Ngolwesithathu, Umongameli Biden wabhengeza ukuba uza kusebenzisa amandla akhe olawulo ukucima ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10,000 yeedola kwimali-mboleko yabafundi kwi-43 yezigidi zaseMelika, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20,000 yeedola kwabo bafumana iiGranti zePell ukuya ekholejini. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ukuba ubundixelele ukuba uJoe Biden, indoda eyathi ngexesha layo elide njengeseneta yanceda ekwandiseni ishishini lokuboleka kwabafundi kwaye yasebenzela ukuhlutha abafundi ababoleka imali yokhuseleko lwemali, ngenye imini yayiza kuba ngumongameli kwaye isuse amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola. yamatyala omfundi, ngendiye ndahlekisa-nangona ndandiphosa iqashiso lam kunye nentshukumo eyayiza kulwa ngokungqongqo ukwenza oku kwenzeke.
Ungenzi mpazamo ngayo, oku kubonisa uloyiso oluphawulekayo kubafundi abanamatyala. Ukutyhubela iminyaka yokungadinwa kwaye ihlala ingenambulelo, ababoleki kunye namahlakani abo kwatyhala ulawulo olumadolw' anzima ukuhambisa ukucinywa kwamatyala omfundi ngokubanzi-ukukhupha abantu abaqhelekileyo, hayi iibhanki ezinkulu okanye amashishini. Bamalunga nezigidi ezingama-20 abantu abaya kucinywa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye abaninzi bebebelana ngemiyalezo yomothuko kunye nemincili kwi-Intanethi.
Ukanti uloyiso lukrakra. Kwizigidi zabanye, kuquka uninzi lwamalungu e Amatyala Collective—umanyano lwabanamatyala endilufumeneyo—i-$10,000 okanye i-$20,000 ayiqalisi ukurhoxa kwinzala efakwe kwi-balance sheets, kwaye ayiyi kunciphisa iintlawulo zabo zenyanga. Iingcali zilumkisa ngelithi uninzi aluzukufumana isiqabu abafanele ukulufumana ngenxa yenkqubo yokufaka izicelo eziya kumyinge wengeniso. Njengoko omnye umntu onetyala elidala onetyala lamanani angaphezu kwamathandathu wandixelelayo, isicwangciso “likhuphoni elingafanelanga ukunqunyulwa.” I I-NAACP ibhale kuTwitter ingcamango efanayo: “Ukucinywa kwamatyala omfundi kangangee-$10,000 6 emva ‘kokuliqwalasela’ ixesha elingaphezu konyaka onesiqingatha kufana nokulinda iiyure ezi-5 kuphela ukuze ufumane imbuyekezo yesi-XNUMX ekhulwini.” Isixa esisezantsi seedola kunye neehoops ezingeyomfuneko-kwakunye nenyaniso yokuba isicelo asikafumaneki kubaboleki-indenza ndibe nexhala lokuba umgaqo-nkqubo unokuphelela ekubeni ungathandwa kakhulu, kwaye ngaloo ndlela uphumelele kancinci kwiiDemokhrasi, kunokuba bekuya kuba njalo ukuba ngaphezulu. ukurhoxiswa ngesisa kwanikezelwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Kwiiveki nakwiinyanga ezizayo, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba abatyalwayo bayakwazi ukufikelela kuncedo abafanele ukulufumana. Kwaye kufuneka sikhusele esi sigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo kubagxeki abanokholo olubi. Abantu baseRiphabhlikhi abanjengoNobhala weMfundo kaTrump oyibhiliyoni Betsy DeVos, Ilungu leSenethi UMitch McConnell, kunye neengcali zezoqoqosho zeClinton ezifana noJason Furman kunye Ihlobo laseLarry bonke bathengisa amabango adityanisiweyo okuba ukucinywa kwamatyala kukunikezelwa kwabo banelungelo eliya kukhulisa intsilelo kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli (nditsho noososhiyali abadumileyo eGoldman Sachs baye bawaphikisa la mabango, kunye noqoqosho oluphumelele iBhaso likaNobel. UJoseph Stiglitz uthe kungenzeka kakuhle nciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso). Okokugqibela, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba esi sibhengezo sililitye lokunyathela, asiyondawo ekuyiwa kuyo—inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwindlela eya ekuphelisweni ngokupheleleyo kwamatyala omfundi kunye nohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo yethu yemfundo ephakamileyo, kuquka nokwenza iikholeji zoluntu zikhululeke kubo bonke abafuna ukuya.
Ndiyakholelwa ukuba oku kunokwenzeka kuba ndiyibonile into ethathiweyo ukufikelela kweli nqanaba. Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10, a umanyano olukhulayo abatyalwayo, amagqwetha, ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, abathetheleli bobulungisa bobuhlanga, imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye namagosa karhulumente aqhubela phambili atyhalela phambili imfuno yokucinywa kwemali mboleko kwimida yezopolitiko ukuya kwindawo eqhelekileyo. I-Debt Collective, ngokukodwa, yandise i Ifestile yeOverton ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga akhaliphileyo, kubandakanywa ugwayimbo lwamatyala olunempumelelo. Ngaphandle kokubekwa ibala kunye nesigwebo esinxulunyaniswa namatyala kweli lizwe, abakweliti abasuka kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi baye bavakalisa esidlangalaleni ngeengxaki zabo zemali, bathi “kwanele,” kwaye bazilungelelanisa. Batyikitya izibongozo, baphikisa amatyala abo, bazimasa uqhanqalazo, kwaye babhengeza ukungakwazi kwabo kunye nokungafuni ukuhlawula-kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo nezinto ezingathandekiyo, batshintsha ngokupheleleyo ulungelelwaniso lwengxoxo kwaye, ukusukela kule veki, bakhusele amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola kwisiqabu. Kwimeko enqabileyo yokuvuma indima ebalulekileyo yokuhlanganisa asezantsi ukuya phezulu, ngaphambili Umongameli u-Obama ubhale kuTwitter ukuba ezi ndaba “zibubungqina” kubo “onke amatsha ntliziyo ebesoloko efuna ukuncitshiswa kwetyala labafundi kangangeminyaka.”
Kulula ukulibala ukuba sasibonakala sixakile kangakanani imfuno yokucinywa kwamatyala abafundi xa yayiqala ukuvakala nge-Occupy Wall Street kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, xa u-Obama wayengumongameli. NgoAprili 8, 2012, amalungu ephulo lethutyana nje elifutshane le-Occupy Student Debt Campaign aququzelela uqhankqalazo olwathiwa thaca. Usuku lwe-1T, ukuphawula usuku lwetyala lomfundi lidlule kwi-1 yetriliyoni yeedola. Abaqhankqalazi banxibe iikepusi kunye neegawuni ezenziwe ngeengxowa ezimnyama zenkunkuma kwaye bafuna ijubhile yokubolekwa kwabafundi. Usasazo lwemidiya lwaluncinci kwaye aluchasanga. “Bafuna kuxolelwe onke amatyala abafundi elizweni. Yonke i-$ 1 yezigidigidi zayo. Kwaye ukuba urhulumente unokuba nobubele obunje, bangakuvuyela ukuba angahlawulela imfundo ephakamileyo ukusuka apha ukuya phambili, ngokunjalo,” UChadwick Matlin weReuters wahlekisa. “Kwenzeke ntoni ngesi siphakamiso? Akukho mntu ukukhathaleleyo.” Ngoku ka IiNPR Zonke izinto ziqwalaselwa, "Uninzi lweengcali zikholelwa ukuba mancinci amathuba okuba urhulumente axolele ukuboleka imali yabafundi."
Ngokungafaniyo nabathandabuzayo, abahlali kunye nam andizange ndibone iimfuno zoSuku lwe-1T zigqithise kakhulu. Urhulumente, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, wayesandula ukukhupha imali kwiibhanki emva kokuba egxothe uqoqosho lwehlabathi kwaye watyhola izigidi zabaninimzi, kubandakanya nabazali bam, ababenendlu iphantsi kwamanzi. Ngelo xesha ndandingaboleki imali-mboleko yomfundi wamva nje (nangona ekugqibeleni ndahlawula imali-mboleko ngokupheleleyo-okanye kunoko, iqabane lam lihlawule kum, inkululeko endifuna ukuba wonke umntu abe namava). Kutheni le nto abafundi bangaphambili bengafanelanga njengam, ababenze kuphela le nto bayixelelwayo ngokulandela izidanga zamabanga aphakamileyo ukuze baye phambili, nabo bafumane uncedo? Bonke oontanga bam kunye nam sasifuna le nto izizukulwana zangaphambili zaziyonwabele: ithuba lokufunda ngaphandle kwamatyala.
