Qaphela: UMichael Lebowitz usweleke nge-19 ka-Epreli 2023. Ndicinga ukuba wayengomnye wabantu abacinga ngeMarxist bokuqala kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye engumntu onesisa kunye nobubele obumangalisayo. Ngezantsi isicatshulwa kwincwadi yakhe yokugqibela, Ubungxowankulu kunye noLuntu (Iincwadi zokuphononongwa kweNyanga, 2021).
Xa kucingwa ukuba ukuqhubela phambili kunye notyekelo oluqhubekayo lwemali kukwenza abasebenzi basebenze, zithini iziphumo zolu tyekelo? Kumsebenzi we-atom, bonke abanye abasebenzi bayakhuphisana; bonke abanye abasebenzi baziintshaba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku njengoko bekhuphisana ngemisebenzi efanayo. Bonke abanye abasebenzi banokuma phakathi kwabo kunye nokwaneliseka kweemfuno zabo.
Abasebenzi abasebenzisa iatom basenokubona ingqiqo ekudibaniseni kunye nabanye abakwimeko efanayo nxamnye โnotshaba olukhulu,โ mhlawumbi ngokuchasene nabasebenzi bezinye iintlanga nezizwe. Ngokubhekele phaya, ekufuneni โizilangazelelo zabo zangoku, zemihla ngemihla,โ basenokude bazinxulumanise izilangazelelo zabo nezo zabaqeshi babo bobukapitali. Njengoko uEngels wabonisayo, ukuyekelelwa kwabasebenzi โkubenza bangakwazi ukubona umdla wabo kulowo wabaqeshi babo, ngaloo ndlela kwenza iqela ngalinye labasebenzi libe ngumkhosi oncedisayo wodidi olubaqeshileyo.โ Umzekelo, "Umsebenzi wasefektri uyazivumela ukuba asetyenziswe ngumninimzi-mveliso ekuphazamiseni imirhumo yokukhusela."1 Isiseko sokujonga abasebenzi abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo njengotshaba sicacile.
Isiseko sayo yonke indlela yokuziphatha yabasebenzi abarholayo kubungxowankulu kukuba abanayo enye indlela abanokuzigcina ngayo ngaphandle kokuthengisa amandla abo okusebenza. Ngokuvisisana noko, kubasebenzi abane-atom, โingxaki yabasebenziโ kubukhapitali iba โngaba ndifumana umsebenzi ofumana umvuzo ophantsi kunye neemeko zokusebenza eziqatha neziqatha ngakumbi okanye ngaba kukho umntu owufumanayo?โ Ukuthintela intsebenziswano yabasebenzi โkukwahlulwa kunye nokusasazwa kwabo,โ nto leyo, u-Engels wathi, โkwenza ukuba bangakwazi ukuqonda ukuba izinto abazithandayo ziqhelekile, bafikelele ekuqondweni, bazihlanganise nabo. Nye iklasi.โ2
Homo Economicus
Ekhohlo โkwingxoxo eyedwa, eyedwa,โ umqeshwa womvuzo we-atom ke ngoko wenza ngathi homo economicus yethiyori ye-neoclassical, ukubala ulonwabo kunye neentlungu (njengoko zihanjiswa ngexabiso) kunye nokuqwalasela kuphela oko kunengqiqo kuye njengomntu. Le yenye yeendlela apho iathom yokwenyani yabasebenzi bemivuzo (leyo inkunzi izama ukuyivelisa kwaye ivelise kwakhona) ibonakaliswa kwithiyori ye-neoclassical. Kukwakho neyona mlinganiso wokwenyani wobuxoki obusengqiqweni bokuqulunqa: umsebenzi ngamnye uzama ukuqhubela phambili umdla wakhe, ngokungathi oko kuyinyani kulo msebenzi yiyo yonke into ebalulekileyo; isiphumo, njengoko iBhunga Jikelele lokuQala lamazwe ngamazwe labhengeza, kukuba abasebenzi bebonke bayaphulukana.
Le yintlekele yeatom, eqhelekileyo kwabanye abanxibe oko kubizwa ngokuba โyintlekele yezinto eziqhelekileyo.โ Njengoko kwaziwa, le yokugqibela ijongwe njengebali lokulumkisa ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ipropathi eqhelekileyo ithiyori ikhokelela kwintlekele. Ukucinga ukuba ukuba andimxhasi omnye umntu, umlimi ngamnye ukhetha ukutya isilwanyana esongezelelweyo kumasimi aqhelekileyo, kwaye umphumo kukutshatyalaliswa komgangatho womhlaba. Isisombululo esikhethwayo sabameli beli bali bubunini babucala bobutyebi obubuzwayo ukuze umdla womnini ngamnye ulondoloze kwaye uphucule imveliso yawo (kwimeko yomzekeliso, umhlaba, kodwa kwakhona, phakathi kwezinye izinto. izixhobo, umhlambi weenyathi, iminenga, intlanzi, kwaye mhlawumbi amanzi nomoya). Nangona kunjalo, ukugxila kwi-commons kungabonakali kwaye kugqume intlekele. Kunokuba ukusuka kwipropati eqhelekileyo, ingcamango yentlekele ye iathom ibonisa ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu kunye nendalo kuneengcambu zayo ngokukodwa ubudlelwane bentlalo.
Ngelixa ingcamango yentlekele ye-atomism ithiyori icela umngeni kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yintlekele ye-commons, le yokugqibela iye yaphikiswa ngokubonakalayo yimbali yoluntu ngokubhekiselele kwipropati yomntu wonke. Kugxilwe ngokukodwa kumava ngemithombo yendalo apho onke amalungu oluntu anokufikelela khona (ukuloba, iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, amahlathi, njalo njalo), izifundo ezininzi ziye zagxininisa izithethe, iindibano, kunye nemithetho yokusebenza apho uluntu olunjalo, (kuba umzekelo, abantu bomthonyama,) baye balawula ngempumelelo iicommons.3
Undoqo bubukho bamaziko oluntu, amalungiselelo asesikweni okanye angekho sikweni apho ipropati yomntu wonke ibekwa iliso kwaye ihlonitshwe. Njengoko u-Elinor Ostrom kunye nabanye abaye basebenza kumbuzo wepropathi eqhelekileyo baye bachaza, ukungabikho koluntu oluzimiseleyo kwaye olukwaziyo ukubeka iliso ekusetyenzisweni kwee-commons kuguqula le yokugqibela ibe "yipropati yofikelelo oluvulekileyo." Kuthetha ukuba akukho mithintelo ekuziphatheni kweatom apho abantu, ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle, besenza ngokungathi izinto zabo zabucala zahlukanisiwe. Isiphumo kukutyisa okugqithisileyo, ukuloba, ukuzingela, ukucocwa komhlaba, ukufakela imichiza, ukutsalwa kweeminerali, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi โ okugqithisileyo xa kuthelekiswa noko uMarx wakubiza ngokuba โngumlinganiselo opheleleyo wobomi obusisigxina obufunwa litsheyini izizukulwana zabantu.โ4
Ngokungqinelana nethiyori ye-neoclassical, abanye abantu bayayiphepha intlekele ye-atom ngokuzisa izohlwayo kunye nezohlwayo ngokuphulwa komdla wabo bonke; nangona kunjalo, uphawu lomqobo kuluntu oluninzi luvela kubukho bezithethe ngokumalunga nobulungisa kunye nokuziphatha okufanelekileyo kunye nokuziphatha. Ngokuchaseneyo nabadlali abangaziwayo abagcwele ithiyori ye-neoclassical, abantu kolu luntu โbabelane ngexesha elidlulileyo kwaye balindele ukwabelana ngekamva. Kubalulekile,โ utshilo u-Elinor Ostrom, โukuba abantu bagcine izidima zabo njengamalungu athembekileyo oluntu.โ5 Ngamafutshane, endaweni "yokunxibelelana kwabantu abangakhathaliyo," amakhonkco abantu kwiimeko ezinjalo adlulela ngaphaya kwezakhiwo zeatom. homo economicus.6 Okucacileyo apha yingcamango yobulungisa ehamba ngaphaya kweziphumo zeemarike.
"Ubulungisa" kunye noQoqosho lokuLinga
Ingqikelelo yobulungisa (kwaye, ngoko, intswela-bulungisa) inokuba ngumzuzu wokwenyani wobomi bezoqoqosho. Njengoko u-EP Thompson watyhila kwinqaku lakhe eliqhelekileyo elithi, "Uqoqosho lokuziphatha lweNgesi yeNgilani kwiNkulungwane yeShumi elinesibhozo," izidubedube zokutya zelo xesha zibonise ukuvumelana okubanzi kunye nothando lokuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwakungalunganga kwaye kwakungekho sikweni.7 Ngokukwanjalo, uJames Scott, kumsebenzi wakhe โwokuziphatha koqoqosho lwamahlwempu,โ wagxininisa kwingcamango yobulungisa kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwabalimi waza walatha kwimvukelo nemvukelo eyathi yaqhambuka xa iingcamango zobulungisa zaphulwa.8 Njengoko bendixoxile "Umbono 'wobulungisa': Okunokwenzeka, imida, izinto ezinokwenzeka," kwakukho uqhanqalazo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchasa "i-socialism yokwenene" kwicala labasebenzi xa oko bakuthatha njengezivumelwano zentlalo kunye nezithethe ezikhoyo. zaphulwa.9
Ingqikelelo esisiseko apha yenye ye ukulingana, ingcinga eyasetyenziswa nguThompson ngokucacileyo xa ethetha โngoluhlu oluthile lobudlelwane boluntu, ukulingana okuthile phakathi kwegunya likatata kunye nesihlwele.โ10 Xa olo lungelelwaniso luphazamiseka, kunokubakho indlela yokuphendula apho abantu abaninzi (abalimi, isihlwele, abasebenzi) basabela ukubuyisela iimeko zangaphambili. Yiloo nto kanye eyachazwa nguMarx kwiXabiso, iXabiso kunye neNzuzo, apho wabonisa ukuba ama-99 ekhulwini omzabalazo wemivuzo alandela utshintsho oluvelise imivuzo ehlayo. โNgelizwi elinye,โ watsho, โyayiziimpendulo zabasebenzi ngokuchasene nesenzo sangaphambili senkunziโ kwaye yayilinge lokubuyisela โumgangatho wobomi bemveliโ eyayihlaselwa.11 Iimpembelelo ezizenzekelayo zabasebenzi yayikukuzabalazela โubulungisaโ ngokuchasene nokunyhashwa kwemigaqo ekhoyo, ngokwenene, ukulwa imfazwe ye-guerilla ngokuchasene neziphumo eziqalwe yinkunzi. Usukelo olucacileyo lwabasebenzi yayikukuzabalazela โumvuzo wosuku olungileyo ngomsebenzi wosuku olungileyo.โ
Oku, njengoko uMarx wabonisayo, โyayiyimfuno engqongqo,โ ilinge lokubuyisela iwotshi emva.12 Kunokuba kubizwe ukuba kupheliswe ukuxhaphaza, kukufuna ukuxhaphazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwexesha elidlulileyo. Eneneni, umlinganiselo wobulungisa kwinkoliso yoko kuye kwabizwa ngokuba โkuqoqosho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphathaโ uquka ukujonga emva kwixesha elilunge ngakumbi. Ngaba akukho, nangona kunjalo, ingqikelelo yobulungisa (kunye nokungabikho kobulungisa) enokukhokelela kwicala lenguquko?
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umbandela wobulungisa uye wavela kuqoqosho oluqhelekileyo njengesiphumo semibuzo ebuzwe ngoosoqoqosho abazamayo kunye nokuziphatha malunga nengqikelelo ye-neoclassical. homo economicus. Ngophando olubanzi lwamaqela akhethiweyo, axhaswa ngamava obomi bokwenyani, ezi ngcali zezoqoqosho kunye neengcali zengqondo ziye zagqiba kwelokuba ukuqikelelwa kwaloo modeli kuhlala kuxoka ngokuziphatha kwezifundo zokwenyani. Ngokuchaseneyo nembono yokuba abantu abanengqiqo ngokwenkcazo bahlala besenza ukukhulisa izilangazelelo zabo zobuqu, aba babhali baphikisa ngelithi iingqiqo zobulungisa ziyinxalenye yemisebenzi ekhethwa ngabantu kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, benza ngokwahlukileyo homo economicus.
Umzekelo, uKahneman, uKnetsch, kunye noThaler baxoxa ukuba "uMdlalo we-Ultimatum," apho umntu omnye anikezela ngolwahlulo oluthile lwesixa kumntu wesibini "ukuyithatha okanye ukuyishiya" ("yiyeke" ithetha ukuba akafumani nxalenye yaloo mali), ityhila ukuba ukhetho lwabantu lokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo nokuphatha abanye ngokufanelekileyo lukhokelela ekubeni benze izinto ezichasene nengqikelelo yethiyori. Ngokwale nkcazo-bungcali, iqela lokuqala (umamkeli-mali) ngokuqiqiweyo liya kunika nje kancinci ngaphezu kweqanda kangangoko kwaye elesibini (umamkeli) liya kwamkela esi sibonelelo (i-ultimatum) kunokuba lingafumani nto.13 Kulo msebenzi, nangona kunjalo, kuvela ipateni ecacileyo: abamkeli bahlala bethanda ukukhaba naluphi na unikezelo abangaluthabathi njengolufanelekileyo nangona oku kuthetha ukuba abazukufumana nto, kwaye abo banikezelayo badla ngokwenza umnikelo ongaphezulu kunoziro, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha umlinganiselo olinganayo. iyantlukwano, kunokuba wenze isithembiso esingenabulungisa ngokuphandle.
Ukuthanda okubonakalayo kokungakhethi cala kukwaboniswa xa abo bavavanyiweyo ngodliwano-ndlebe lwemfonomfono kunye neemvavanyo zaseklasini beqwalasela imeko apho umqeshi okanye umnini-mhlaba ethatha ithuba lokutshintsha iimeko zemarike ukuze aguqule isivumelwano esele sikho, (umzekelo, ukunyusa irenti okanye umvuzo ophantsi). Abaphenduli bathanda ukujonga ezo zenzo njengezingafanelekanga, ngaphandle kwakwimeko apho umqeshi/umnini-mhlaba ngokwakhe ejongene neendleko ezongezelelweyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikhontrakthi ezitsha namaqela amatsha abonisa loo miqathango mitsha zijongwa njengezifanelekileyo. Yintoni ekhokelela kwizifundo zophando ukuba zibone eli tyala lamva linobulungisa? Isiseko esingachazwanga sesokuba imarike ivelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo; ngokubhekisele kwityala langaphambili, intswela-bulungisa ecingelwayo iphuma ekugxothweni kwekhontrakthi efihlakeleyo โkwintengiselwano yereferensiโ eyenzeke phantsi kweemeko zemarike zangaphambili (kunye nobulungisa).
Kakade ke, ulwazi olulinganiselweyo olunikelwa kwezi zifundo zeatom ngokuqinisekileyo lubonisa indlela abagweba ngayo ngobulungisa. Ukuba, ngokomzekelo, baxelelwe ukuba abasebenzi baxhatshazwe ngokugqithiseleyo (kwintengiselwano yereferensi) ngenxa yobuhlanga nocalucalulo ngokwesini, ngaba bebeya kugqiba kwelokuba kufanelekile ukuba umqeshi athobe umvuzo ukuba iindleko zakhe zempahla ekrwada ziyenyuka? Njengoko uKahneman, uKnetsch, noThaler bevuma, okusesikweni akumele kubhidaniswe nala mbono wobulungisa: โIntengiselwano yereferensi inika isiseko sokugweba ngobulungisa kuba iqhelekile, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba ilungileโ kunye โneMiqathango yotshintshiselwano ekuqaleni ibonwa njengengalunganga ekuhambeni kwexesha inokufumana iwonga lentengiselwano yereferensi. โ14 Njengakwimizekelo โyoqoqosho lokuziphathaโ ekhankanywe ngasentla, ingqikelelo yobulungisa apha ibandakanya ukujonga ngasemva. Ngamafutshane, ukuxhaphaza ngokugqithiseleyo kunokuza ekuhambeni kwexesha kuze kujongwe โnjengemithetho yendalo ecacileyo.โ
Nangona izigwebo ezithile zaba baphenduli bophando ngokuqinisekileyo zinokubuzwa, ingqikelelo yobulungisa ibonakala ngokucacileyo njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wabo abawukhethayo. KuKahneman, Knetsch, kunye noThaler, ukudityaniswa kobulungisa kutyebisa imodeli eqhelekileyo kwaye kunceda ukucacisa into ebonakala ngathi yimpazamo kwimodeli homo economicus.15 Kodwa ngaba icela umngeni kwimodeli eqhelekileyo ye-neoclassical? Ubulungisa buba yinto eyongezelelweyo apha ekumiseleni kweyona ndawo iphezulu yabantu be-atom. A esengqiqweni ngakumbi homo economicus evumela uqikelelo olungcono, mhlawumbi, kodwa imodeli efanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo zoqoqosho zokuziphatha zikhomba kwicala elahluke kakhulu, zisilumkisa ngokuphikisana phakathi kweempawu zokuzingca. homo economicus kunye nemicimbi yobulungisa, yokuziphatha, okanye oko isazi ngezoqoqosho uSam Bowles akubiza ngokuba โlukhetho lwasekuhlaleni.โ Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, The Moral Economy, uBowles uchaza ukhetho lwezentlalo njengoluquka โiintshukumisa ezinjengokuthanda abanye abantu, ukwamkeleka, ulonwabo lokunceda abanye, ukungachasi ukungalingani, ukuzibophelela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha, nezinye iinjongo eziphembelela abantu ukuba bancede abanye ngaphezu kokuvumelana nokwandisa ukulunga. ubutyebi babo okanye ingeniso yezinto eziphathekayo.โ16 Uphononongo oluninzi alubonisi nje ukuba ukuzicingela kunye nezinto ezikhethwa yintlalontle zikho, kodwa zikwaveza neempawu ezithile zonxibelelwano lwabo. UBowles ubonisa le nto ekuqaleni kwencwadi yakhe:
โEHaifa, kumaziko amathandathu okunyamekela abantwana, kwahlawuliswa isohlwayo kubazali ababefike emva kwexesha ekuphuthumeni abantwana babo ekupheleni kosuku. Ayizange isebenze. Abazali basabela kwisohlwayo ngokuliphinda kabini ixesha abalifika emva kwexesha. Emva kweeveki ezilishumi elinesibini, isohlwayo sarhoxiswa, kodwa abazali baqhubeka bebambe ixesha.โ17
Ngokufanayo, u-Bowles uqaphela ukuba abacimi-mlilo baseBoston baphendule izohlwayo zokudlula kumda weentsuku zabo zokugula ngokwandisa kakhulu iintsuku zokugula abazibangayo kwaye ekugqibeleni bathathe ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini kunyaka olandelayo. Ngaphaya koko, ubonisa ukuba iinzame zokunciphisa ixesha lokuhlala esibhedlele eNorway ngokubeka izohlwayo zibe neziphumo ezichaseneyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, ke, kwiingqikelelo malunga nokuba njani homo economicus izenzo, impembelelo yenkuthazo yemali kwezi meko ibonakala iphikisana.
Kodwa inqaku lika-Bowles kukuba azikho ii-anomalies. Xa uzisa imivuzo ebambekayo okanye izohlwayo apho zingekabikho ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho into eyenzekayo ethi ithiyori homo economicus ayikubambisi. Kwakhona sinokuyibona loo nto kwilinge labantwana abanikwa umvuzo ngokwenza oko babekuvuyela ukukwenza ngaphandle komvuzo; umzekelo, kwimeko yabantwana abakuvuyelayo ukunceda umntu omdala ukuba afumane into elahlekileyo, ngokungeniswa komvuzo โumlinganiselo wokunceda wehla ngama-40 ekhulwini.โ Kwenye imeko apho abantwana babekuthanda ukuzoba, abo bamkela ingcamango yemivuzo basinciphisa isigqibo sabo sokukhetha ukuzoba ekuhambeni kwexesha.18
