye indaba ngokuphelele…
U-Lansana Gberie ungumbhali we-A Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction Sierra Leone (Indiana University Press, 2006).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela