“Kuze kube namuhla ngizizwa ngiphoxekile ngalokho ngenziwa kimi… Isikhathi engisichithe e-Abu Ghraib - saqeda impilo yami. Manje sengiwumuntu nje.” Yilokho okwasinda ku-Abu Ghraib uTalib al-Majli kwakufanele asho cishe izinyanga ezingu-16 azichitha kulelo jele elidume kabi e-Iraq ngemva kokubanjwa futhi eboshwe amasosha aseMelika ngo-Okthoba 31, 2003. Ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, u-al-Majli uye waboshwa. waqhubeka ehlupheka inqwaba yobunzima, okuhlanganisa ukungakwazi ukubamba umsebenzi ngenxa yokushoda ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kanye nempilo yomkhaya ehlala isengcupheni.
Akakaze abekwe icala lobugebengu - akumangazi neze, uma kubhekwa Isilinganiso se-Red Cross ukuthi u-70% kuya ku-90% walabo ababoshwa futhi bavalelwa e-Iraq ngemuva kokuhlasela kweMelika ku-2003 kulelo zwe babengenacala lalutho. Kepha njengabanye abasindile, isikhathi sakhe e-Abu Ghraib sisaqhubeka nokumkhathaza, yize, cishe eminyakeni engama-20 kamuva eMelika, ukuntuleka kobulungiswa nokuziphendulela ngamacala empi kulelo jele kuye kwahlehliswa esikhathini eside esidlule futhi kuthathwa njengesikhathi eside- Isahluko esivaliwe ku-War on Terror yaleli zwe.
U-Abu Ghraib "Scandal"
Ngomhla zingama-28 kuMbasa, 2004, izindaba ze-CBS 60 Amaminithi yasakaza ingxenye emayelana nejele lase-Abu Ghraib, iveza ngokokuqala ngqa izithombe zohlobo lokuhlukunyezwa okwenzeke lapho. Ezinye zalezo zithombe ezingadumile manje zihlanganisa a isiboshwa esinekhanda elimnyama emiswa phezu kwebhokisi, elule izingalo nezintambo zikagesi zixhunywe ezandleni zakhe; iziboshwa zinqunu zanqwabelana phezu komunye ku a isakhiwo esifana nephiramidi; kanye nesiboshwa esigqoke i-jumpsuit siguqe ngamadolo esabisa ngenja. Ngaphezu kwalezo zithombe eziphazamisayo, izithombe ezimbalwa zazihlanganisa namasosha aseMelika emamatheka noma ekhuluma ngesithupha, izinkomba zokuthi abonakala ekujabulela ukuhlaziswa nokuhlukunyezwa kwalezo ziboshwa zase-Iraq nokuthi izithombe zazihloselwe ukuthi zibonwe.
Lapho lezo zithombe sezidaluliwe, kwaba nentukuthelo esabalele emhlabeni wonke kulokho okwaziwa ngele-Abu Ghraib. Nokho, lelo gama elithi “ihlazo” lisagxilisa ukugxila kulezo zithombe esikhundleni sokugxila odlameni izisulu ezabhekana nazo noma iqiniso lokuthi, emashumini amabili eminyaka kamuva, akubanga bikho nhlobo ukuziphendulela uma kuziwa ezikhulwini zikahulumeni ezavumela umoya olungele ukuhlukunyezwa. .
Ngenxa yobukhona be-Federal Tort Claims Act, zonke izimangalo ezibhekiswe kuhulumeni wobumbano, uma kuziwa ku-Abu Ghraib, zachithwa. Nohulumeni akazange hlinzeka nganoma yisiphi isinxephezelo noma ukulungisa kwabasindile e-Abu Ghraib, nangemva kwalokho, ngo-2022, iPentagon. ukhiphe uhlelo ukunciphisa ukulimala kwezakhamuzi emisebenzini yezempi yase-US. Kodwa-ke, kukhona icala lombango elafakwa ngo-2008 - Al Shimari v. CACI — alethwe esikhundleni sika abamangali abathathu ngokumelene nendima kasonkontileka wezempi i-CACI ekuhlukumezeni e-Abu Ghraib. Yize i-CACI izame izikhathi ezingu-20 ukuthi icala lichithwe, icala - elokuqala ukubhekana nokuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa zase-Abu Ghraib - ekugcineni kwaqala maphakathi no-April eNkantolo Yesifunda SaseMpumalanga yaseVirginia. Uma abamangali bephumelela ngesinqumo esivuna bona, kuyoba isinyathelo esamukelekayo esibheke esimweni esithile sobulungisa. Kodwa-ke, kwabanye abasinde e-Abu Ghraib, noma yiliphi ithemba lobulungiswa lihlala lingathandeki neze.