Sinokuchonga izinto ezimbini ezithathwayo kule mizekelo, nakwimifuniselo emininzi eyenziwa nguBowles. Okokuqala, โizinto ezikhuthazayo ziyaluthintela ukhetho lwasekuhlaleni.โ Asinakucinga, njengoko uncwadi luqhubeka homo economicus yenza, ukwahlulahlula okanye ukwahlulwa kwezi nkalo zimbini. Endaweni yoko, "iinkuthazo kunye nokukhethwa kwezentlalo zizinto ezithatha indawo: isiphumo somsebenzi ngamnye ekujoliswe kuwo uyehla njengoko inqanaba lomnye lisanda."19 Ngaloo ndlela, isohlwayo sokungalibambi ixesha kwiziko lokunyamekela abantwana โkubonakala ngathi siye sayijongela phantsi ingqiqo yabazali yokuba nembopheleleko yokuphepha ukuphazamisa abafundisi-ntsapho, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni bacinge ngokufika emva kwexesha njengenye into abanokuyithenga,โ kunye nezohlwayo ezazibekwe eBoston. abacimi-mlilo baphikisana neqhayiya labo lokusebenzela uluntu.20
Ukuthathwa kwesibini kuphononongo lukaBowles lwezifundo ezahlukeneyo kubonisa ukubaluleka kwemveliso yesibini. Ugxininiso lwethu kwimveliso yesibini luqikelela ukuba ukusebenza ngokusabela kwinkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo kudla ngokuvelisa umntu owahlukileyo kunomntu owenza izinto ngokuhambelana nokhetho lwentlalo. Kwaye, eso sisifundo kanye esigxininiswe nguBowles. Ecinga ngemiphumo ehlala ihleli yenkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo, uBowles uthi โuqoqosho lufundisisa olubalaseleyo, yaye izifundo zalo aziphelelwa lixesha okanye zipheleliselwe kwimida yalo.โ Ucebisa ukuba izikhuthazi zezinto eziphathekayo โzinokuchaphazela inkqubo yokufunda yexesha elide neziphumo zayo zizingisayo ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, kwanabo bonke ubomi babo bonke.โ; Ngokwenene, โinkuthazo iyayitshintsha inkqubo yexesha elide, ayijiki lula inkqubo yokufunda.โ Ngokulula nje, โuqoqosho olulungelelaniswe ngeentshukumisa ezahlukeneyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba luvelise abantu abakhetha izinto ezahlukeneyo,โ okanye, njengoko uBowles esitsho kumxholwana wakhe othi, โThe Economy Produces People.โ21
Zeziphi iindidi zabantu eziveliswa kukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo? Kanye into onokuyilindela njengesiphumo soko uBowles akubiza ngokuba โyimpembelelo eyonakalisayo yeemarike kunye nenkuthazo kwizinto ezikhethwa yintlalontle.โ22 Iinkuthazo โazikhuphiโ kuphela izinto ezithandwayo ekuhlaleni, kodwa โziyinxalenye yendawo yokufunda apho okuthandwayo kulungiswa ngokusisigxina.โ23 Ngaphezu nje kokuthatha indawo yokhetho lwentlalo, inkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo ibumba abantu. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaveliswa ziimarike kunye nenkuthazo bathabathelโ indawo abantu abaphawulwa ngeentshukumisa ezinjengokucingela abanye abantu, ukuchasa ukungalingani, nolonwabo olungaphakathi ekuncedeni abanye. Indlela uBowles avakalelwa ngayo ngale nto icacile kumxholo ongezantsi wencwadi yakhe: โKutheni Iinkuthazo Ezilungileyo Zingathabathi ndawo Abemi Abalungileyo. "
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokhetho lwakhe lwentlalo olucacileyo, u-Bowles ubona imfuneko yokusebenzisa inkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo ngethemba lokuphumeza iinjongo ezinqwenelekayo. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuqonda kwakhe indlela iimarike kunye nenkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo esele ziyimilisele ngayo izinto ezikhethwa ngabantu kwi-capitalism, injongo yakhe kukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuphuhliswa โkwemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu eya kuvumela inkuthazo nezithintelo ukuba zisebenze ngokubambisana endaweni yeenjongo zokuhlangana nabantuโ isimilo kunye nezinye ngokubhekiselele kwizimo."24 Kunokuba alalanise โiintshukumisa zokuziphatha neziphathelele nezinye eziyimfuneko kuluntu olulawulwa kakuhle,โ uBowles unethemba lokwenziwa koyilo oluya kuquka โindibaniselwano yobulumko yeentshukumisa ezilungileyo nezohlwayo ezinezifundo zokuziphatha.โ25 Ukudibanisa inkuthazo kunye nokukhethwa kwezentlalo ngendlela ekhuthaza okokugqibela kuya kuba kuyeyona nto ilungileyo kuwo wonke umhlaba onokwenzeka.
Emva kokuqaphela impikiswano ebalulekileyo phakathi kwezinto ezikhuthazayo kunye nezinto ezikhethwa yintlalontle, nangona kunjalo, akwanelanga ukukhangela intsingiselo yegolide, (โindibaniselwano yobulumkoโ) enokuphelisa olo ngquzulwano kwaye enokunika indlela eyongezelelekileyo enokwenzeka kuluntu oluya kuthi. ukuvelisa abantu abangcono. Asinakuyeka apho. Ukuba inkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokukhethwa kwezentlalo ngokucacileyo kuyachasa, kungenxa yokuba kunjalo izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo eziphilayo. Ngokuhlalutya, kufuneka singene ngaphantsi komhlaba ukuze siqonde ezo nkqubo zingahlali ndawonye kuphela kodwa ziphinde zingene kwaye zikhubazeke ngokulinganayo.
