Kokubili ubuholi beqembu leDemocratic Party kanye nophiko “olumaphakathi” lweRepublican Party lubonakala luxakeke kakhulu ngokubekela inselele iTrumpism ngokuthi kubuyelwe “esikhungweni” sepolitiki esiyinganekwane kanye nokuphakamisa “i-elitism” njengekhambi “lokubusa kwabantu abaningi.” Lokhu ngenkathi "isikhungo" sezombangazwe ngaphansi kukaTrump sisho ukweqa izinkinga zesizwe sethu kumaSulumane, amaMexico kanye nama-liberals ngenkathi kushushiswa abashisekeli ngokungqubuzana negagasi elikhulayo le-neo-fascism.
Ngingumuntu ophelele ezindabeni zokukhuluma ngokukhululeka, futhi angisekeli udlame lwanoma yimuphi umuntu kunoma yimiphi imibhikisho yezombusazwe, kodwa i-centrist elitism ikhuthaza igagasi lokucindezelwa kwezombusazwe ngokumelene nalabo ababizwa ngokuthi "abashisekeli" nguhulumeni wobumbano ngaphansi kukaTrump. Kuze kube manje i izinhloso bangama-anarchist aphikisana nobufascist kanye nabashisekeli bezepolitiki.
Isu le-centrist elitism lagxekwa emuva ngo-2016 yiLondon Guardianintatheli uJason Wilson (2/23/16), ezinze e-Portland, Oregon:
Kunokwethemba okulula lapha ekuphikeleleni kwentando yeningi ekhululekile njengeqiniso eliqinile lesikhungo elingahlehliswa kuphela ngokunqoba okuwujuqu kwabashisekeli. Kunomuzwa wokuthi ezombangazwe ziyizinto ezimbili — ukushintsha phakathi kwentando yeningi nobushiqela — futhi akulona uhlelo lomlando oluyinkimbinkimbi, olunyakazayo…. Angihambisani nale mizwa. Ngingaze ngisho ngize ngithi azinaki futhi zingaba yingozi.
Isibonelo sokuthambekela kuyindatshana yombono omkhulu kaNeil Swidey, indaba efakiwe ku I-Boston Globe Magazine (10/5/17) ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: “Uma Ama-Elite Ehla, Sonke Sisenkingeni.” Isihlokwana eside siyachaza:
Abazibiza Ngabalandeli Bama-Populist Bathanda Ukusola ‘Izinto Ezifunde Kakhulu Yazi-Konke’ Ngezinkinga Zikahulumeni. Manje I-Scapegoating Sekuthathe Ithuba Eliyingozi.
Yize bekugxilwe “ku-anti-elitism,” indatshana yakhelwe ngasembangweni wokuba ngumongameli nguDonald Trump kanye noBernie Sanders — bobabili ababonwa ngabakhulu njengabangaphandle kwezepolitiki abasebenzisa izinkulumo ezikhulunywa ngabantu futhi abasabisa ukuzinza kwentando yeningi. Inqobo nje uma ama-Republicans efaka amakhandidethi asebenzisa inkulumo-ze yodumo lwe-nativist kanye ne-exclusionist, le nkinga idinga ukushaja okujulile.
Indikimba ewumgogodla kaSwidey yayiwukuthi ukuphikisa izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezinabantu abaningi kubangela usongo emphakathini wase-United States: “Kunemiphumela emikhulu kithi sonke lapho singakwazi, noma singanciki kubantu abahloliwe abacwile olwazini. ukuqondisa uhulumeni.”
UWilson uyachaza ukuthi ukuze “”ubone leyo ngozi, udinga ukulahla imodeli yezepolitiki “ye-centrist/extremist” esengumqondo ojwayelekile phakathi kwabakhululekileyo, futhi eqhamuka kuma-akhawunti enkululeko angenathemba e-populism avela kokuthandwa nguDaniel Bell kanye noSeymour Martin Lipset. Ngokusho kukaWilson:
Lo mfuziselo wenza iphutha ngokuthatha kalula ukuthi uhlelo lwezepolitiki olukhona lufeza izithembiso zalo ngokuhlanganisa ingqondo nentando yeningi. Iphutha ngokuqhubekayo ngokususa izikhalazo ezisemthethweni ukuthi amaqembu “ahlukene” akhetha ukusebenzisana [futhi] angayinaki indlela intando yeningi ekhululekile engaqhutshwa ngayo futhi ifakwe emaqenjini athile abandlululayo, ekungabini namalungelo, nasekubuyiseleni ukubuyisela emuva izinzuzo eziqhubekayo.