Indlela eya e-Abu Ghraib
"Umbono wami ukuthi lokho osekubekwe icala ukuhlukumeza, engikholelwa ukuthi ngokweqiniso kwehlukile ekuhlushweni... Ngakho-ke, ngeke ngikhulume negama 'lokuhlukumeza'." Washo kanjalo uNobhala Wezokuvikela uDonald Rumsfeld esithangamini sabezindaba ngo-2004. Wehluleka, yebo, ngisho nokusho ukuthi yena namanye amalungu okuphatha kukaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush bahambe ibanga elide hhayi nje ukujezisa amasu okuhlukumeza ngesihluku “ I-Global War on Terror,” kodwa ukukhulisa ngendlela emangalisayo umngcele walokho okungase kubhekwe njengokuhlushwa.
Njengoba u-Vian Bakir ephikisana encwadini yakhe Ukuhlukunyezwa, Ubuhlakani kanye nokubonwa kwe-Sousveillance ku-War on Terror: I-Agenda-Building Struggles, ukuphawula kwakhe bekuyingxenye yesu lokuphatha likaBush elinezinhlangothi ezintathu lokuqamba kabusha ukuhlukumeza okuvezwe kulezo zithombe, okuhlanganisa nokunikeza “ubufakazi” bokucatshangwa ukuthi busemthethweni bamasu ayisisekelo okuphenywa, ukwenza uhlaka lokuhlukumeza olufana nokwahluka kunokuba kube izehlakalo ezihleliwe, nokwenza okungcono kakhulu ukucekela phansi ubufakazi obubonakalayo bokuhlukunyezwa ngokuphelele.
Yize izikhulu eziphezulu zikaBush zathi azazi lutho ngokwenzeka e-Abu Ghraib, impi yobushokobezi ezayisungula yakhelwe ukucekela phansi ubuntu futhi yenqabele noma yimaphi amalungelo kulabo ababoshiwe. Njengombiko we-Human Rights Watch ka-2004, “Indlela eya e-Abu Ghraib,” kuphawulwe, iphethini yokuhlukumeza emhlabeni wonke ayibangelwa yizenzo zamasosha ngamanye, kodwa isukela kuzinqubomgomo zokuphatha ezeqa umthetho, zasebenzisa izindlela ezicacile zokuphenya ezinjengokuhlukumeza ukuze “zithobe” iziboshwa, futhi “angaboni lutho olubi, ungezwa okubi,” sondela kunoma yiziphi izinsolo zokuhlukumeza iziboshwa.
Eqinisweni, abaphathi bakaBush bafune ngenkuthalo imibono yezomthetho mayelana nokuthi zingazikhipha kanjani iziboshwa ezihlaselwa ngamaphekula kunoma yiluphi uhlaka lomthetho. A imemorandamu kusukela ku-Attorney General u-Alberto Gonzales kuya kuMongameli Bush waphikisa ngokuthi i-Geneva Conventions ayisebenzi kumalungu eqembu lamaphekula i-al-Qaeda noma i-Afghan Taliban. Mayelana nalokho okungahlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa, imemo enedumela elibi, eyabhalwa ummeli weHhovisi Lomeluleki Wezomthetho uJohn Yoo, waphikisa ukuthi “Ubuhlungu obungokomzimba obulingana nokuhlukunyezwa kufanele bulingane nobukhulu nobuhlungu obuhambisana nokulimala okungathi sína ngokomzimba, njengokwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba, ukonakala komzimba, noma ngisho nokufa.” Ngisho nangemva kokuba izithombe zika-Abu Ghraib sezivele esidlangalaleni, uRumsfeld nezinye izikhulu zokuphatha zikaBush azizange ziyeke uma kukhulunywa ngokungasebenzi kwazo. Njengoba uRumsfeld ebeka ku inhlolokhono kamabonakude, "azizange zisebenze ngokunembile" e-Iraq.