Ubungxowankulu kunye noLuntu
Izikhuthazi zezinto eziphathekayo zisengqiqweni kwinkqubo eqala kulwalamano lwabantu abazahluleleyo abafuna iziqu zeatom, inkqubo esekelwe โekunxulumaneni komntu nomntu, kodwa ekwahlukaneni komntu nomntu.โ26 Eyona nto idibanisa aba โbantu bangakhathaliyo,โ โukubamanyanisa, kukuzingca, nomdla wobuqu womntu ngamnye. Umntu ngamnye uzilumkela ngokwakhe, yaye akukho mntu uzikhathazayo ngowabanye.27 Abazifunela iatom abanjalo nonxibelelwano lwabo, imarike, โziindawo zembaliโ zobukapitali. Undoqo kubungxowankulu, nangona kunjalo, kukuba uvelisa kwaye uvelise kwakhona i-atomism ethile, eyabasebenzi, njengesiseko sayo.28
Qwalasela ingxoxo yethu kwisahluko sesi-3 sobungxowankulu njengenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo. Nje ukuba imali eyinkunzi iphuhliselwe phezu kwesiseko sayo (sakuba โicingelwe yona ngokwayo, yaze yaphuma kuyo ukudala iimeko zokugcinwa nokukhula kwayoโ), ivelisa iindawo zayo โkwimo yoqoqosho yoohlohlesakhe.โ29 Izinto ezithengiswayo, imali, iimarike, amandla okusebenza njengempahla yorhwebo, kunye nokwahlulwa kwabasebenzi ziveliswa kwaye ziveliswa kwakhona njengoko kubonakala ngathi bazimele bazifunela ngokwabo abasabela kunyanzeliso lwentengiso, โengaphandle ebantwini kwaye izimele kubo. .โ Oko kunyanzeliswa kwangaphandle okubonakalayo, okuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kobungxowankulu njengenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo, yiyo kanye loo nto uMarx wagxininisa ukubaluleka komthetho "ongcwele" wokubonelela kunye nemfuno ekugcineni i-despotism ye-capital kwaye kutheni echonge uqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwenkunzi njengesiseko. "kumgaqo omfamekileyo wokubonelela kunye nemithetho yokunyanzelisa."
Kwelinye icala, makhe siqwalasele inkqubo evelisa abantu abathi xa bebonke bakhokelwa โziintshukumisa ezinjengokuthanda abanye abantu, ukuvumelana, ulonwabo lokunceda abanye, ukuchasa ukungalingani, ukuzibophelela ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nezinye iintshukumisa eziphembelela abantu ukuba bancede abanye. โ Ngokwahlukileyo kwingqikelelo yobulungisa exhomekeke kwimarike kwaye ikwala nje ngokungafanelekanga oko kunyhashwa kwemigaqo ekhoyo ephuhliswe ngenxa yentsebenziswano yabadlali be-atom, ingqwalasela kukhetho lwentlalo luthetha imbono yokuba ukuzingca, ukungalingani, kunye nokungabi namvakalelo kwiimfuno. yezinye zizimo ezingalunganga nezingekho sikweni ebantwini phakathi koluntu. Sikhomba apha kwenye inkqubo ye-organic apho ukhetho lwentlalo luyingqiqo. Njengoko uOstrom wabonisayo, kwinkqubo esekelwe ngokuthe ngqo kunxulumano lwabantu, abantu banelunda ngokugqalwa โnjengamalungu athembekileyo asekuhlaleni.โ Nokuba kubhalwe igama loluntu olumanyeneyo, uqoqosho lobumbano, uluntu loluntu okanye ubukomanisi, indawo yokuqala yale nkqubo luluntu, ukuqondwa kweemfuno zabanye kuluntu.30
Qala ngoluntu, uMarx wenze isindululo, kwaye "endaweni yokwahlulwa kwabasebenzi, ... kuya kwenzeka umbutho wabasebenzi." Apho, abavelisi, โbesebenza ngeendlela zokuvelisa ngokufanayo,โ badibanisa amandla abo โngokuzazi ngokupheleleyo njengabasebenzi basekuhlaleni omnye.โ31 Kule nkqubo, uMarx wachaza kwiGrundrisse, "imveliso yoluntu, uluntu, lucingelwa njengesiseko semveliso," kwaye imisebenzi eyenziwa ngabavelisi abanxulumeneyo "imiselwa ngokwezidingo zoluntu kunye neenjongo zoluntu."32 Ngamafutshane, apha abavelisi baye bazazise ngeminqweno yabo efanayo kwaye ngokufanelekileyo "benze into efanayo."
