Ndimi kwigumbi lokufundela kwintolongo enokhuseleko oluphezulu. Yiklasi yokuqala yesiqingatha sonyaka. Ndijongene nabafundi abayi-20. Bachithe iminyaka, ngamanye amaxesha amashumi eminyaka, bevalelwe. Baphuma kwezinye zezona zixeko kunye noluntu oluhlwempuzekileyo kweli lizwe. Uninzi lwabo ngabantu bebala.
Kwiinyanga ezine ezizayo baya kufunda iintanda-bulumko zezopolitiko ezifana Plato, Aristotle, UThomas Hobbes, Niccolรฒ Machiavelli, UFriedrich nietzsche, UKarl Marx kwaye UJohn Locke, ezo zihlala zigatywa njenge-anachronistic yinkcubeko yasekhohlo.
Asikuko ukuba ukugxekwa kwezi zithandi zobulumko azichananga. Bamfanyekiswe lucalucalulo lwabo, njengoko nathi simfanyekiswe lucalucalulo lwethu. Babenomkhwa wokuphakamisa iinkcubeko zabo ngaphezu kwezinye. Babehlala bekhusela ubudoda, babenobuhlanga kwaye kwimeko kaPlato no-Aristotle, baxhasa ibutho lamakhoboka.
Zinokuthini ezi zithandi zobulumko kwimiba esijongene nayo-ulawulo lweshishini lehlabathi, ingxaki yemozulu, imfazwe yenyukliya kunye nendalo yedijithali apho ulwazi, luhlala lusenziwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bubuxoki, luhambahamba kwihlabathi lonke ngoko nangoko? Ngaba ezi ngcinga ziintsalela zamandulo? Akukho mntu kwisikolo sezonyango ofunda i-19th imibhalo yezonyango yenkulungwane. I-Psychoanalysis iye yahamba ngaphaya kukaSigmund Freud. Iingcali zefiziksi ziye zahambela phambili ukusuka kumthetho ka-Isaac Newton wokuhamba ukuya kubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo kunye nobuchwephesha be-quantum. Iingcali zezoqoqosho azisekho nzulu UJohn stuart lokusila.
Kodwa ukufunda ifilosofi yezopolitiko, kunye nokuziphatha, kwahlukile. Hayi iimpendulo, kodwa imibuzo. Imibuzo ayikatshintshi ukusukela oko uPlato wabhalayo โRi phablikhi.โ Yintoni ubulungisa? Ngaba lonke uluntu luyabola ngokungenakuphepheka? Ngaba singababhali bobomi bethu? Okanye ngaba ikamva lethu limiselwa ngamandla angaphaya kwamandla ethu, uthotho lweengozi ezinethamsanqa okanye ezilishwa? Amandla kufuneka asasazwe njani? Ngaba igosa laseburhulumenteni elilungileyo, njengoko uPlato waxoxayo, isithandi sobulumko ukumkani - inguqulelo efihlakeleyo kaPlato - obeka inyaniso nokufunda ngaphezu kokubawa kunye nenkanuko kwaye oyiqondayo inyaniso? Okanye, njengoko uAristotle wayekholelwa ukuba, ngaba igosa laseburhulumenteni elilungileyo linobuchule bokusebenzisa igunya yaye linengqiqo ecingisisiweyo? Ziziphi iimpawu ezifunekayo ukuze sisebenzise amandla? UMacavelli uthi ezi ziquka ukuziphatha okubi, ukukhohlisa kunye nobundlobongela. UHobbes ubhala ukuba emfazweni, ubundlobongela nobuqhetseba buba bubuhle. Yiyiphi imikhosi enokuthi ilungelelaniswe ukugoba amandla e Demos, abantu, nxamnye nabalawuli, ukuze kuqinisekiswe okusesikweni? Zithini iindima nemisebenzi yethu njengabemi? Sifanele sibafundise njani abaselula? Kunini apho kuvumelekileyo ukwaphula umthetho? Luthintelwa njani okanye lubhukuqwe njani ubuzwilakhe? Ngaba indalo yomntu, njengoko amaJacobins namakomanisi ayekholelwa, inokuguqulwa? Sisikhusela njani isidima nenkululeko yethu? Yintoni ubuhlobo? Yintoni equka isidima? Yintoni ububi? Yintoni uthando? Sibuchaza njani ubomi obulungileyo? Ngaba ukho uThixo? Ukuba uThixo akakho, ngaba sifanele sithobele imilinganiselo yokuziphatha?
Le mibuzo indudumo ukutyhubela izizukulwana, ibuzwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo naphantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ezona zifilosofi zanamhlanje, kuquka UFranz Fanon Umbhali Intlungu Yomhlaba, bakha iziseko zabo kwiziseko zezithandi zobulumko zobupolitika ezazingaphambi kwabo. Kwimeko kaFanon kwaba njalo UFriedrich Hegel. Njengoko uVladimir Lenin watsho ngokuchanekileyo ngoMarx, uninzi lweengcamango zakhe zinokulandwa kwiintanda-bulumko zangaphambili. UPaul Freire, umbhali we "IPedagogy yabacinezelekileyo,โ wafunda intanda-bulumko. UHannah Arendt, owabhala "I-Origins of Totalitarianism,โ yayingene nzulu kwi amaGrike amandulo kwaye UAgasine.
โNgenene kunzima yaye kuyalahlekisa ukuthetha ngezobupolitika nangemigaqo yayo engaphakathi ngaphandle kokutsala umkhamo othile kumava amandulo amaGrike namaRoma, yaye oku kungesosizathu esinye ngaphandle kokuba abantu abazange, nokuba ngaphambi okanye emva koko, bacinge ngolo hlobo. yezobupolitika kwaye yanika isidima esikhulu kummandla wayoโ u-Arendt ubhala athi โPhakathi Kwexesha Elidlulileyo Nekamva."
ICornel West, yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwixesha lethu iintanda-bulumko zokuziphatha, owakha wandiluleka ngokungasifundi isithandi sobulumko saseJamani Arthur Schopenhauer, iqhelekile buhlungu Kwiyadi, owafundisa eHarvard, kwaye Imanuel Kant njengoko eqhubeka WEB DuBois, Fanon, Malcolm X kwaye iintsimbi zokugweba iintsimbi.
Izithandi zobulumko zamandulo zazingengobantu baprofeta. Ababaninzi kuthi abanokufuna ukuhlala kwiriphabliki yolawulo lukaPlato, ingakumbi amabhinqa, okanye โiLeviyatanโ kaHobbes, isandulela samazwe angoozwilakhe awabakho ngenkulungwane yama-20. UMarx ngobuchule wayelindele ukuba amandla ongxowankulu behlabathi abone ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo nombono wakhe, kuya kubutyumza ubusoshiyali. Kodwa ukungazinaki ezi zintanda-bulumko zobupolitika, ukuzigxotha ngenxa yeentsilelo zazo kunokuba sizifundele iingqiqo zazo kukuziqhawula kwiingcambu zethu zobukrelekrele. Ukuba asazi apho sivela khona, asinakukwazi apho siya khona.
Ukuba asikwazi ukubuza le mibuzo isisiseko, ukuba asikhange sibonakalise kwezi ngqikelelo, ukuba asiyiqondi indalo yomntu, sizibeka phantsi amandla. Siba ngabantu abangafundanga kwezopolitiko bamfanyekiswe yimbali yokulibala. Kungenxa yoko le nto ufundo lwabantu lubalulekile. Yiyo loo nto ke ukuvalwa kwamasebe eyunivesithi kunye nefilosofi kuluphawu oloyikekayo lokungena kwethu kwinkcubeko kunye nokufa kwengqondo.
Ithiyori yezopolitiko ayikho malunga nezopolitiko. Imalunga nentsingiselo yayo. Imalunga nondoqo wamandla, indlela asebenza ngayo kunye nendlela azigcina ngayo. Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo ebomini, njengoko uSocrates noPlato besikhumbuza, ayisosenzo, kodwa kukucamngca, ukuphinda ubulumko obubhalwe kwintanda-bulumko yasempumalanga. Asinakulitshintsha ihlabathi ukuba asikwazi ukuliqonda. Ngokugaya kunye nokugxeka iifilosofi zexesha elidlulileyo, siba ngabacingeli abazimeleyo ngoku. Siyakwazi ukucacisa imilinganiselo neenkolelo zethu, ngokufuthi ngokuchasene noko ezi zithandi zobulumko zamandulo zazikukhuthaza.
Kwiklasi yam yokuqala, ndathetha ngomahluko ka-Aristotle phakathi kommi olungileyo nomntu olungileyo. Ukunyaniseka komntu olungileyo akukho kurhulumente. Umntu olungileyo โwenza aze aphile ngesidima kwaye ufumana ulonwabo kobo kulunga.โ Ummi olungileyo, kwelinye icala, uchazwa ngokuthanda izwe kunye nokuthobela urhulumente. Umntu olungileyo, njengoSocrates okanye UMartin Luther King, Jr. ngokungenakuphepheka ungquzulana norhulumente xa ebona urhulumente ejikela ecaleni kokulungileyo. Umntu olungileyo udla ngokugqalwa njengovukelayo. Umntu olungileyo akafane avuzwe okanye avuzwe ngurhulumente. La mawonga agcinelwe ummi olungileyo, okhampasi yakhe yokuziphatha ijikelezwe ngabanamandla.
Ingcamango yommi olungileyo kunye nomntu olungileyo unomdla kwiklasi, kuba urhulumente, ukususela ebuntwaneni babo, unamandla anobutshaba. Ihlabathi langaphandle alibajongi abo bavalelweyo, yaye ngokufuthi namahlwempu, njengabemi abalungileyo. Bakhutshelwe ngaphandle kulo mbutho. Njengamagqabantshintshi, bayakwazi ukuziphatha okubi kunye nohanahaniso olwenzeka kule nkqubo. Oku kwenza ukuba kucaciswe imibuzo ebuzwa zezi zithandi zobulumko zezopolitiko.
USheldon Wolin, intanda-bulumko yethu yezopolitiko ebaluleke kakhulu kwixesha langoku kunye nenqalayo, owakha wafundisa ulutsha lwaseCornel West xa wayengumgqatswa wokuqala omnyama weYunivesithi yasePrinceton kwisidanga sobugqirha kwifilosofi, usinike isigama kunye neengqikelelo zokuqonda ubuzwilakhe bamandla oshishino lwehlabathi, inkqubo ayifumeneyo. ebizwa "ubuzwilakhe obugwenxa." Njengonjingalwazi eBerkeley, uWolin wayixhasa Intshukumo yeNtetho yasimahla. UWolin, ngelixa wayefundisa ePrinceton, wayengomnye wonjingalwazi abambalwa ababexhasa abafundi abahlala kwizakhiwo ukuqhankqalaza. Ucalucalulo lwaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngaxa lithile, uWolin wandixelela, abanye oonjingalwazi kwisebe lenzululwazi yezopolitiko ePrinceton bala ukuthetha naye.
Ukugxeka okunzulu kukaWolin kwakusekelwe kwezi zifilosofi zezopolitiko, njengoko ebhala kumsebenzi wakhe wobumantyi, "Ezopolitiko kunye noMbono,โ nto leyo efundwa ngabafundi bam.
UWolin ubhala athi: โImbali yeengcinga zezopolitiko, luthotho lwamagqabaza, ngamanye amaxesha athandeka, asoloko enobutshaba, ekuqaleni kwawo.โ
Ungabona udliwanondlebe lweyure ezintathu endilwenzile noWolin ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe Apha.
Wolin uthi โimbono engokwembali iphumelela ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enye ekubhenceni imeko esikuyo ngoku; ukuba asingomthombo wobulumko bezobupolitika, yimeko yangaphambili.โ
I-neoliberalism njengethiyori yezoqoqosho, ubhala athi, bubudenge. Akukho nasinye kwizithembiso zayo ezizukiswayo esinokwenzeka nakude kudala. Ukugxininisa ubutyebi ezandleni ze-oligarchic elite yehlabathi-i-1.2 ipesenti yabemi behlabathi ubambeI-47.8 yepesenti yobutyebi bekhaya behlabathi - ngelixa idiliza ulawulo kunye nemimiselo karhulumente, idala ukungalingani okukhulu kwengeniso kunye namandla okuxhamla. Iphembelela ubugqwirha bezopolitiko kwaye itshabalalisa idemokhrasi. Kodwa ingqiqo yezoqoqosho ayiyonjongo. Inqaku le-neoliberalism kukubonelela nge-ideological inshorensi yokwandisa ubutyebi kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko ezilawulayo ii-oligarchs.
Le yingongoma kaMarx edumileyo xa ebhala kweyakhe Ezi ziseFeuerbach:
Iingcamango zeqela elilawulayo kwixesha ngalinye iingcamango ezilawulayo, oko kukuthi iklasi enegunya elilawulayo loluntu, kwangaxeshanye linamandla alo engqondo elawulayo. Iklasi eneendlela zokuvelisa izinto eziphathekayo, inokulawula ngexesha elifanayo malunga neendlela zokuvelisa ngengqondo, ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo, iingcamango zalabo abangenayo indlela yokuvelisa ingqondo zixhomekeke kuyo. Iingcamango ezilawulayo azikho ngaphezu kokubonakaliswa okufanelekileyo kobudlelwane obuphezulu bezinto eziphathekayo, ubudlelwane obuphezulu bezinto eziphathekayo bubanjwe njengemibono.
Njengengcinga elawulayo, i-neoliberalism yaba yimpumelelo eqaqambileyo. Ukuqala ngeminyaka yee-1970, yayoKeynesian abagxeki abaqhelekileyo bagxothwa kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, kumaziko karhulumente kunye nemibutho yezemali efana neNgxowa-mali yeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IMF) kunye neBhanki yehlabathi, kwaye yavalwa ngaphandle kosasazo. UWolin, owakha wanegalelo rhoqo kwiimpapasho ezifana neNew York Review of Books, wafumanisa ukuba ngenxa yokuthanda kwakhe neoliberalism, wayenobunzima bokupapasha. Izimo zengqondo ezifana UMilton Friedman baye banikwa amaqonga abalulekileyo kunye nenkxaso-mali eninzi yeshishini. Basasaza i-mantra esemthethweni ye-fringe, iithiyori zezoqoqosho ezingavumelekanga ezithandwayo UFriedrich Hayek kunye nombhali wenqanaba lesithathu, Ayn irandi. Sakuba siguqe phambi komyalelo wemarike kwaye saphakamisa imimiselo karhulumente, sanciphisa irhafu kwizityebi, savumela ukuhamba kwemali kwimida, satshabalalisa imibutho yabasebenzi kwaye satyikitya izivumelwano zorhwebo ezithumela imisebenzi kwiisweatshops eMexico nase China, ihlabathi liya kuba nolonwabo ngakumbi. , indawo ekhululekileyo netyebileyo. Yayiyi-con. Kodwa yasebenza.
Iimbono, nangona kunjalo zinokuthi zibonakale eluntwini, zibalulekile. Ezi ngcinga zibumba uluntu, nokuba uninzi eluntwini aluqhelananga namasuntswana kunye neenkcukacha zezi nkcazo-bungcali.
โIingcamango zengcali ngezoqoqosho nezentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, xa zichanile naxa ziphosakele, zinamandla ngakumbi kunokuba ngokuqhelekileyo kuqondwa,โ bhalas ingcali yezoqoqosho uJohn Maynard Keynes. โEneneni ihlabathi lilawulwa ngabanye abantu. Amadoda asebenzayo, akholelwa ukuba akhululwe ngokupheleleyo kuzo naziphi na iimpembelelo zobukrelekrele, adla ngokuba ngamakhoboka engcali yezoqoqosho engasekhoyo. Amageza asemagunyeni, abeva amazwi emoyeni, ayawasusa umsindo wawo kumbhali othile wezemfundo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.โ
Uninzi lwemisebenzi emikhulu yefilosofi yezopolitiko ibhalwe ngexesha lobunzima. Ukuwohloka koluntu, imfazwe, uvukelo-mbuso kunye nokuwohloka kwamaziko noqoqosho, kuzitshitshisa iinkqubo zeenkolelo ezisekiweyo kwaye zenza zibe lilize iintetho nezilogeni ezisetyenziselwa ukuzithethelela. Oku kungazinzi kunye nokuguquguquka kuzisa iimbono ezintsha, iikhonsepthi ezintsha, iimpendulo ezintsha kwimibuzo emidala. Ingcamango yezobupolitika, njengoko uWolin ebhala, โayisosithethe nje sokufunyanwa njengentsingiselo eyandisiweyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.โ
Iimpendulo kwimibuzo ephambili ebuzwa zizithandi zobulumko zezopolitiko ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko. Iimpendulo kwiklasi yam yasentolongweni aziyi kufana nezo zikwigumbi lokufundela leyunivesiti ekumgangatho ophezulu apho baphuma khona abafundi, kwaye bafune ukuba yinxalenye yodidi olulawulayo. Abafundi bam baphendula kwiziganeko ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Iimpendulo zabo ziphuma kukungabikho kokusesikweni nokubandezeleka bona neentsapho zabo abakunyamezeleyo. Bayazi kakuhle i-perfidy yodidi olulawulayo. Ukongamela kwabaMhlophe, ukuchithwa kwemizi-mveliso, ukuwa kwenkqubo yezobulungisa, imikhosi yangaphakathi yomsebenzi egrogrisa uluntu lwazo kunye nentlupheko ayizozinto ezithathayo. Izisombululo abazamkelayo ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kubhukuqa.
Udidi olulawulayo, njengodidi olulawulayo kuyo yonke imbali, lufuna ukugcina amahlwempu nabacinezelweyo bengafundanga ngesizathu. Abafuni ukuba abo balahlwe luluntu banikwe ulwimi, iikhonsepthi kunye nezixhobo zengqondo zokulwa.
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Nikela