NgoJanuwari 2004, uMajor General Anthony Taguba waqokwa ukuba enze uphenyo Lwezempi ophikweni lwezempi, i-800th Military Police Brigade, eyayiphethe i-Abu Ghraib, lapho kwakubikwe khona ukuhlukunyezwa kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuZibandlela wezi-2003. yokuhlushwa lapho: “Phakathi kuka-October no-December 2003, e-Abu Ghraib Confinement Facility (BCCF), izigameko eziningi zokuhlukunyezwa okudabukisayo, okusobala, nokungahloniphi zenziwa eziboshweni ezimbalwa. Lokhu kuhlukumeza okuhlelekile nokungekho emthethweni kweziboshwa kwenziwa ngamabomu amalungu amaningana ombutho wamaphoyisa onogada (372nd Military Police Company, 320th Military Police Battalion, 800th MP Brigade), eTier (isigaba) 1-A seJele lase-Abu Ghraib.”
Ngokudabukisayo, umbiko kaTaguba kwakungewona owokuqala noma owokugcina ukubhala ukuhlukunyezwa nokuhlukunyezwa e-Abu Ghraib. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kokukhululwa kwayo, i-International Committee of the Red Cross yayinakho ikhiphe izexwayiso eziningi ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa okunjalo kwakwenzeka e-Abu Ghraib nakwezinye izindawo.
Ukuhlawulela Ukulingisa
Lapho izithombe seziveziwe, uMongameli Bush kanye namanye amalungu okuphatha kwakhe bashesha ukugxeka udlame ejele. Lingakapheli isonto, uBush waqinisekisa iNkosi u-Abdullah waseJordani, owayevakashele i-White House, ukuthi wayeyaxolisa ngalokho lezo ziboshwa zase-Iraq ezikubekezelele futhi “uyaxolisa ngokufanayo ngokuthi abantu abebebona lezo zithombe bebengaqondi ubunjalo beqiniso. kanye nenhliziyo yaseMelika.”
Njengesazi uRyan Shepard wabonisa, ukuziphatha kukaBush kwakuyindaba evamile “yokubuyisana okulingiswayo,” okuhloswe ngayo ukunikeza “ukuvela kokuvuma isono kwangempela” kuyilapho egwema noma imuphi umthwalo wemfanelo wangempela walokho okwenzekile. Uhlaziye izikhathi ezine lapho umongameli athembisa khona "ukuxolisa" ngokwenzekile - izingxoxo ezimbili nomabonakude i-Alhurra kanye ne-Al Arabiya ngoMeyi 5, 2004, kanye nokuvela kabili neNkosi yaseJordani ngakusasa.
Esimweni ngasinye, umongameli futhi onesibopho ngokumiswa kwejele elingasogwini lokungabi nabulungiswa ezweni laseCuba eliseGuantánamo Bay ngo-2002 likwazile ukusola ngendlela yakudala, liphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwakungahleliwe nokuthi iphutha lakho likubantu abambalwa abasezingeni eliphansi. . Uphinde waphika ukuthi kukhona akwaziyo mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa e-Abu Ghraib ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwezithombe futhi wazama ukubuyisela isithombe seMelika ngokudweba ukuqhathanisa nalokho okwakwenziwe umbuso ka-autocrat wase-Iraq uSaddam Hussein ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweMelika.
Engxoxweni yakhe no-Alhurra, isibonelo, wathi impendulo yase-US ku-Abu Ghraib - uphenyo kanye nobulungiswa - yayizongafani nanoma yini uSaddam Hussein ayenzile. Ngokudabukisayo, nokho, ukuthatha kweMelika kulelo jele kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okwenzeka lapho kwakungeyona ikhefu ekubuseni kukaHussein. Ngokwengqikithi yokuxolisa okungamanga okunjalo, nokho, uBush ngokusobala wayecabanga ukuthi ama-Iraqi angagudluzwa kalula kulelo phuzu, kungakhathaliseki udlame ababelubekezelele ezandleni zaseMelika; ukuthi babezokwenza, empeleni, njengoRyan Shepard yibeke, “yamukele umsebenzi waseMelika ofuna iqiniso, othanda inkululeko njengophakeme kakhulu kunombuso wangaphambili.”