Kule nkqubo yoluntu, kunokuba "umgaqo oyimfama wemithetho yokubonelela kunye nemfuno" ehambelana ne-athomu yabavelisi, sibona ukufezekiswa "koqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwabasebenzi," oku - "imveliso yentlalontle elawulwa yintlalontle. ukubona kwangaphambili.โ Imveliso yeemfuno zentlalo, eququzelelwe ngabasebenzi abanxulumeneyo, ngokusekelwe kubunini bentlalo beendlela zokuvelisa (amacala amathathu aloo nto uHugo Chavez wabiza ngokuthi "unxantathu wokuqala we-socialism") yinxalenye yenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo, "isakhiwo apho zonke izinto ziphila ngaxeshanye yaye zixhasana.โ Yinkqubo yokuvelisa iziphumo zayo ziyindawo yenkqubo njengoko "injalo kuyo yonke inkqubo yezinto eziphilayo."33
Enye yeemveliso ezibalulekileyo zale nkqubo luhlobo oluthile lomntu oluphawulwa โkukumanyana, intsebenziswano, inkathalo, ukubuyiselana, ukucingelana, ukuthanda abanye abantu, uvelwano nothando.โ34 Homo solidaricus (njengoko ebizwa nguEmily Kawano) uphuhlisa amandla akhe ngokunxulumana nabanye ngenxa yomanyano. Ukuba ndivelisa ngenyameko ngenxa yentswelo yakho, uMarx oselula wagqabaza, ndiyazi ukuba umsebenzi wam ubalulekile: โkumsebenzi wam ngamnye,โ wacebisa ngelithi, โnge qi nisiwe kwaye qaphela indalo yam yokwenyani, bethu umntu indalo, yam indalo yoluntu.โ Ngaloo ndlela, imveliso yesibini yomsebenzi wethu kuluntu oluhlangeneyo luphuhliso lwabantu abazizityebi abazibonayo ngokuvelisa ngononophelo kwabanye.35 โNgokutshintshiselana ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwabantu abanxulunyaniswe ngokwesiseko solwabiwo oluqhelekileyo nokulawulwa kweendlela zokuvelisa,โ uMarx wayenombono wokuveliswa โkobuntu obukhululekileyo, obusekwe kuphuhliso lwehlabathi lomntu ngamnye kunye nokuthobela kwabo imveliso yoluntu, intlalontle. njengobutyebi babo ekuhlaleni.โ36
Iinkqubo ezimbini zezinto eziphilayo. Nganye yahlulwe kwaye yahlulwe. Ngamnye uvelisa uhlobo oluthile lomntu. Ngokwenyani- ubukhapitali obukhoyo buqulathe izakhi zazo zombini iinkqubo, kwaye oko kuphakamisa umbuzo wendlela ezisebenzisana ngayo. U-Bowles uyaqonda ukuba inkuthazo kunye nokukhethwa kwezentlalo zizinto ezithatha indawo, ukuba zithande "ukugcwala" kunye nokuba abantu abaveliswa ngumntu ngamnye bathatha indawo. Ecinga ngabaphulaphuli bakhe abanyulileyo, ufuna ukweyisela ummisi-mthetho osisilumko ukuba akhangele indlela eya kuvelisa eyona ndibaniselwano iluncedo kwezi zizathu zimbini. Kodwa oko akuphelisi ukungavisisani phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini.
Inkunzi, siyazi, isoloko izama ukwahlula abavelisi ukuze babenze buthathaka. Ihlala izuza ngokujikisa abasebenzi ngokuchaseneyo kunye nokubonana njengabakhuphisana nabo, njengabaphangi, njengezoyikiso, njengeentshaba. Yenza nantoni na enokuyenza ukukhuthaza iathom kunye nokuguqula yonke into ibe bubudlelwane bemarike; Usukelo lwenkunzi kule nkalo kukuthengiswa okupheleleyo, oko uMarx wakuchaza โnjengexesha laxa yonke into, engokokuziphatha okanye engokomzimba, iye yaba lixabiso lentengiso, iziswa emarikeni,โ ixesha โlokurhweba kwindalo iphela.โ37 I-capital, ngokufutshane, ihlala iqhuba ukuxinzelela ngaphandle kwayo yonke imikhondo yenkqubo yoluntu. Ukucinga ukuba uyilo olulumkileyo lomatshini lwanele ukumelana nale mpembelelo yi-utopianism.
Inkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo ngokuchasene nokukhethwa kwezentlalo, i-atomism ngokuchasene noluntu, ukwahlukana ngokuchasene nomanyano, homo economicus Ukuqobisana homo solidaricus, uqoqosho lwezopolitiko longxowankulu ngokuchasene noqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwabasebenzi - la macala omzabalazo wodidi phakathi kobukapitali obukhoyo.38 Kunokuba alindele โukudityaniswa kobulumkoโ komntu ngamnye, umguquli osisilumko uyayiqonda into yokuba kubalulekile ukuzama ngazo zonke iindlela ukoyisa ubungxowankulu, ukuphelisa yonke into, ukwakha inkqubo yoluntu apho abavelisi benza ngokufanayo. Kwaye, ngaxeshanye kuloo nkqubo, indlela abazivelisa ngayo njengabasebenzi inkqubo yeemfuno zoluntu. โข
Esi sincoko sisincoko esicatshulwe kwincwadi yakhe Phakathi koBungxowankulu kunye noLuntu.
Endnotes
- Frederick Engels, โUmbuzo woMgaqo-siseko eJamaniโ (1847), kwi<em>Marx ne-Engels, iMisebenzi eQokelelweyo, uMqulu 6 (eNew York, abapapashi bamazwe ngamazwe, 1976), 83โ84.
- Engels, "Umbuzo woMgaqo-siseko eJamani," Ibid.
- Ngokomzekelo, bona i<em>Elinor Ostrom, ethi Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); kunye noDaniel W. Bromley, ed., Ukwenza iCommons Work: Theory, Practice, Policy (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992).
- Marx, Capital, Vol.3:, 754n. Jonga iLebowitz, Isinyanzelo soSocialist, 22โ26, 32โ34, umz. I-Socialist Alternative, ingakumbi, โUkwandisa iiCommons,โ 146โ48. kunye neLebowitz, iThe Socialist Imperative, 22โ6, 32โ4.
- U-Ostrom, oLawula ii-Commons, 88.
- Lebowitz, iSocialist Alternative, 66โ68; Lebowitz, i-Socialist Imperative, 26โ27. Cf.Bona kananjalo Marx, Grundrisse, 158, 171โ72.
- EP Thompson, "UQoqosho lokuziphatha lweNgilani yeNgesi kwiNkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo," edlulileyo kunye ne-50 yangoku (1971).
