IWebhu isoloko inconywa โngokuvulekaโ kwayo kwaye kulapho isiphithiphithi siqala khona, kuba โukuvulaโ akuthethi โukulingana.โ Ngelixa i-Intanethi inokudala indawo yamazwi amaninzi, ikwabonisa kwaye ihlala ikhulisa ukungalingani kwehlabathi lokwenyani ngeendlela ezimangalisayo.
Inkqubo eneenkcukacha ezilungelelanisiweyo hubs kunye namakhonkco, IWebhu inezinga elimangalisayo le ukungalingani yakhelwe kwi-architecture yayo kanye. Uthutho lwayo, umzekelo, luthanda ukusasazwa โngokwemithetho yamandla,โ elandela oko kwaziwa njengomgaqo wama-80/20 โ i-80% yobutyebi obunqwenelekayo iya kuma-20% abantu.
Ngapha koko, njengoko nabani na esazi ukuba ngubani olandele iimbali zikaGoogle, iApple, iAmazon kunye neFacebook, ngoku phakathi kwezona nkampani zinkulu emhlabeni, iWebhu iya isanda, ithatha yonke into, indawo etyebileyo. nto leyo ethetha ukuba iipesenti ezingafaniyo kuloo mithetho yamandla zinokubonakala zimbi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Uluhlu olunamandla kunye noluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo luye lwachaza ummandla wedijithali, nokuba ucinga ngezoqoqosho okanye ihlabathi lezentlalo elibonisayo nelimeleyo. Akumangalisi ke ngoko, ukuba amadoda amhlophe ami kakuhle amelwe ngokugqithisileyo kokubini kwishishini letekhnoloji nakwi-intanethi.
Jonga nje isini kwaye iWebhu iza ngokukhawuleza ekugxininiseni, ikushiya unembono ecacileyo yeliphi icala i-Intanethi esiza kuyo kwaye-ingcebiso encinci - ayibhekiseli ekulinganeni okanye kwidemokhrasi.
Iingcali, iiTroll, kunye nento angayazi uMama wakho
Njengokuqala, kwihlabathi lokwenyani eligqibeleleyo abafazi bathwala isabelo esingalinganiyo soxanduva lwekhaya kunye nokukhulisa abantwana, bebashiya ixesha lokuphumla elincinci lokulichitha kwi-Intanethi. Nangona iqaqobana labantu abadumileyo abanamandla amakhulu "iibhlogi zoomama" bakwazile ukutsala abaphulaphuli abaninzi kunye nengeniso yentengiso ngokubhala phantsi ubunzima babo bemihla ngemihla, ayizozinto ezingaqhelekanga. Kwimimandla yobuchwephesha efana nentanda-bulumko, umthetho, kunye nenzululwazi, apho ukubhloga kuye kwathandwa kakhulu, abasetyhini abamelwanga kakuhle; ngokubala omnye, umzekelo, kuphela malunga ne-20% yeeblogi zesayensi ngabasetyhini.
Enye into iphepha elimhlophe elinethemba yitanki yokucinga yaseBritane iDemos echukumisa ukunyuka kokuyila kwe-amateur kwi-intanethi yabika ukuba amadoda amhlophe anokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba abe โngabantu abathanda ukuzilibazisa ngemigangatho yobuchwepheshaโ kunamanye amaqela asekuhlaleni, ngelixa awusayi kukhwankqiswa kukufunda ukuba abafazi abanengeniso ephantsi abantwana abaxhomekeke kubo basalela ngasemva kakhulu. Naphakathi kweseti yeminyaka yeekholeji eqhagamshelwe kakhulu, uphando lubonisa umahluko omkhulu kumazinga okuthatha inxaxheba kwi-intanethi.
Ubume boqoqosho lwentlalo, ubuhlanga, kunye nesini zonke zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumntu okwi-intanethi, namadoda anokuthatha inxaxheba kakhulu kunabasetyhini. UEszter Hargittai, isazi ngezentlalo kwiYunivesithi yaseNorthwestern University ulumkisa ngelithi: โEzi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi kusenokungaphumeleli xa kufikelelwa kwimivuzo enokubakho xa usebenzisa i-Intanethi. Ngamafutshane, ukuvala okubizwa ngokuba kukwahlulwa kwedijithali kusashiya umsantsa obonakalayo; Okukhona unelungelo lemvelaphi yakho, kokukhona uya kuvuna izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo zobuchwephesha obutsha.
Eminye yemiqobo ekuzibandakanyeni kwi-intanethi yengqondo, akukho zingqondweni kwaye ayinabungozi. Kuphononongo olutyhilayo oluqhutywe kabini kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu - kunye nokuvelisa iziphumo ezifanayo zombini amaxesha - uHargittai wavavanya waza wadlan'indlebe nabasebenzisi be-Intanethi be-100 kwaye wafumanisa ukuba akukho mahluko abalulekileyo kubuchule babo be-intanethi. Ngokuphathelele ubuchule obupheleleyo, abantu besini babelingana. Umahluko wawukukuzihlola kwabo.
Ke kaloku kwakusithiwa: Amadoda ayeqinisekile ukuba ayesebenza kakuhle, ngoxa abafazi babezaliswe kukungazithembi. UHargittai wathi: โAkukho nalinye ibhinqa kwizifundo zethu zamabhinqa elalizibiza ngokuba โlichuleโ, ngoxa kungekho nanye indoda eyayizigqala njengentshatsheli okanye โengenabuchule kwaphela.โโ uzicingela njengomntu onikela nge-intanethi unefuthe elinzulu ukuba unokuba negalelo elingakanani kwi-intanethi.
Imiphumo yohlolisiso lukaHargittai ayizange indothusile. Ndibone izihlobo ezingapheliyo zabasetyhini zigqithiswa ngamadoda angenasiphiwo, aqine kakhulu. Ndibe nabantu abangenakubalwa - abadala kunye nabangamadoda, bahlala becinga ukuba omnye umntu kufuneka enze udliwanondlebe ngeefilimu zam ezibhaliweyo, ngokungathi ibhinqa eliselula lalingenakukwazi ukulawula into enjalo ngaphandle koncedo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu rhoqo ukujongela phantsi izakhono zabasetyhini, akunjalo ncinane abafazi ngokwabo.
Xa kuziwa kubuchule obukhethekileyo bobugcisa, abasetyhini bathathwa njengabangenabuchule kangako ngaphandle kokuba bangqina ngenye indlela. Kwizangqa zetekhnoloji, umzekelo, izixhobo ezitsha kunye neenkqubo zihlala ziziswa ngokuba "kulula kakhulu ukuba umama wakho okanye umakhulu wakho angazisebenzisa." Isiqwenga esiqhelekileyo kwi ENew York Times bekunjalo zibizwa "Indlela yokuchaza i-Bitcoin kuMama wakho." (Kucingelwa ukuba, utata sele eyifumene.) Olu hlobo localucalulo ngokwesini lutsibe ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwihlabathi elingaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi ukuya kwiWebhu kwaye lunokuba luye lwaqina apho.
Kwaye iba worse. Ubuhlanga, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabanye abantu abathandana bodwa okanye "ukutrolling" kuye kwaba yinto ecinezelayo kubomi be-intanethi.
Abasetyhini abaninzi abadumileyo baye bathetha ngamava abo okuxhatshazwa kunye nokoyikiswa kwi-Intanethi - iimeko ezithi ngamanye amaxesha ziye zanda ekukhutshweni kolwazi lwabucala, kubandakanywa needilesi zasekhaya, ii-password ze-imeyile, kunye neenombolo zokhuseleko loluntu, okanye zivele zibe yinguqulelo ye-Intanethi ye-stalking. Ingcali yakudala ebekekileyo uMary Beard, umzekelo, โezifunyenweyo izigrogriso zokubulawa kwi-Intanethi kunye nezigrogriso zokuhlaselwa ngokwesondoโ emva kokuvela kukamabonwakude kulo nyaka uphelileyo, njengoko wenzayo itshantliziyo laseBritani uCaroline Criado-Perez emva kokuba ephumelele iphulo lokufumana imifanekiso engakumbi yabasetyhini kwiimali ezingamaphepha zaseBritane.
Young abafazi abaculi kwaye ababhali bahlala bezifumanisa bejolise kwi-intanethi ngamadoda afuna ukubathulisa. โAbantu ababebhala amagqabaza ngam babecinga ukuba zingaphi na izisu endizikhuphileyo, yaye babethetha โngokundicaphukelaโ,โ umbhali weblog uJill Filipovic xelelwe le Guardian emva kokuba iifoto zakhe zifakwe kwiforum ye-intanethi ye-vitriolic. ULaurie Penny, umbhali oselula wezopolitiko oye wajamelana nentshutshiso efanayo kwaye kutshanje upapashe incwadi ebizwa ngokuba yi-ebook I-Cybersexism, wachukumiseka ngokubiza uluvo lowasetyhini ngokuthi โsisiketi esifutshaneโ se-Intanethi: โUkuba nesinye kwaye uqhayise ngandlelโ ithile kubuza intaphane yamadoda aphantse ukudlwengula ikhibhodi ukuba akuxelele ukuba angathanda ukudlwengula, ukubulala , ndikuchamele.
Yeha, ingxaki ayipheleli apho. Amabhinqa athetha ngokuphandle nxamnye nabaxhaphazi asoloko etyholwa ngokufuna ukubacinezela inkululeko yokuthetha. Okanye baxelelwa ukuba "khaphukhaphuโ kwanokuba ukukhathazwa, nokuba kucinezela kangakanani kwaye kucaphukisa kangakanani, asiyonyani kuba yenzeka kwi-Intanethi kuphela, kuba โyintetho engenabungozi kwigumbi lokutshixa.โ
Njengoko izinto zimi ngoku, umfazi ngamnye ushiywe yedwa ukuba ayile indlela yokuhlangabezana nayo ngokungathi imeko yakhe yahlukile. Nangona kunjalo ezi ayizozehlo zodwa, nokuba ziyingozi kangakanani na izithuko. (Omnye umxhaphazi obizwa ngokuba yiNtshebe - kwaye ngokwemigangatho ye-intanethi yentetho yentiyo yayithambile - "isizathu esibi, esikhohlakeleyo somfazi, otya kakhulu ikhaphetshu kunye neendiza zetshizi zamazinyo.")
Ewe, uphononongo lweYunivesithi yaseMaryland lucebisa ngamandla ukuba uxhatshazo olunjalo lucwangciswe njani. Abo bathumela ngamagama omsebenzisi ababhinqileyo, abaphandi bothuswa kukufumanisa, bafumana imiyalezo ekhohlakeleyo ephindaphindwe kangangama-25 njengabo bamagama abo angamadoda okanye angaqondakaliyo. Iziphumo zothusa kangangokuba ababhali bacebise abazali ukuba bafundise iintombi zabo ukuba zisebenzise iimoniki ezingathathi hlangothi kwi-Intanethi. "Abantwana basenokusebenzisa ubuchule obuninzi kunye nokuzibonakalisa ngaphandle kokuchaza isini sabo," unjingalwazi oneenjongo ezintle wathi, evuma ngokufanelekileyo ukuba amantombazana amancinci kufuneka azifihle ukuba angobani ukuze athathe inxaxheba kubomi bedijithali.
Kwezi nyanga zimbalwa zidlulileyo, inani labasetyhini abantsundu abanamajelo osasazo oluntu baqhube ulingo olungekho sikweni olwabo. Ekruqukile ngumbhobho womlilo wobutshaba obujoliswe kubo, uJamie Nesbitt Golden nabanye bamkela ii-avatar ze-Twitter zamadoda. UGolden watshintsha ifoto yakhe wafaka isinqe, intshebe, indoda emhlophe, nangona wayeyigcinile i-bio yakhe kwaye eqhubeka nokunxibelelana ngelizwi lakhe. "Inani lee-tweets ezihlekisayo, ezizithobayo lehle kakhulu, kwaye iingxoxo ngobuhlanga kunye nesini bezingekho ziguquguqukayo," uGolden. wabhala, ndimangaliswe yindlela ukutshintsha ifoto etshintshe ngayo indlela asabela ngayo kuye. โEmva kokuba ndibuyele kuMnyama, yayibuyele ishishini njengesiqhelo. "
Iingxaki ezindala kwiMedia eNtsha
Ayilulo lonke ucalucalulo olucacileyo. Isifundo shwa nkathela kwi Ukuhlaziywa kwezoRhwebo zeHarvard Iwebhusayithi ihlalutye iipateni zentlalo kwi-Twitter, apho abasebenzisi ababhinqileyo bagqithise amadoda nge-10%. Abaphandi banikela ingxelo yokuba โindoda eqhelekileyo iphantse iphindeke kabini [ithuba] lokulandela enye indoda [njengo] mfaziโ ngoxa โibhinqa eliqhelekileyo linamathuba angama-25 ekhulwini okulandela indoda kunomfazi.โ Iziphumo azikwazanga ukuchazwa ngokusetyenziswa okwahlukileyo kuba zombini izini zi-tweeted ngesantya esifanayo.
Kwi-Intanethi, amadoda acingelwa ukuba anegunya ngakumbi kwaye athembekile, kwaye ngaloo ndlela afanele ukuqatshelwa kunye nenkxaso. Ngale ndlela, iyantlukwano ekudala ikho ibonakaliswa okanye yandisiwe kwi-Intanethi.
Kwincwadi yakhe ka-2008 Intsomi yeDemokhrasi yeDijithali, UMateyu Hindman, uprofesa weendaba kunye nemicimbi yoluntu kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington, ubika ukuba kwiiblogi eziphezulu ze-10, enye kuphela yayinombhali wesifazane. Ubalo olubanzi lwazo zonke iibhlog zezopolitiko ezinomndilili wabatyeleli abangaphezu kwe-2,000 ngeveki, okanye iindawo ezingama-87 zizonke, zifumanise ukuba zihlanu kuphela ezaziqhutywa ngabasetyhini, kwaye kwakungekho โbantu baseMelika baseMelika abaziwayo phakathi kweebhlogi ezingama-30 eziphezulu,โ nangona kwakukho. "Iblogger enye yaseAsia, kunye nenye yelifa leLatino elixubeneyo." Ngo-2008, u-Hindman wahlola i-blogosphere waza wafumanisa ukuba ayihlukanga kangako kunamaphepha abhalwe mhlophe amaphephandaba ashicilelweyo. Akukho nto icebisa ukuba, kwiminyaka emithandathu engenelelayo, izinto zitshintshile zaba ngcono.
Wamkelekile kwiminyaka yokuba uJulia Carrie Wong ubize ngokuba "iingxaki ezindala kumajelo amatsha," njengoko i-journalism ye-journalism yamva nje ifumana inkxaso-mali eqalayo iqhubeka nokuncediswa ziiblogi zegama le-brand ezifana no-Ezra Klein kunye no-Nate Silver. "Akunakwenzeka ukuba ungaqapheli ukuba kwiBitcoin ingxakeko yokuguqula ubuntatheli, abalinganiswa baphantse bakhetheke - kwaye bayanda - amadoda namhlophe," wakhalaza u-Emily Bell. isasazwe ngokubanzi op-ed. Akunjalo ukuba abafazi kunye nabantu bebala ayenzi ezintsha umsebenzi ekuxeleni nasekugxekweni ngokwenkcubeko; yinto nje yokuba bagqithwe ngabatyali-zimali kunye nabaxhasi bezimali ngokuthanda abaqhelekileyo.
Njengoko uDeanna Zandt kunye nabanye betshilo, ukunqongophala kokwenyani kweyantlukwano kubonwa rhoqo kwiirosta zeenkomfa zetekhnoloji, nanjengoko izithethi zithatha iqonga ukuncoma idemokhrasi kwiWebhu, ngelixa abaphulaphuli abajongeka njengabo bevuya. . Ekuqaleni kuka-2013, ngokusabela kwisibhengezo solunye uluhlu lwamadoda kwindibano yeWebhu edumileyo, isibambiso yafakwa kwiwebhusayithi ye Atlantic ukucela amadoda ukuba ayeke ukuthetha kwimisitho apho abafazi bengamelwanga. Uluhlu lwabatyikityi luphantse lwasuswa ngokukhawuleza โngenxa yezantyalantyala zespam/iitroli.โ Umququzeleli wenkomfa, umphuhlisi ophumeleleyo, wayichitha isiphithiphithi kwi-Twitter. โAndisiboni isidingo sokuyithethelela le nto, kodwa ndonwabile yinkqubo yethu,โ utshilo. Ukumisela izabelo, uye wagxininisa, kuya kuba yindlela "enocalucalulo" yokudala iyantlukwano.
Olu hlobo lohlengahlengiso luthetha ukuba iinkampani zetekhnoloji zijongeka ngokuphawulekayo njengezo zindala ezinqwenela ukuzibuyisela endaweni yazo: indoda, imbalasane, kunye nenyhweba. Cinga nge-Instagram, eyona nkonzo idumileyo yokwabelana ngeefoto kunye nenethiwekhi yoluntu, eyasekwa ngo-2010 kodwa yaqesha kuphela injineli yokuqala yabasetyhini kunyaka ophelile. Ngelixa ipesenteji yeedigri zekhompyuter kunye nesayensi yezenzululwazi abasetyhini abafunyenweyo benyuka ukusuka kwi-14% ukuya kwi-37% phakathi kwe-1970 kunye ne-1985, eso sabelo sehlile ngokudakumba ukuya kwi-18% ngo-2008.
Abo bafazi balwa indlela yabo kwishishini bahlala behamba-inqanaba labo lokuyeka i-56%, okanye eliphindwe kabini elamadoda - kwaye ubulili yinxalenye enkulu yento. ubatyhalela ngaphandle. โAndisathethi ngekhowudi kuba ndandingakwazi ukujongana nokugxothwa nokujongelwa phantsi kwawona msebenzi wam usisiseko yi-โbrogrammingโ gulag endandiyisebenzela,โ labhala elinye ibhinqa yisonge yonke iimpendulo kumbuzo othi: Kutheni kukho iinjineli zamabhinqa ezimbalwa kangaka?
KwiSilicon Valley, uFacebook kaSheryl Sandberg kunye noYahoo uMarissa Mayer ngaphandle, uluvo lwe inkwenkwe genius iyoyisa. Ngaphezulu kwe-85% yongxowankulu bamashishini ngamadoda ngokubanzi ajonge ukutyalomali kwamanye amadoda, kwaye abafazi benza i-49 yeesenti kwidola nganye abalingane babo abangamadoda bayifumanayo - ngokwaneleyo ukwenza umfazi alinde ukungalingani kwemivuzo yehlabathi elingelona idijithali, apho i-avareji bathatha ekhaya i-77 yeesenti kwi-dollar eyindoda. Nangona iipesenti ezingama-40 zamashishini abucala ingawabantu basetyhini kwilizwe liphela, yi-8% kuphela yoqalo lwetekhnoloji oluxhasiweyo.
Iinkampani ezisekiweyo zahlulwe ngokulinganayo. Iziko leSizwe labasetyhini kunye neTeknoloji yoLwazi libika ukuba kwiinkampani eziphezulu ze-100 tech, kuphela i-6% yabaphathi abakhulu ngabasetyhini. Amanani ama-Asiya afika phezulu ayathelekiseka, nangona benza isinye kwisithathu sazo zonke iinjineli zesoftware yeSilicon Valley. Ngo-2010, hayi ne 1% kwabaseki beenkampani zaseSilicon Valley babemnyama.
Ukwenza indlela yakho kwiNkcubeko yeMisogynist
Kuthekani ngoluntu olukwi-intanethi oluhlala lugcinwa njengemizekelo yenkcubeko entsha, enenethiwekhi, evulelekileyo? Omnye unokucinga kuzo zonke "i-revolutionary" kunye "nokuphazamisa" i-rhetoric ukuba, ubuncinane, bangcono kune-tech goliaths. Ngelishwa, idatha ayibonakalisi i-hype. Cinga ngeWikipedia. Uphando phendla ukuba abafazi benza ngaphantsi kwe-15% yabanegalelo kwisiza, nangona basebenzisa ubutyebi ngamanani alinganayo kumadoda.
Ngendlela efanayo, iisayithi zokucoca ezisebenzisanayo ezifana ne-Reddit kunye ne-Slashdot, ezibhengezwe yi-digerati njengeendlela zokucutha inkcubeko yexesha elizayo, zibonelela abasebenzisi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-87% yamadoda kunye nabancinci kakhulu, abazizityebi nabamhlophe. I-Reddit, ngokukodwa, iphumelele ukungaziwa ngenxa yenkcubeko yawo yokungahloneli amabhinqa, enemisonto apho abadlwenguli babalisa ngezenzo zabo kunye neefoto zamantombazana aselula zaposwa phantsi kwezihloko ezifana nethi โChokeabitch,โ โNiggerjailbait,โ kunye โneCreepshots.โ
Nangona ibanjwe njenge-paragon yokulunga kwezopolitiko, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ezimbalwa njenge-1.5% abadwelisi benkqubo abavulelekileyo ngabasetyhini, inani elisezantsi kakhulu kunomsebenzi wekhompyutha lilonke. Ukuphendula, abahlalutyi batyhola yonke into ukusuka kwi-chauvinism, ukucinga ngokuphantsi, kunye nemizekelo engafanelekanga yokungafanelekanga (kubandakanywa nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwiinkomfa apho abadwelisi beprogram bahlanganisana khona) ukunqongophala kwabacebisi basetyhini kunye nemizekelo. Nangona kunjalo abaxhasi bemveliso yomthombo ovulekileyo baqhubeka begxininisa ukuba inkcubeko yabo ingumzekelo omtsha kunye nocwangco lwentlalo yoluntu olulawulwa yimigaqo yokulingana, ukubandakanywa, inkululeko kunye nedemokhrasi.
Ngelishwa, kuvela ukuba ukuvuleka, xa kuthathwa njengento epheleleyo, eneneni kwandisa i-gap yesini. Uphawu olukhethekileyo lwe-libertarianism kwi-vogue ngaphakathi kwizangqa zetekhnoloji lithetha iqaqobana lamalungu - isibini esithetha ngokungakhathali, umzekelo - sinokuchaphazela ngokungafaniyo indlela yokuziphatha kunye nemo yeqela phantsi kokhuselo lwentetho yasimahla. NjengoJoseph Reagle, umbhali we Intsebenziswano yokholo olulungileyo: Inkcubeko yeWikipedia, bonisa, abasetyhini akufuneki bakhalaze ngonyango lwabo, kodwa ukuba bayahamba - oko kukuthi, ngokusisiseko bagxothwa - kuluntu, eso sisigqibo abanoxanduva bodwa.
UCwangciso lwe "Urban" kwi-Digital Age
Idijithali ayiyondawo ethile eyahlukileyo kubomi "bokwenyani", okuthetha ukuba ukujongelwa phantsi kwabasetyhini kunye nabancinci kwi-Intanethi abanakohlulwa kwimiqobo abajongana nayo ngaphandle kweintanethi. Amazinga aphantsi okuthelekisa okuthatha inxaxheba kwedijithali kunye nocalucalulo olujongene nabasetyhini kunye nabancinci kwishishini le-tech - kwaye kungekhona nje ngokuba banikezela ubuxoki kumabango alinganayo e-techno-utopians. Ezo zibakala kunye namanani agxininisa ngokwentelekiso amava alinganiselwe kunye nentelekelelo yabantu abayila iinkqubo esixhomekeke kuzo ekusebenziseni i-Intanethi - indlela ethe, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, yaba sembindini phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu.
Ngengqiqo enamandla, abacwangcisi benkqubo kunye namagosa equmrhu abaqeshileyo ngabacwangcisi abatsha basezidolophini, ababumba umda obonakalayo kwiindawo esikuzo, besakha iibhokisi esibulungelelanisa kuzo ubomi bethu, kunye nokukrola iindlela esizihambayo. Ukhetho abalwenzayo lunokusahlula ngakumbi okanye zenze unxibelelwano olutsha; ii-algorithms abazenzayo zinokungabandakanyi amazwi okanye zizise abantu abaninzi emhlambini; ujongano abaluqambayo lunokwandisa ingqiqo yethu yokuba nokwenzeka komntu okanye luyithintele kwezo sele ziqhelekile.
Nguwuphi umbono wesixeko esidlamkileyo nesichumileyo owazisa imbono yabo? Ngaba yindawo ekhuthaza ukudibana kwamathuba okanye ngaba ithanda into eqikelelwayo? Ngaba iindawo zoluntu abazidalayo zixutyiwe okanye zifakwe isango? Ngaba zizele ziivenkile ezithengisayo zabucala kunye neebhodi zezaziso ezixhaswa ngemali okanye ngaba ngokwenene zikhona iindawo zikawonke-wonke? Ngaba imfihlo iyahlonelwa? Ngaba uthethathethwano noluntu luyakhuthazwa? Ngabantu abanjani abahlala kwezi ndawo yaye bamenywa njani ukuba bavakalise iimvakalelo zabo? (Umzekelo, ngaba ukutroli kuyakhuthazwa, kuyanyanyezelwa, okanye kutyhafile okanye kuvaliwe?)
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, abanye baya kufumana umbono wobunjineli beqonga kwi-intanethi ukukhuthaza ukungazinzi okungafaniyo kwaye-igama elinesigqebelo esifakwe kulo-ukuthanda ukuthanda, kodwa ukugxekwa okulolo hlobo kuzityeshela iindlela izithuba ze-intanethi esele zenziwe ngayo. iziphumo ezithile engqondweni. Zizo, njengesiqalo, ziyilelwe ukukhonza oongxowankulu baseSilicon Valley, abafuna imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali, kunye nabathengisi, abafuna ukusithengisela izinto. Igama elithi "iqonga," elithetha indawo egudileyo, liyasilahlekisa, lifihla iindlela iinkampani zetekhnoloji ezibumba ngayo ubomi bethu be-intanethi, ukubeka phambili iinjongo ezithile ngaphezu kwabanye, abadali abathile ngaphezu kwabanye, kunye nabaphulaphuli abathile ngaphezu kwabanye.
Ukuba ukulingana yinto esiyixabisileyo, kufuneka siyakhele kwinkqubo, siphuhlise izakhiwo ezikhuthaza ubulungisa, ukuzola, ukuxoxa, kunye neyantlukwano ngenkqubo yovavanyo kunye nempazamo. Umbuzo wokuba sikhuthaza njani, okanye sinyanzelise njani, iyantlukwano kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziinethiwekhi ezivulekileyo akukho lula ukuwuphendula, kwaye akukho. isisombululo esicacileyo nesilula kwingxaki yokuxhatshazwa kwi-intanethi. Njengentanda-bulumko, ukuvuleleka kunokwenza ukusilela kwayo kube lula, ukukhalimela ukungakwazi kwabantu ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokokuzikhethela, kunye nokugcina intsomi yolawulo lwesidima, ukubeka ityala nakuphi na ukungafani kwabaphulaphuli ngokungabikho kwetalente okanye intando.
Yiloo nto i-techno-optimists ifuna ukuba siyikholelwe, sizikhabe izisombululo ezinokuthi zibe khona njengezoyikiso kwinkululeko ye-Intanethi kunye nokuphazamiseka okunamandla kwindlela yokusasaza "yendalo". Igama elithi "indalo", ngokuqinisekileyo, i-mystification, inikwe ukuba iinkqubo zobuchwepheshe kunye nezentlalo azifumaneki zikhula kwintsimi, zikhuliswe ngokungcola nelanga. Zenziwa ngabantu kwaye ke zinokuhlala zitshintshwa kwaye ziphuculwe.
U-Astra Taylor ngumbhali, umenzi wefilimu (kubandakanywa Zizek! kwaye Uhlolisise Ubomi), kunye nomlweli. Incwadi yakhe entsha, I-Platform yaBantu: Ukubuyisela amandla kunye neNkcubeko kwi-Digital Age (Iincwadi zeMetropolitan), isandula ukupapashwa. Esi sincoko sithatyathwe kuyo. Uye wancedisa ekusunguleni i-Occupy offshoot Strike Debt kunye nephulo layo le-Rolling Jubilee.
Icatshulwe kwaye yatshintshwa ukusuka I-Platform yaBantu: Ukubuyisela amandla kunye neNkcubeko kwi-Digital Age ngu-Astra Taylor, epapashwe yi-Metropolitan Books, ushicilelo lukaHenry Holt kunye neNkampani, LLC.
Eli nqaku libonakala kuqala TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki we iProjekthi yobuKumkani baseMelika, Umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengoko yenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Indlela yaseMelika yeMfazwe: Indlela iiMfazwe zikaBush zaba zezo zika-Obama (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
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Nikela