Ukuziphendulela kweqiniso ngo-Abu Ghraib? Akulona ithuba. Kodwa ukuphinda ubuyekeze ukuxolisa kukaBush eminyakeni eminingi kamuva kuyisikhumbuzo esicacile sokuthi yena nezikhulu zakhe eziphezulu abakaze babe nenhloso yokubhekana ngempela nalezo zenzo zokuhlukunyezwa njengohlelo lwempi yaseMelika yobushokobezi, ikakhulukazi ngoba wayethinteka kuzo.
Izikhali ze-American Imperialism
NgoMashi 19, 2003, uMongameli Bush wanikeza inkulumo evela eHhovisi le-Oval “kwizakhamuzi akanye nazo.” Wavula nge ukusho lokho "Amabutho aseMelika kanye nomfelandawonye asezigabeni zokuqala zokulwa ne-Iraq, ukukhulula abantu bayo kanye nokuvikela umhlaba engozini enkulu." Abantu base-Iraq abakhululiwe, uthe, "bazofakaza umoya ohloniphekile nohloniphekile wamasosha aseMelika."
Kwakungekho lutho mayelana nokuhlasela kwakhe i-Iraq okwakuhloniphekile noma okuhloniphekile. Kwakuyimpi eyalwelwa ngokungemthetho uBush kanye nabaphathi bakhe ababenayo zachitha izinyanga zakha ukusekelwa. Enkulumweni yakhe yeSimo SeNyunyana ngo-2002, empeleni, umongameli wayebhekisele e-Iraq njengengxenye “yesizinda sobubi” kanye nezwe “eliqhubeka libukisa ngenzondo yalo ngeMelika futhi lisekela ukwesaba.” Kamuva ngalowo nyaka, waqala ukusho ukuthi umbuso kaSaddam nawo unezikhali ezibhubhisayo. (Akwenzekanga futhi wayekwazi.) Uma lokho kwakungenele ukusungula usongo okuthiwa i-Iraq yalubeka, ngoJanuwari 2003, iPhini likaMongameli uDick Cheney. bathi ukuthi "isiza futhi ivikele amaphekula, okuhlanganisa namalungu e-al-Qaeda."
Ngemva kwezinsuku uCheney esho lezo zinsolo, uNobhala Wezwe uColin Powell wagomela ngamanga kumalungu oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ukuthi uSaddam Hussein unezikhali zamakhemikhali, wayeke wazisebenzisa ngaphambili, futhi wayengeke angabaze ukuzisebenzisa futhi. Ukhulume inkulumo ethi “izikhali zokubhubhisa okukhulu” izikhathi ezingu-17 enkulumweni yakhe, akushiyi indawo yokwenza iphutha ukuphuthuma kwesigijimi sakhe. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli Bush wagcizelela ukuthi i-US "ayinaso isifiso e-Iraq, ngaphandle kokususa usongo nokubuyisela ukulawula lelo zwe kubantu balo."
Ukuzenzisa okungamanga lapho i-US yalwa ngaphansi kwayo e-Iraq kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi impi yobushokobezi ayizange ibe ngeyokunqanda usongo ngempela, kodwa imayelana nokwandisa amandla ombuso waseMelika emhlabeni jikelele.
Lapho iMelika ithatha lelo jele, yashintsha isithombe sikaSaddam Hussein ngophawu olwaluthi, “IMelika ingumngane wabo bonke abantu base-Iraqi.” Ukwenza ubungane ne-US esimweni sika-Abu Ghraib, bekuzobandakanya uhlobo oluthile lwe-amnesia ephoqelekile.
In indatshana yakhe "U-Abu Ghraib kanye Nezinqolobane Zaso Zethunzi," uprofesa waseNyuvesi yaseMacquarie uJoseph Pugliese wenza lokhu kuxhumanisa, ebhala ukuthi "izithombe zika-Abu Ghraib ziphoqa umbukeli ukuthi anikeze ubufakazi bokuthunyelwa kanye nokugunyazwa kwamandla ombuso waseMelika aphelele emizimbeni yeziboshwa zama-Arab ngokusebenzisa ukuhlela izimiso zobuhle be-white premacist ehlobanisa ubudlova nobulili nombukwane wabaseMpumalanga.”