- UJames C. Scott, uQoqosho lokuziphatha kwaBantu abaNtsundu: Imvukelo kunye nokuzinza kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia (iNew Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 4-5, 7.
- Isahluko 9 kwiLebowitz, iSocialist Imperative, isahl. 9.
- Thompson, โUQoqosho lokuziphatha kwesihlwele samaNgesi kwiNkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo,โ 129.
- Marx, Ixabiso, Ixabiso kunye neNzuzo, 143-45.
- Marx, Ixabiso, ixabiso kunye neNzuzo, Ibid., 148-49.
- UDaniel Kahneman, uDaniel; UJack L. Knetsch, uJack L; kunye noThaler, uRichard H. Thaler, "Ubulungisa kunye neeNgcinga zoQoqosho," Ijenali yezoShishino, Vol. 59/4, No. 4 (Oktobha 1986).
- UDaniel Kahneman, uJack L. Knetsch, uRichard H. Thaler, uKahneman, uDaniel; Knetsch, uJack. L; Thaler, uRichard, "Ubulungisa njengesithintelo ekufuneni iNzuzo: Amalungelo kwiMarike," Uphononongo lwezoQoqosho lwaseMelika, Umq. 76/4, No. 4 (Septemba 1986), 730โ31.
- uKahneman, uDaniel; Knetsch, uJack. L; Thaler, uRichard, "Ubulungisa kunye neeNgcinga zoQoqosho," S299.
- USamuel Bowles, uQoqosho lokuPhatha: Kutheni iiNkuthazo eziLungileyo zingenaNdaba yaBemi abaLungileyo (iNew Haven: Yale University Press, 2016).
- Bowles, The Moral Economy, Ibid., 4. I-Bowles ibhekisela kwizifundo ze-51, ezibandakanya izifundo ze-26,000 kumazwe angama-36.
- Ibid., Bowles, Uqoqosho lokuziphatha, 5, 9, 98โ9.
- Ibid., Bowles, uQoqosho lokuziphatha, 50.
- Ibid., Bowles, Uqoqosho lokuziphatha, 5, 9โ10.
- Ibid., Bowles, uQoqosho lokuziphatha, 115โ18.
- Ibid., Bowles, uQoqosho lokuziphatha, 111.
- Ibid., Bowles, The Moral Economy, 122. Qaphela ukuba iingxoxo zakhe malunga nokonakala kweemarike kunye nenkuthazo yezinto eziphathekayo ebantwini azingqalanga kubungxowankulu kodwa ziya kusebenza ngokunjalo kurhwebo lwesoshiyali kwaye, ngokubanzi, kuluntu oluzama ukwakha usoshiyali. usebenzisa izinto ezikhuthazayo.
- Ibid., Bowles, uQoqosho lokuziphatha, 150.
- Ibid., Bowles, uQoqosho lokuziphatha, 221.
- Bona ingxubusho yabavelisi abahlukanisiweyo kwisahluko 3, โUMbutho weSolidarian,โ kwiLebowitz, ISocialist Alternative.
- Marx, Capital, Vol. Mna: 1; 280.
- Kubukhapitali kuphela apho yonke into inexabiso, (kuquka, uMarx wagculela, โisidima, uthando, ukweyiseka, ulwazi, isazela, njalo njalo.โ). UKarl Marx, intlupheko yeFilosofi, 113.
- Marx, Grundrisse, 278, 459โ60.
- Ngokuchaseneyo โnobukomanisi,โ ukubizwa โnjengoluntuโ kubalaselisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu.
- eMarx, eGrundrisse, ali-172; Marx, Capital, Vol. I, 1:171.
- Marx, Grundrisse, 171โ72.
- Lebowitz, iSocialist Alternative, 85โ89; Marx, Grundrisse, 278.
- Emily Kawano, UQoqosho lweSolidarity: Ukwakha uQoqosho lwaBantu kunye nePlanethi.
- Marx, โIzimvo kuJames Mill,โ kwiMarx neEngels, Collected Works, vol. 3 ( ENew York: Abapapashi beZizwe ngeZizwe, 1975), 227โ28; UKarl Marx, Imibhalo-ngqangi yezoQoqosho neyeNfilosofi yowe-1844, 302, 304.
- Lebowitz, iSocialist Alternative, 78โ81; Marx, Grundrisse, 158โ59.
- Marx, Intlupheko yePhilosofi;, Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 6, 113. Qaphela ukuba uBowles ucaphula le ngxoxo kwi, Bowles, The Moral Economy, 113.
- I-Marx's Critique yeNkqubo yeGotha kufuneka iqondwe kulo mxholo. Jonga isahluko sesi-2, โUkuqonda iNgcaciso yeNkqubo yeGotha,โ kwiLebowitz, i-Socialist Imperative: Ukusuka eGotha ukuya ngoku.
UMichael A. Lebowitz (1937-2023) uye wafundisa iMarxian Economics kunye neComparative Economic Systems kwiYunivesithi yaseSimon Fraser eBritish Columbia ukususela ngo-1965. Wayelawula inkqubo kwi-Transformative Practice kunye noPhuhliso loLuntu kwiCentro Internacional Miranda (CIM). Incwadi yakhe yamva nje Phakathi koBungxowankulu kunye noLuntu (ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga ngo-2021). Upapasho lwakhe lunokufumaneka apha michaelalebowitz.com.