Ngale njongo engqondweni, siye saseka amaqela asebenzayo ukuze afunde ngakumbi malunga neendlela zoqoqosho lwethu olunemali eninzi kwaye saqalisa ukubamba oko sasikubiza ngokuba “ziindibano zamatyala,” iiforam ezibuhlungu apho abantu abangabaziyo babesabelana ngeengxaki zabo zemali. Ukundwendwela inkampi ye-Occupy kwakumele kujikelezwe ngabantu abasemva kwirente, iintlawulo zezindlu, amatyala ezonyango kunye namakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, kunye nemali-mboleko yabafundi. Ngokuncokola nokuvuma izono zethu, ihlazo lethu lokuba netyala laqalisa ukupheliswa; saqala ukubona amatyala ethu kungekhona njengentsilelo yobuqu kodwa njengemveliso yenkqubo engaphumelelanga: leyo apho imivuzo ephantsi, iinkonzo zoluntu ezingonelanga, ubuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini, kunye nokwenza inzuzo ukwenza iyelenqe lokunyanzela uninzi lwethu ukuba luboleke ukuhlangabezana nesiseko sethu. iimfuno. Ukutsalela ingqalelo kolu tshintsho kunye nokunceda abakweliti abasweleyo, siye sanyusa iminikelo exhaswa ngabantu kwaye saqala ukuthenga iipotfoliyo zamatyala angakhuselekanga kwiimarike zesibini, sicima amashumi ezigidi zeedola zeendleko zonyango kunye nemali mboleko yokuhlawula amashumi amawaka abantu kwilizwe liphela. . Le nto siyibize ngokuba kukuhlangula kwabantu, ngabantu, IJubhile eqengqelekayo.
Ewe, besisazi ukuba asinakuze sikwazi ukuthenga kunye nokucima lonke ityala elijikelezayo, kodwa andizange ndicace ngokupheleleyo kumanyathelo alandelayo. Ngenye imva kwemini, ndiye ndavakalisa ukukrokra kwam kubalingane bam ngelixa sasifota ividiyo ye-agitprop ebandakanya abantu abohlukeneyo, kubandakanya umzobi uThomas Gokey kunye nesazi ngembali yabantu ongasekhoyo uDavid Graeber-umbhali we-blockbuster engalindelekanga ka-2011. Ityala: Iminyaka eyi-5,000 yokuqala-ukudanisa kwitoti yenkunkuma ngorhatya kutshisa izaziso zamatyala omgunyathi ngelixa unxibe i-balaclavas. “Into esiyifunayo,” waphendula uGokey, ewucingisise kakuhle lo mbuzo, “lumanyano lwamatyala.” Ndeva ngathi iglowubhu yeekhathuni icinyiwe phezu kwentloko yam. Kanye njengokuba abasebenzi bedibana ukuze balwele imivuzo engcono kunye nezibonelelo, abatyalwayo kwakufuneka balungelelanise ukuze balwele isiqabu kunye notshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu. Ukuba siye salungelelaniswa, mhlawumbi sinokujikela izibophelelo zethu zokwahlula zibe ngumthombo wokwabelwana ngokumandla ukuze sifune utshintsho.
Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, iNdibanisela yeTyala yaphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni xa sasibhengeza ugwayimbo lokuqala lwamatyala lwabafundi elizweni. Abafundi abali-15—uNathan Hornes, uLatonya Suggs, uAnn Bowers, uJessica Madison, nabanye—ababeqhathiwe ngenxa yokuwa. ikhonkco lengeniso kwiiKholeji zaseKorinte, babhengeza esidlangalaleni, besala ukuhlawula imali ababeyibolekile yaye befuna ukuba kucinywe ngokupheleleyo kwiSebe leMfundo. I-Korinte 15 yabanjwa kumajelo eendaba kwaye yade yaphefumlela isiqendu somdlalo kamabonakude odumileyo Umfazi Olungileyo.
U-Laura Hanna no-Ann Larson babengabaququzeleli abaluqilima beli phulo kunye namagcisa akrelekrele, atyhutyha ilizwe lonke edibana nabafundi baseKorinte ababesakuba ngabafundi, abaqhankqalazo labo liye lakhula; I-Wall Street defector yajika umgaqo-nkqubo wonk u-Alexis Goldstein wasinceda ukuba sihambe nge-Washington DC; umfundi wesikolo somthetho uLuka Herrine wasidibanisa namagqwetha akrelekrele, kuquka uEileen Connor, uToby Merrill, uRobyn Smith, noDeanne Loonin. Umsebenzi wabo ekubolekeni kwabafundi abaxhatshazwayo ubandakanya iingxoxo ezinamandla kodwa ezingaxatyiswanga malunga neSebe lezeMfundo ngabasemagunyeni abahlukeneyo ukuba barhoxise imali mboleko yabafundi, kubandakanywa nesibonelelo esaziwayo esibizwa ngokuba yi-Borrower Defense to Repayment, ethi imali-mboleko kufuneka irhoxiswe xa amaziko elahlekisa abafundi okanye aphule umthetho welizwe. -Imali ehlawulwayo esemgangathweni kwizikolo zokwenza inzuzo njengeKorinte. Ngoncedo lwabo, senze iwebhusayithi esebenza ngeselula eyasivumela ukuba sizalise isebe ngamabango oKhuselo kwiMbuyiselo kwaye sanyanzela abalawuli baka-Obama ukuba baqalise ukukhupha isiqabu.
Iphulo laseKorinte libonise ukuba ukucinywa kwamatyala kunokwenzeka (nokuba kungathatha iminyaka esixhenxe ukuba iimfuno zethu ezipheleleyo zifezekiswe: NgoJuni kulo nyaka, ulawulo lweBiden ekugqibeleni. inikwe ukukhutshwa kobunzima obuzenzekelayo abahlaseli baseKorinte ababizelwe yona, efikelela phantse kwiibhiliyoni ezi-6 zeerandi kubantu abangaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi). Ekuqaleni kuka-2020, uSenator u-Elizabeth Warren, ekhuthazwe ngumzekelo waseKorinte, wenza isiqabu kumatyala omfundi abanzi njengeplanga engundoqo wogqatso lwakhe lokuqala, elandelwa nguBernie Sanders. Efakwe kwibhokisi, uMnumzana Biden uye wavuma ngokungathandi ukurhoxiswa kwemali mboleko yabafundi.
Ikhadi lasendle laliyi-Covid-19. Ubhubhani ogungqisa umhlaba wenze ukuba uMongameli uTrump amise iintlawulo uninzi lwababoleki-mali mboleko yabafundi. Amashumi ezigidi zabantu aqhele ukungenzi iintlawulo zenyanga, kwaye amava abonisa ukuba urhulumente wobumbano unokusebenza kakuhle ngaphandle kwengeniso yemali mboleko yabafundi. Kwangelo xesha linye, uqhanqalazo olwaphenjelelwa kukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd lwabangela ukuba abantu baqonde ngcono ukungalingani okwakhelwe kwinkqubo yethu yokuxhasa ngezimali amatyala emfundo ephakamileyo, eshiya. Ababoleki abamnyama, ingakumbi amabhinqa aMnyama, awona matyala aphezulu, okwenza ukucinywa kwamatyala kube ngumbandela ocacileyo wobulungisa bobuhlanga nesini. Ngelixa uMongameli uBiden ethatha isikhundla, indibaniselwano eyahluka-hlukeneyo nekhulayo yabaphembeleli basekuhlaleni kunye namaqela oluntu azibophelele ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uyasifeza isithembiso sakhe.
Ngokumiswa kokubolekwa kwemali kwabafundi ngoku kwandiswe ukuya kumhla woku-1 kuJanuwari, ngo-2023, olu manyano kufuneka lusebenze ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintlawulo aziphindi zivulwe kwakhona. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amawaka-waka abantu atyikitye ethembisa ukugwayimba amatyala ukuba ngaba abalawuli bazama ukuyiqalisa ngokutsha inkqubo yokuqokelela, bazibophelele kwindlela yokungathobeli nokungahlawuli. Iqela elibalulekileyo laba bahlaseli bakwiminyaka yabo yamashumi amathandathu, asixhenxe, kunye namashumi asibhozo. Ngokuchaseneyo ne-stereotype yabancinci, ababoleki abahambahambayo abanyukayo, abantu abadala ngabona bantu bakhula ngokukhawuleza abanamatyala abafundi, kwaye abanye babona banqwenela kakhulu. Iimali-mboleko abazifumanayo ngethemba lokufumana ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho ekwaluphaleni kwabo zibafaka kubuhlwempu obunzulu noxinezeleko.
Kwiminyaka yam eli-10 kwimijelo yokupheliswa kwamatyala, ndive amahlaya amaninzi malunga nokufa ndisematyaleni kunokuba ndinomdla wokubala-eneneni, umntu waseMelika oqhelekileyo ugqiba ubomi ebomvu, ngenxa yetyala. avareji ye- $ 62,000. Ndikhe ndadibana nabantu abaye bahlehlisa umhlalaphantsi ngenxa yokuba bekhuphe imali mboleko yoMzali ukuze bancede abantwana babo, oomama abaMnyama batyunyuzwe ngamatyala ngenxa yokuba bephishekela imfundo ephakamileyo bengenabo ubutyebi bosapho ukuze batsale, abashiya ekholejini bentyumpantyumpeka ematyaleni ngaphandle kokufumana isidanga, bazinikele. ootitshala nabongikazi abatyala imali engaphezulu kwe-100,000 yeedola kodwa abakakulungelanga iinkqubo ezikhoyo zoXolelo lweMali-mboleko yeNkonzo kaRhulumente. Ndiye ndalila xa abantu bethetha ngoxinzelelo lwengqondo lwamatyala abo kwaye bandixelela ukuba bajonga ukuzibulala njengeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuphuma. Ndiwabonile amalungu e-Debt Collective enyamezela intlupheko, ukuswela amakhaya, kwaye okubi ngakumbi ngenxa ye-arcane yeSebe lezeMfundo kunye ne-bureaucracy engasebenziyo. Ngelixa ulinde imbuyiselo yakhe izihombiso zomvuzo ezingekho mthethweni, UJessica Madison, omnye wabahlaseli bokuqala baseKorinte abali-15, akazange akwazi ukufumana unyango olufanelekileyo waza wabulawa ngumhlaza.
Kungenxa yoko le nto i-Debt Collective isala ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi "ukuxolelwa kwetyala." Ababoleki abanatyala. Ingxaki yinkqubo yethu yoqoqosho nemfundo eyaphukileyo, etyala abantu ngokuyila, irhintyela izigidi kwimigibe eyenziwe ngenzala eyinkunzi kwaye yonakalise iSebe lezeMfundo ngokulijika libe ngumbolekisi okhohlakeleyo. Akukho ngqiqweni ukuthetha ngokuxolela abo baye bahlawula amaxesha amaninzi inqununu yokuqala, okanye abaye baboleka kwikholeji ngenxa yokuba iintsapho zabo ziswele ubutyebi bokuhlawula imali yokufunda ngaphambili.
Ndiyavuya uMongameli uBiden ekwenzile licime ityala lomfundi. Akwaba wayerhoxise kakhulu ngakumbi. Yintoni eyenzekayo emva koko ngumbuzo wokuziphatha kunye nezibalo. Abanamatyala kweli lizwe abanakuze bakwazi ukuhlawula intaphane yetyala labafundi elatshona phantsi imigaqo-nkqubo ebanyanzele ukuba baqokelele. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga yanamhlanje, i- $ 1T yoSuku ibonakala inqabile. Nasemva kwesi sibhengezo sibalulekileyo sale veki, uqikelelo olungcono lubeka amatyala omfundi ngeenxa zonke $ 1.7 zezigidi, kwaye elo nani liya kuthi ngokukhawuleza liphawule umva.
Kodwa nantsi into. Eli tyala akufuneki libekhona, kwaye ekugqibeleni, wonke umntu ekugqibeleni uyazi ukuba yinyani. Abantu baseMelika abanakuze balibone ityala lomfundi ngendlela efanayo kwakhona. Ukuba umongameli angarhoxisa i-10,000 yeedola, angayicima yonke. Yaye ukuba siyaqhubeka silungelelanisa, ngenye imini uthile uya kuthi.
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Nikela