UWilson uphawula ukuthi emuva ngo-2000, mina noMatthew N. Lyons sabhala incwadi yethu I-Right-Wing Populism eMelika: Isondele Kakhulu Ukuze Uthole Induduzo kule mpikiswano:
Isisekelo esijwayelekile ukuthi uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwase-US lunomongo wentando yeningi nenkululeko-isikhungo esibalulekile se-pragmatism, ukuhluzeka kwengqondo, nokubekezelelana-kodwa ukuthi le ngqikithi isongelwa abashisekeli abavela kwesokunxele nakwesokudla. Le modeli ye-centrist/extremist, njengoba siyibiza kanjalo, ifihla izinqumo eziphusile kanye nezikhalazo ezivumelekile ngokwengxenye ezisiza ukubhebhethekisa ukunyakaza kwabantu abaphiko lwesokudla, futhi ifihla iqiniso lokuthi ukucwasa kanye nokucwasa kugxilile ohlelweni olujwayelekile lwezenhlalo nezepolitiki. .
Endabeni yakhe, u- GlobeUSwidey ucaphuna uchwepheshe wakhe ongasekho uRichard Hofstadter, isazi-mlando esihlonishwayo esabhala incwadi ka-1962. I-Anti-Intellectualism ku-American Life kanye nendatshana edumile "Isitayela seParanoid kwezepolitiki zaseMelika.” U-Hofstadter, u-Swidey uyabhala, "waphikisana ... ukuthi ukucasukela abantu abakhethekile kwaba umshayeli obalulekile ngemuva kweminyaka yokusekelwa uSenator uJoe McCarthy akuthokozela ngokufuna kwakhe abathakathi."
U-Hofstadter wayenokuningi okumele akusho, kodwa yena neqembu lakhe lezepolitiki lesikhungo seminyaka yawo-1960 benza imibono ethile ephikisiwe noma eyasuswa wucwaningo lwakamuva kanye nenqwaba yokuhlaziya okubucayi. Ingxoxo kaSwidey, nokho, ayinaki iningi lesayensi yezenhlalo yesimanje echitha isimangalo sokuthi ngabalandeli bomphakathi abadale ukuzingela kwabathakathi bakwaMcCarthyist.
Lokho kugxeka kufaka phakathi izincwadi ezifana nekaMichael Paul Rogin ka-1967 I-Intellectuals kanye noMcCarthy: I-Radical Specter, kaMargaret Canovan Ubupopayi ngo-1980, kanye no-Rogin ka-1987 U-Ronald Reagan, i-Movie: nezinye iziqephu ku-Political Demonology. Lezi kanye nezinye izincwadi nezifundo ziphikisana ngokuthi ukugxila kwezikhulu kanye nezikhulu zezombangazwe ekubhekaneni nezinselele zamademoni kusuka kwesokunxele nakwesokudla kudonsa ukulingana okungamanga okusebenza ukuqinisa ukusungulwa.
Encwadini yakhe ende evikela i-elitism, u-Swidey uchitha amagama ambalwa ekhuluma ngethemba likamongameli weDemocratic Alliance uBernie Sanders, egxile kakhulu kuTrump, njengekhandidethi nomongameli. USwidey ucasulwe ukuthi:
UTrump ukwazile ukugibela imibuthano yakhe egcwele isiphithiphithi, emelene ne-elite e-White House, yize eyindodana yelungelo efundiswe yi-Ivy League indlu yayo yokugezela enezinsimbi zegolide ezingama-karat angama-24 futhi, lapho eseyingane, kwesinye isikhathi wayethembela kumshayeli wakhe wokushayela. naye emzileni wakhe wephepha.
Isithombe esihle kakhulu: Kuvame ukuba nesici sokuphikisa i-elitism kunkulumo yabantu abaningi kwesokunxele nakwesokudla.. Sezwa ngokucacile izingcingo zokuthi "siphonse ama-bums ngaphandle" ekumemezeni kwabalandeli bakaTrump, okubangelwa ingxenye yesithembiso sikaTrump "sokukhipha ixhaphozi" elaliphethe izikhulu ze-DC's career. Kepha lesi sithembiso esivela kuma-populists aphiko lwesokudla, okubandakanya noTrump, siwukuzenzisa. Njengoba sesibonile, uTrump uthatha indawo “yabantu abaphakeme” nabasebenzi bakahulumeni abakhululekile nabasebenza ngakwesokunene abakhethiwe kanye nemibono ethandwa ngabasekeli bakhe bezigidigidi. Lokhu akukona ukulwa ne-elitism - ukuhlanzwa kwezepolitiki.
USwidey ushaye into ecokeme uma ebhala:
Yiqiniso, i-elite yokusungulwa ayinasici. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, abaningi babo benza izibikezelo ezizethembayo, mayelana nayo yonke into kusukela ezivumelwaneni zohwebo lwamahhala kuya kumasu aseMpumalanga Ephakathi, okwabonakala kungalungile kakhulu.
Kepha i-Swidey pivots kusukela ekuqapheliseni ukugxeka okusemthethweni kwabakhethiweyo kuya ekudwebeni ukulingana okungabazisayo phakathi kukaTrump noSanders:
Ngemuva kwakho konke, kwakungeyena uTrump kuphela owangena ngokukhalipha ezenzweni ezimelene ne-elite emkhankasweni ka-2016 futhi wawenza impumelelo yokhetho. Kanjalo noBernie Sanders, usocialist we-septuagenarian okwazile ukuwina ama-primaries angama-23 namakhokhasi namavoti ayizigidi eziyi-13.2.
Lokho uTrump noSanders abafana ngakho—njengoba kwabikwa kabanzi emithonjeni yezindaba—kwakungekona ukuphikiswa kobuhlakani, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinkulumo ezikhulunywa ngabantu. USwidey uyakuvuma lokhu lapho ebika ukuthi uMongameli-Elect Trump (1/18/17) waziqhathanisa noMongameli wodumo u-Andrew Jackson esidlweni sakusihlwa esasibanjwe “kungekudala ukuwina kwakhe [uTrump] okugqugquzelwe abantu abaningi.”
I-anti-intellectualism, nokho, ayiyona ingxenye eyinhloko yazo zonke izinhlobo ze-populism. USwidey, echaza umjaho kamongameli wango-1828, uhlonza uJackson “njengeqhawe lempi elimahhadla, elingafundile (kanye nomhlukumezi waseNdiya) elikwazi ukufaka itiyela umongameli osesikhundleni njengengcweti ephuma ngaphandle kokuthinta.” UJackson uchazwa kangcono njengelungu lezwe elimhlophe elisekela ubugqila owakhethwa ngokusebenzisa inkulumo yodumo “ye-nativist” eqondiswe kubavoti abamhlophe.
UJohn Nichols The Nation (5/1/17) kuphawulwe isibhicongo sikaJackson esithi “Indian Removal Act” esasiqondise “ezizweni zamaCherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw kanye neSeminole.” Ebhekisela kuJackson ngokuthi "amahhadlahhadla" kanye "nokungafundile" okucwebezelayo phezu kokuthi uJackson wayeyilungu le-slavocracy elite eNingizimu. Njengoba uNichols ebika, “Ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe ngo-1845, uJackson wayenabantu abangaba ngu-150 ababehlala futhi besebenza kule ndawo.
Ngandlela-thile phakathi nesihloko se-athikili ye-Swidey, imiqondo ethi "elite" kanye "nochwepheshe" kanye "ne-populism" kanye "ne-anti-intellectualism" ihlanganiswa ekuphikiseni okusikisela okungalungile. Lesi isidlaliso sokukhuluma-nokushintsha. Uphawula ukuthi "uTrump uqoke iKhabhinethi elicebe ukwedlula zonke emlandweni, ehlanganisa onobhala [beKhabhinethi] abaningi abangenalo nhlobo ulwazi ngeminyango abacele ukuthi bayiphathe." Lokhu kuzobenza babe nelungelo “elite” ngezindinganiso ezivamile, kodwa ukubavuma kanjalo ngeke kufeze izinjongo zikaSwidey.