Njengomklamo wokwakhiwa kombuso waseMelika wangemva kwe-9/11, u-Abu Ghraib kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa lapho kufanele kubukwe ngeso engikubiza ngokuthi yi-carceral imperialism - ukunwetshwa kombuso we-American carceral ngaphesheya kwemingcele yawo enkonzweni yokubusa kanye i-hegemony. (I-Alliance for Global Justice ibhekisela entweni ehlobene nalesi engixoxa ngayo ngokuthi “ejele imperialism.”) Umehluko engiwuvezayo usekelwe ekugxileni kwami empini yobushokobezi nendlela ijele laba ithuluzi okwaliwa ngalo leyo mpi. Endabeni ka-Abu Ghraib, ukuthunjwa, ukuvalelwa, nokuhlukunyezwa lapho ama-Iraqi ayequkethwe futhi anqotshwa khona kwakuyisu eliyinhloko le-US colonization yase-Iraq futhi kwasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuguqula ama-Iraqi avalelwe abe usongo olubonakalayo oluzokwenza i-US ibe semthethweni. ubukhona lapho. (Ijele laseBagram e-Afghanistan kwakungesinye isibonelo se-carceral imperialism.)
Ngalé Kwe-Spectacle futhi Ngaya Kubulungiswa
Yini eyenza ukuhlukunyezwa e-Abu Ghraib kwenzeke kwasekuqaleni? Yize bekukhona, vele, izinto ezimbalwa, kubalulekile ukuthi ucabangele eyodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke: indlela impi yaseMelika engazange iqhubeke ngayo, kodwa ukwesaba okwenza imizimba yase-Iraqi ilahlwa ngokuphelele.
Enye indlela yokubuka lokhu kwehlisa isithunzi ngesazi sefilosofi u-Giorgio Agamben Homo Sacer, echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla nezinhlobo ezimbili zempilo: zoe futhi i-bios. Zoe ibhekisela kumuntu owaziwa njengomuntu ngokugcwele onempilo yezombangazwe nezenhlalo, kuyilapho i-bios ibhekisela empilweni yenyama iyodwa. Iziboshwa zase-Iraq e-Abu Ghraib zehliswa zaba i-bios, noma ukuphila okungenalutho, kuyilapho bephucwa wonke amalungelo nezivikelo, okubashiye besengozini yodlame olungavimbekiyo kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okunyantisayo.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, lezo zithombe ezingenakulibaleka zokuhlukunyezwa e-Abu Ghraib zisebenza njengesikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sohlobo lonya lwaseMelika kuleyo Mpi Yezwe Yomhlaba Yokwesaba hhayi iphelile. Basaqhubeka nokungihlupha - namanye amaSulumane nama-Arabhu - eminyakeni engama-20 kamuva. Ngokungangabazeki bayoshiswa enkumbulweni yami impilo yami yonke.
Ukuthi noma ngabe ubulungiswa bukhona ngandlela thize kwabasinde baka-Abu Ghraib, njengofakazi - ngisho nabakude - kulokho okwenzeka kulelo jele, umsebenzi wethu kusafanele kube wukufuna izindaba ezingemuva, imigoqo, kanye nezenzo zokuhlukunyezwa ezingachazeki. lokho kwenzeka lapho. Kubalulekile, ngisho neminyaka eminingi kamuva, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abakhuthazelela udlame olunyantisayo olunjalo ezandleni zaseMelika abakhohlwa. Uma kungenjalo, ukubuka kwethu kuzoba esinye isikhali sokuhlukumeza - ukwelula impilo yezenzo ezinyantisayo kulezo zithombe kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlazeka kwalezo ziboshwa ze-War on Terror kuzoqhubeka nokuba umbukwane odlulayo kithi.
Emashumini amabili eminyaka ngemuva kokukhishwa kwalezo zithombe, okubalulekile ngodlame olungabekezeleleki kanye nokwesabeka abaluthwebulayo ukukhetha abasaphoqa ababukeli ukuthi bakwenze - ukuthi babe ngomunye obukele udlame nokwesabeka okwalethwa yileli zwe ngaphansi kwelebula le-War on Terror. noma ukuthatha ukuhlukunyezwa futhi afune ubulungisa kwabasindile.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela