NgoLwesithathu amakhulu ambalwa amatsha-ntliziyo axinanisene kwinkundla yeSekethe yesiBini, igumbi lokuphonononga elinokutya okulalelwayo okungalunganga kunye nokunqongophala kwezitulo, kunye neFoley Square ngaphandle kweThurgood Marshall US Courthouse eManhattan apho abaninzi babezihlanganise kubanda. Isiphelo sesizwe, besiqonda, sinokugqitywa ngabagwebi abathathu abaya kuthi bagwebe kwisimangalo sethu esichasene noMongameli uBarack Obama wokutyikitya kumthetho iCandelo le-1021 (b) (2) loMthetho wokuGunyanyiswa koKhuseleko lweSizwe (NDAA).
Eli candelo livumela umkhosi ukuba ubambe nabani na, kuquka nabemi base-US, "abaxhasa kakhulu" -igama elisemthethweni elingachazwanga - i-al-Qaida, i-Taliban okanye "imikhosi edibeneyo," kwakhona igama elingachazwanga ngokusemthethweni. Abo bavalelweyo banokuvalelwa entolongweni ngokungenasiphelo ngumkhosi baze bavinjwe inkqubo efanelekileyo de โkuphele ubutshaba.โ Kwixesha lemfazwe esisigxina oku mhlawumbi bubomi bonke. Nabani na ovalelwe phantsi kwe-NDAA unokuthunyelwa, ngokweCandelo (c)(4), kulo naliphi na โilizwe langaphandle okanye iziko.โ Oku, enyanisweni, unikezelo olungaqhelekanga yabemi base-US. Ixhobisa urhulumente ukuba athumele amabanjwa kwiintolongo zobona rhulumente bacinezelayo emhlabeni.
ICandelo 1021(b)(2) lachazwa njengelingasebenziyo ngoSeptemba emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala lethu lokuqala, kwiNkundla yeSithili esisemaZantsi eNew York. Ulawulo luka-Obama lubhenele isigwebo seNkundla yeSithili saseMzantsi. Isibheno sichotshelwe ngoLwesithathu kwiNkundla yeSekethe yesiBini kunye nabagwebi uRaymond J. Lohier, uLewis A. Kaplan kunye no-Amalya L. Kearse abachopheleyo. Iijaji zisenokungenzi sigqibo kude kube yintwasahlobo xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iwisa isigwebo kwityala likaClapper v. Amnesty International USA, elinye ityala apho ndingummangali. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo licela umngeni kurhulumente ekusebenziseni ucupho lwe-elektroniki. Ukuba siphumelele kwityala likaClapper, liya komeleza bonke abamangali bemi kwiHedges v. Obama. INkundla ePhakamileyo, ukuba igweba ngokuchasene norhulumente, iya kuqinisekisa ukuba thina njengabamangali sinoloyiko olufanelekileyo lokuvalelwa.
Ukuba silahlekelwa kwi-Hedges v. Obama-kwaye kubonakala kuqinisekile ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba isiphumo sesibheno eli tyala liya kufikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo-izopolitiko zonyulo kunye namalungelo ethu njengabemi aya kuba yinto engenanto njengaleyo yeRoma kaNero. Ukuba siyaphulukana, amandla omkhosi wokubamba abemi, ubahlube inkqubo efanelekileyo kwaye ubabambe ngokungenasiphelo kwiintolongo zomkhosi uya kuba yinyani eyoyikisayo. Idemokhrasi okanye iRiphabhlikhi. Hlala kwi-activist okanye i-libertarian. Igqala lobusoshiyali okanye itheko leti. Ayinamsebenzi lonto. Lo asingomlo wamaqela. Nje ukuba urhulumente athabathe eli gunya lingaqwalaselwanga, ngokuqinisekileyo liya kudala imfihlo, ihlabathi elingenamthetho lobundlobongela obungenamkhethe, uloyiko kunye ne-gulags. Ndaphila phantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe basemkhosini ebudeni bamashumi amabini eminyaka ndandingumbhali welizwe lasemzini. Ndiyalazi irhamncwa.
โIingxaki ziphezulu kakhulu,โ latsho igqwetha uCarl Mayer, owathi kunye negqwetha uBruce Afran weza netyala lethu ematyaleni, xa wayethetha negqwetha. Iprojekthi yeNkcubeko abaphulaphuli Manhattan ngoLwesithathu emva kokuva. "Into eyehla kuyo imeko yethu kukuba: Ngaba siza kuba nenkqubo yobulungisa boluntu e-United States okanye inkqubo yobulungisa yasemkhosini? Inkqubo yobulungisa boluntu yinto emiliselwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Kwakusoloko kubaluleke kakhulu ekulweni ubuzwilakhe nokwakha uluntu lwedemokhrasi. Into i-NDAA izama ukuyinyanzelisa yinkqubo yobulungisa yasemkhosini evumela umkhosi ukuba upolise izitalato zaseMelika ukubamba abemi baseMelika, ukubamba abahlali base-United States kwiintolongo zomkhosi. Mhlawumbi eyona nto iyoyikeka kakhulu ye-NDAA kukuba ivumela ukuvalelwa kude kube 'sekupheleni kobutshaba.' โ [Ukubona iividiyo zikaMayer, Afran, Hedges nabanye abathatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yepaneli yeProjekthi yeNkcubeko, Cofa apha.]
Iminyaka engamawaka amahlanu yempucuko yabantu ishiye ngasemva amabhodlo angenakubalwa ukusikhumbuza ukuba izakhiwo ezinkulu kunye noluntu oluntsonkothileyo esilwakhayo, kunye nokuhlonipha ngobudenge njengokungafiyo, ukudilika eluthulini. Kukuhla okubalulekileyo ngoku. Ukuba urhulumente wenkampani unikwe izixhobo, njengoko kuphantsi kweCandelo 1021 (b) (2) le-NDAA, ukusebenzisa amandla abulalayo kunye namandla omkhosi ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuchasana, ke ukwehla kwethu kuya kuba yingcinezelo, igazi kunye nokubandezeleka. Akukho mntu, nokuba ngaba baphathi bamaqumrhu ethu, okholelwa ukuba iimeko zethu eziphathekayo ziya kuphucuka ngokuwohloka okuzayo korhwebo lwehlabathi, ukuwohloka okuthe gqolo koqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukuhla kobutyebi bendalo kunye neentlekele ezizayo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Kodwa oosomashishini behlabathiโabadale uhlobo olutsha lobuzwilakheโbafuna, ngexesha lokubola kwethu, amandla apheleleyo okukhupha amasalela okugqibela engeniso kwi-ecosystem eyonakeleyo kunye nabemi abangenamandla. I-dystopia ezayo iyabonakala esibhakabhakeni sezixeko zasemva kwemizi-mveliso ezifana neFlint, Mich., Apho iidrones zijikeleza njengamaxhalanga oomatshini. Kwaye kwixesha apho isebe elilawulayo linokwenza uluhlu lokubulala oluyimfihlo olubandakanya abemi base-US, kuya kuba bubudenge ukukholelwa ukuba ezi drones zasekhaya ziya kuhlala zingaxhobanga.
URobert M. Loeb, igqwetha elikhokelayo likarhulumente kwiinkqubo zangoLwesithathu, wathabatha inyathelo elahluke kakhulu kwelo likarhulumente weNkundla yeSithili esiseMazantsi eNew York phambi kweJaji uKatherine B. Forrest. UForrest wabuza ngokuphindaphindiweyo amagqwetha karhulumente ukuba angaqinisekisa na ukuba mna nabanye abamangali asiyi kuvalelwa phantsi kweCandelo 1021(b)(2). Amagqwetha karhulumente kwityala lokuqala alizange likunikeze ukhuseleko olunjalo. Urhulumente ukwathe kwityala lokuqala phantsi koMthetho woGunyaziso lokuSebenzisa uMkhosi woMkhosi wowama-2001 (i-AUMF), wayesele enamandla okuvalela abemi baseUnited States. Isiqendu 1021(b)(2), amagqwetha athi, asiyonguquko ingako kumandla karhulumente. UJaji Forrest ngoSeptemba uzikhabile iingxoxo zikarhulumente kwaye wagweba iCandelo 1021(b)(2) alikho mthethweni.
Urhulumente, nangona kunjalo, waxoxa ngoLwesithathu esithi "njengeentatheli ezizimeleyo" sikhululekile emthethweni kwaye sasingenasizathu sokuxhalaba. U-Loeb uthe ukuba iintatheli zisebenzisa ubuntatheli njengeqweqwe lokunceda utshaba, baya kubanjwa kwaye baphathwe njengabalwi beentshaba. Kodwa wayiqinisekisa inkundla ukuba ndandingayi kuchukunyiswa ngumthetho omtsha logama nje โuMnu. UHedges khange aqalise ukuqhuba iiveni ezimnyama kubantu esingabathandiyo.โ
U-Loeb akazange ayicacisele inkundla ukuba ngubani ochaza "intatheli ezimeleyo." Ndenze udliwanondlebe namalungu e-al-Qaida kunye nabanye abantu abali-16 okanye amalungu amaqela akuluhlu lweSebe leSizwe lobunqolobi. Xa ndidlulisela ezi mbono, intiyo enzulu kwiUnited States, ngaba urhulumente undigqala โnjengozimeleโ? Ngaba ndingabonwa ngumbuso wokhuseleko kunye nokubeka iliso, kuba ndicela umngeni kwingxelo esemthethweni, njengomdibanisi kunye notshaba? Kwaye nangona ndingaqhubi iiveni ezimnyama kubantu abangathandiyo uLoeb, ndichithe iintsuku, inxalenye yexesha kwizithuthi, kunye namaqela axhobileyo achasene ne-United States. Ezi ziquka i-Hamas eGaza kunye ne-Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) kumzantsi-mpuma weTurkey.
Ndandihamba ngokufuthi namalungu axhobileyo eFarabundo Marti National Liberation Front e-El Salvador nomkhosi wamaSandinista eNicaragua ebudeni beminyaka emihlanu endayichitha kuMbindi Merika. Amagosa aphezulu kulawulo lweReagan ayesoloko egxeka uninzi lwethu kumaphephandaba njengababhali bemihlathi yesihlanu nabasebenzisana nabanqolobi. La magosa ayengasijongi njengabantu โabazimeleyo.โ Babesijonga njengabasasaza iingcamango zotshaba. ICandelo 1021(b)(2) lijika esi sigwebo solwimi sibe sisigwebo esisemthethweni.
U-Alexa O'Brien, omnye ummangali kunye nomseki we US Usuku lweRage, Ufunde emva kokuba i-WikiLeaks ikhuphe i-imeyile ye-5 yezigidi ezivela kwi-Stratfor, inkampani yokhuseleko yabucala eyenza umsebenzi kwiSebe lezoKhuseleko lase-US, i-Marine Corps kunye ne-Arhente yezoKhuseleko lwezoKhuseleko, ukuba abasebenzi baseStratfor babezama ukumdibanisa kunye nombutho wakhe kwii-radicals zamaSilamsi, kuquka i-al-Qaida, kunye neewebhusayithi ezinovelwano kunye neengcamango ze-jihadist. Ukuba elo khonkco belinokwenziwa, yena nabo bakwintlangano yakhe bebengayi kukhuseleka ekuvalelweni.
U-Afran uthe kwingxoxo yeProjekthi yeNkcubeko wakha wanikela umnikelo kwisidlo sokunyusa imali kwi-Ancient Order of Hibernians, intlangano yamaKatolika ase-Irish. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, okothusayo, wafumana incwadi yombulelo evela kuye USinn Fรฉin. โBendingalindelanga ukuba ndinike imali kwiqela eligcina umbutho wabanqolobi, njengoko abanye abantu besitsho,โ utshilo u-Afran. โNantsi ingozi. Ungazifumana ngokulula kwimeko apho urhulumente abona kufanelekile ukuba avalelwe. Yiyo loo nto abantu beyeka ukuthetha.โ
Urhulumente uzame enkundleni kwiveki ephelileyo ukuthambisa Sami Al-Hajj, intatheli ye-intanethi yeendaba ye-Al-Jazeera eyathatyathwa ngumkhosi wase-US kwaye yavalelwa phantse iminyaka esixhenxe eGuantanamo. Eli, kum, yaba lelinye lawona maxesha anzima ekuchotshelweni kwetyala.
โUkuzibiza ngokuba uyintatheli akukwenzi ukuba ube yintatheli, njengo-Al-Hajj,โ utshilo uLoeb enkundleni. โWasebenzisa ubuntatheli njengekhava. Wayelilungu le-al-Qaida kwaye wanikezela ngemijukujelwa ye-Stinger kwi-al-Qaida. "
U-Al-Hajj, nangona uLoeb wayesitsho, akazange abekwe ityala. Kwaye intlebendwane nguLoeb ibonise kuphela amandla okusetyenziswa kakubi kweli lungiselelo le-NDAA ukuba ayitshitshiswanga.
Ingxoxo yesibini esembindini ngurhulumente yayicace ngakumbi. U-Loeb ubanga ukuba iCandelwana le-1021(e) le-NDAA likhulula abemi eluvalelweni. ICandelo le-1021(e) lithi: โAkukho nto kweli candelo eya kuthathwa njengechaphazela umthetho okhoyo okanye amagunya anxulumene nokuvalelwa kwabemi base-United States, abahlali abasemthethweni abangabahlali base-United States, okanye nabaphi na abanye abantu ababanjiweyo okanye ababanjiweyo eUnited States. Amazwe. โ
U-Afran uphendule u-Loeb esithi iCandelwana le-1021 (e) libonisa ukuba i-NDAA ithatha ukuba abemi baseMelika bazakubanjelwa emkhosini, ibhukuqa iinkulungwane ezimbini zomthetho wasekhaya owalela umkhosi ukuba wenze ubupolisa basekhaya. Kwaye ukuvalelwa emkhosini kwabemi, u-Afran waphawula, akuvumelekanga phantsi koMgaqo-siseko.
U-Afran ucaphule umxhasi ophambili we-NDAA, uSeni Lindsey Graham, RS.C., owathi phantsi kweNdlu yeeNgwevu: โKwimeko apho umntu unexhala lokucholwa lisebe elilawulayo elinobuqhophololo ngenxa yokuba uye engalunganga. Indibano yezopolitiko, akufuneki bakhathazeke ixesha elide, kuba iinkundla zethu zomdibaniso zinelungelo kunye nesibophelelo sokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyangqina ityala labo lokuba ulilungu le-al-Qaida kwaye awuzange [nje] uye ku indibano yezopolitiko.โ
U-Afran uxelele inkundla ukuba ingxelo kaGraham ivuma ngokungagungqiyo ukuba abemi base-US banokuvalelwa emkhosini phantsi ko-1021(b)(2). "Akukho sizathu sokuba umxhasi enze loo nkcazo ukuba akaqondi ukuba ummiselo ubangela uloyiko," u-Afran uxelele iijaji.
Emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala uAfran wachaza: โUkuba ilungu leNdlu yeeNgwevu elalixhasa nelilawula eli tyala lalikholelwa ukuba abantu baya kuwoyika umthetho, ngoko ngokuqinisekileyo abamangali banezizathu ezivakalayo zokoyika lo mthetho.โ
Ethetha nenkundla uAfran wathi ngo-1021(e): โIthi isetyenziswa kubantu baseUnited States. Icinga ukuba baza kuvalelwa phantsi komthetho othile. Umthetho kuphela esiwaziyo ngulo mthetho. Yeyiphi eminye imithetho, phambi kwalo, eyavumela umkhosi ukuba ubambe abantu kweli lizwe?โ
Lo yayingumbuzo uJaji uLohier, ngokubongozwa ngu-Afran, wawubuza uLoeb ngexesha lengxoxo. U-Loeb uvumile ukuba i-NDAA yayikuphela komthetho awayewazi ovumela umkhosi ukuba ubambe kwaye ubambe abemi baseMelika.
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