USwidey uswayipha abaqokwe nguTrump ekuqaleni, ethi "yize igama elithi elite lalisho ingcebo nokuzalanisa, abashisekeli abaqotho ngemuva kwale mpi yempi - iningi labo elalicebile - basebenzela ukuyichaza kabusha."
Kuyiqiniso futhi, kodwa u-Swidey ujoyina ekuchazeni kabusha ngokuphatha igama elithi "elite" njengokungathi linencazelo efanayo nabantu "abanobuchwepheshe." Futhi ochwepheshe bakulungele ukuphatha, ngakho-ke ukuqoka abakhethiweyo kuhle. Akukho lapho u-Swidey esho khona ukuthi emhlabeni wangempela, “abahlonishwayo” ngokuvamile banengcebo namandla—kodwa abanabo ngempela ubuchwepheshe. Kodwa ngokubuka kukaSwidey, ochwepheshe bahle esizweni (ngokuvamile kuyiqiniso), ngakho-ke ama-elite alungele isizwe (ngokuvamile amanga). UTrump kanye nabaqokiwe bafakazela ukuthi lokhu kuyisimangalo esiyindida.
USwidey ube esekhononda:
Nakuba iningi lethu laliyishaya indiva impi yenkolo ende emelene ne-elite eyaqala njengemizamo ekhohlisayo yokudweba osopolitiki abaphikisayo njengabazidlayo basoGwini LwaseMpumalanga, yashintsha yaba i-jihad eyingozi kakhulu ngokumelene nobuchwepheshe kunoma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni.
Angiyena umlandeli wokuphatha kukaTrump ehlanza izikhungo zikahulumeni zabasebenzi abanolwazi, kodwa ukuhlanzwa okufanayo kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaRonald Reagan, uGeorge Herbert Walker Bush noGeorge W. Bush. Abaphathi nabasebenzi bakhishelwa ngaphandle, esikhundleni salokho kwafakwa abaqashwe ngemibono yabonke kanye nabenkululeko. Kungani manje "kuyingozi" ngaphansi kukaTrump? Ingabe kungenxa yokuthi uTrump “ungowangaphandle” futhi akayona ingxenye yalokho amaBostonians akubona njengabakhethekile “abafanele” abaqeqeshelwe imibhoshongo ehlonishwayo yezinyo lendlovu futhi eqeqeshelwa amandla ezepolitiki amaphakathi?
U-Swidey uphakamisa:
Akukho kulokhu obekungaba yimbangela yokwethuka ukube laba [abaqokwe uTrump] bebelandele ukuhola konobhala beKhabhinethi abangenalwazi ezikhundleni zokuphatha ezedlule futhi bencika kakhulu ebhentshini elijulile lochwepheshe eminyangweni yabo. Iziphathimandla ziyafika zidlule, kodwa uhulumeni ubelokhu ethembele kubantu bemisebenzi abanolwazi ezifundweni zabo, ngenxa yemfundo yabo ebanzi, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nolwazi olusebenzayo.
Inkinga ye-Swidey, ngokusobala, ukuthi uTrump uqoka onobhala beKhabhinethi nabaphathi be-ejensi nabasebenzi abangaveli emanyuvesi aphezulu-njengoba "ama-proxies amasha e-elitism" asungulwe ilungelo "ikakhulukazi" ahlanganisa "imfundo ekhululekile. Amakolishi e-Ivy League”—futhi awela ngaphandle kwemingcele yemibono esungulwe amaDemocratic centrist namaRepublican centrist. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-subtext yayo yonke i-athikili iwukuthi kuphela i-centrist elite egcina "ubuchwepheshe" kuhulumeni futhi ivikela intando yeningi ku-rab.
Lesi simangalo sokuziphakamisa esithandwa osopolitiki abakhulu sasiyingqikithi yochungechunge lwezincwadi nezindatshana ezivela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1960, zihlaziya ukukhula kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nezombusazwe kwesokunxele nakwesokudla. Okuningi kwalokhu kuhlola kuthathe isikhundla sokugxeka umnyakazo wePeople's Party oqhubekayo wasekupheleni kwawo-1800. Abanye bahlaziya umkhankaso kamongameli we-1964 owahluleka we-uber-conservative Sen. Barry Goldwater kanye nabasekeli bakhe ku-John Birch Society. U-Hofstadter ubehamba phambili kakhulu, nokho ukuphuma kulolu cwaningo jikelele kwaba umqondo wokuthi intando yeningi yaseMelika ivinjezelwe "abashisekeli kwesokunxele nakwesokudla," ababengakwazi ukusebenza emphakathini wentando yeningi eyayigadwe kakhulu abafundile. abahlonishwayo esikhungweni sezombangazwe.
I-thesis yesikhungo esifanelekile sezepolitiki yanikeza umgubuzelo wokuba semthethweni ezikhungweni zomthetho zikahulumeni, zombuso kanye nezendawo ezazihlola, zangena futhi zaphazamisa amaqembu abhalwe ngokuthi “ayeqisayo.” Njengoba nje iKu Klux Klan yeminyaka yawo-1960 yayibizwa ngokuthi “iqembu eleqisayo”, kwakunjalo namaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu, njengeKomiti Yokuxhumanisa I-Student Nonviolent Coordinating. UMartin Luther King uphendule icala lokuthi "uyi-extremist" encwadini yakhe edumile ethi "Incwadi Evela Ejele LaseBirmingham" (4/16/63), ethethisa abanye abaholi benkolo ababemxwayisa ukuba angaxabani.
Umqondo we "extremism" wawuyisakhiwo sezifundiswa ezikhululekile ekuboneni kwazo ukuthi zisesikhungweni sezombangazwe esihle (Huffington Post, 5/25/17). Sikuphi isikhungo sezombangazwe e-United States namuhla? Isikhungo sezepolitiki siyisilo esinyakazayo.
Jerome L. Himmelstein, uprofesa wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu wase-Amherst kanye nombhali we Kwesokudla: Ukuguqulwa kwe-American Conservatism (1992), uthi igama elithi “extremism” liwuphawu “olungasitsheli lutho olubambekayo ngabantu elibabiza ngalo,” futhi okubi kakhulu “lipenda isithombe esingamanga.”
Ngakho-ke kukhona ukugomela okubili okuxhumene ekuthembekeni okungashiwongo kukaSwidey kumbono we-centrist/extremist. Enye iwukuthi ukulwa nobuhlakani kuyisici esibalulekile se-populism; futhi okwesibili ukuthi i-populism ngokwemvelo iphazamisa umphakathi ngendlela "eyingozi". UCas Mudde, isazi esihamba phambili sesimanje se-populism e-United States naseYurophu, uphonsela inselelo izimangalo zika-Hofstadter nozakwabo eziveza ubugqila “njengendlela yokubusa ngentando yeningi,” ikakhulukazi indlela u-Hofstadter abonisa ngayo abantu ngokuthi “isitayela se-paranoid” sezombangazwe.
Ubuntatheli obuningi bamanje ngo-Trump kanye ne-populism buvila nje, futhi akubonisi ukuqonda okuthuthukayo kwalesi simo. UMichael Kazin's I-Populist Persusion (1995) uguqule i-populism njengesitayela sokukhuluma. U-Hans Georg Betz (1994) wahlola ukukhula kwe-populism eYurophu. URoger Griffin ufake izici ze-populist endleleni yakhe ehlonishwa kakhulu ukuchazwa kabusha kwe-fascism.
I-University of Georgia's Mudde, manje eyisazi esihamba phambili se-populism, iyakuchaza (Guardian, 2/17/15) njengombono wamaManichean ohlukanisa umphakathi ube “amaqembu amabili ahlukene naphikisanayo: ‘abantu abamsulwa’ kanye ‘neqembu elikhohlakele elikhohlakele,’ futhi eliphikisa ngokuthi ezombangazwe kufanele zimelele intando evamile ‘yabantu’”:
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-populism kanye nentando yeningi ekhululekile buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buhlanganisa okuhle, okubi nokubi. Okuhle okuyinhloko ukuthi i-populism iveza izindaba ezithinta ingxenye enkulu yabantu, kodwa ukuthi izikhulu zezombangazwe zifuna ukugwema ukuxoxisana; cabanga ngokuthuthela kwelinye izwe ngakwesokunene kwe-populist noma i-austerity ku-populist kwesokunxele. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi i-populism ingumbono wokuziphatha, ophika ubukhona bokuhlukana kwezintshisekelo nemibono phakathi "kubantu" futhi yenqaba ukuba semthethweni kwabaphikisi bezombusazwe.
Mudde (Huffington Post, 3/20/17) iphawula ukuthi igama elithi populism “lisetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile alinayo incazelo ecacile.” Usikisela ukuthi namuhla igama elithi “populism” ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kwezombangazwe zokungakhathali noma ezingezona ezendabuko, njengokuthembisa konke kuwo wonke umuntu noma ukukhuluma ngendlela yesintu. Akucaci ku-populism, futhi zombili empeleni zisabalele kakhulu emikhankasweni yezepolitiki ngokujwayelekile.
I-Nativist populism (noma i-exclusionary populism, njengoba ibizwa kanjalo ngezinye izikhathi) ikhuthaza izifundazwe ezimhlophe nezingamaKristu eYurophu, futhi iyinkolelo-mbono ebusayo yethimba labeluleki bokuqala bakaMongameli Trump, njengoSteve Bannon kanye nabalingani bakhe ku-alt-right. amanethiwekhi (Izinhlangano Zocwaningo Lwezepolitiki, 1/20/17).
Njengoba mina noLyons saxwayisa encwadini yethu, “ingozi ehlotshaniswa ne-populism ephiko lwesokudla ayiveli ekuzameni kwayo kwangempela noma okungase kube khona amandla, noma ngisho nasodlame nobandlululo lwansuku zonke, kodwa ekusebenzelaneni kwayo namanye amabutho ezombusazwe. kanye nohulumeni.” Inkinga yethu yezepolitiki eyingozi njengamanje yakhiwe izicebi ze-neoliberal ezilawula womabili amaqembu amakhulu ezepolitiki. Baklame uhlelo lwamanje lwentela ukuthi lube umshini wabo wemali. U-Swidey ufuna ukusola izisulu zalesi sishoshovu ngenxa yentukuthelo yazo, uTrump ayisebenzisile ngenkulumo yakhe yophiko lwesokudla esusa ukusolwa ezikhungweni zamandla kuya emaqenjini aseMelika ahlala ehlukunyezwa, okuhlanganisa abamnyama, abokufika, amaJuda, abanxele nabalwela amalungelo abesifazane—futhi manje sengeza amaSulumane nabaseMexico.
Isixazululo akukona ukutheleka kubantu abakhethekile abavikela isikhungo sezombangazwe ezinguqukweni ezidingekayo. U-Mudde ubeka kanje:
Uma sifuna ukuqonda ngokweqiniso ipolitiki yesimanje, futhi sivikele intando yeningi yenkululeko, sekuyisikhathi sokuthi sigxile kuzo zonke izici zenselelo yamalungelo e-populist radical right, okuhlanganisa nangaphakathi kwenhlangano yezepolitiki, hhayi nje ekushisekeleni kwabantu bangaphandle. Ngoba ngaphansi kwesembozo sokulwa “nama-populists,” ukusungulwa kwezepolitiki kancane kancane kugoqa uhlelo lwentando yeningi yenkululeko.
USwidey usekuhlosweni lapho eqaphela ukuthi uTrump ubukela phansi isidingo sobuchwepheshe enhlokodolobha yezwe lethu, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwezinhlaka zikahulumeni. Kodwa inkinga ayiyona i-anti-elitism noma i-populism. Inkinga iphrojekthi “yochwepheshe” esezingeni eliphakeme yokufaka amandla okulawula kahulumeni kanye nentela ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo yemakethe yamahhala.
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