Ukunyuka kwasekhohlo eLatin America kubonakala kuncipha. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2015 uJimmy Morales, umgqatswa obambeleyo eGuatemala, woyise uSandra Torres obheke eKhohlo kunyulo lukamongameli. Ngomhla wama-22 kaNovemba, uMauricio Macri, umgqatswa wobumongameli ogcinayo eArgentina, woyisa uDaniel Scioli, imbangi yakhe yePeronist, ngomda omncinci, ukuphelisa ixesha elide lokunyuka kweLeft phantsi kooMongameli uNestor Kirchner kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uCristina Fernandez de Kirchner. NgoDisemba 6, iqela likaNicholas Maduro, owalandela uHugo Chavez kunye nommeli weBolivarian Revolution, waphulukana nolawulo lwepalamente yaseVenezuela emva kweminyaka eyi-17. Kwaye eBrazil, uMongameli u-Dilma Rousseff, owangena ezihlangwini zikaLuiz Inacio Lula da Silva, akabandakanyekanga kuphela kwidabi lokugxeka, kodwa uye wabona ukwehla okukhulu ekuthandeni kwakhe.
Kuyinyaniso ukuba, phakathi kwenguqu jikelele yaseLeftward kwiLatin America, bekukho iiyantlukwano ezibaluleke kakhulu, apho iBolivia, iVenezuela ne-Ecuador (ingabalwa iCuba ekwinqanaba elahlukileyo xa iyonke) icace ngakumbi kuLuhlo lwazo lweNxele kuneBrazil neArgentina; ngenxa yoko, kunokuxoxwa ukuba, ukushiya ukutshatyalaliswa kweqela likaMaduro, "i-core Left" isagcina isikhundla sayo esiphezulu. Kukwayinyani ukuba, nokuba sithatha "undoqo waKhohlo" okanye ulwakhiwo oluya eKhohlo, uKhohlo ngokubanzi lusalawula iindawo ezinkulu zelizwekazi. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, inyaniso yokuba ukunyuka kweLeft kuyehla akunakuphikiswa. Kwaye akunakufane kube yintuthuzelo into yokuba kumbindi weMelika apho kukho oorhulumente abaliqela lasekunene, kubandakanya ngakumbi eMexico, ilahleko efanayo yenkxaso koorhulumente abanjalo, bonke ababotshwe ziingxaki zentlalo nezopolitiko, nazo ziyabonakala. .
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ubunzima bobungxowankulu behlabathi bube nefuthe elibi kwiLatin America (kule kamva) elithe labafaka bonke oorhulumente abaphetheyo, nokuba ngabasekunene okanye ngasekhohlo engxakini enkulu; kodwa uKhohlo obekumele ukuba ujonge ngaphaya kobukapitali, kwaye kungoko ungaphambuki ekuzameni uhlaziyo lwezakhiwo, bekufanele ukuba ube kwindawo yokuwuqaphela lo mngeni kwaye uthabathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuchasa. Into yokuba ayenze njalo ngumcimbi oxhalabisayo, nokuba iLungelo liqhuba kakuhle okanye kakubi kangakanani na naphi na apho lilawula khona. Kwaye oku kusizisa kumda osembindini wokunyuka okuKhohlo eLatin America.
Ngokubanzi, i-neo-liberalism yafika kwi-Latin America nokuba iphantsi kolawulo lomkhosi okanye phantsi kolawulo lwezopolitiko olunegunya ngokugqithisileyo. Kwaye ifuthe elibi loqoqosho lweniyo-liberalism kwinginginya yabantu ayizange ivele ngenxa yayo nayiphi na into. ingxaki yobungxowankulu behlabathi kodwa ngenxa yengxaki ethile yaseLatin America, oko kukuthi, i-elite yasekhaya eyatshintshela ubutyebi bayo kwiibhanki zaseMelika phantsi kweemeko ezintsha "zokukhululwa kwezoqoqosho". Unobangela wengxaki yamatyala eLatin America ulele apho, hayi kuko nakuphi na ukuwohloka kwemeko yehlabathi kodwa kwinto yokuba ilizwe liboleke kwiibhanki zaseMelika ukuze likwazi ukuxhasa ngemali inqwelo moya ebuyela kwakwezo bhanki zifanayo. Enyanisweni kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60 pesenti yetyala le-Latin America lenzelwa ukuxhasa ngemali uhambo lwenkunzi ye-Latin American etyebileyo ukuya kwiibhanki ze-metropolitan. Ingxaki yamatyala iye yazisa โiimekoโ ezenzakalisa amahlwempu kunye nabakumgangatho ophakathi. I-neo-liberalism eLatin America ngamanye amagama yayinxulunyaniswa zombini ngolawulo-melo lwezopolitiko (kubandakanywa nolona hlobo lubulalayo) kwaye ubunzima obukhulu bezoqoqosho ebantwini.
IMISEBENZI YEMBALI
Ngaloo ndlela iNxele kuLatin America yaphathiswa imisebenzi emibini eyimbali; kwaye ukunyuka kweKhohlo kwakungenxa yokuba iyodwa yayikwazi ukuzalisekisa le misebenzi mibini kwaye ithwele ukuthembeka nabantu abakweli nqaku. Le misebenzi mibini yayi: ukubuyiselwa kwedemokhrasi, kunye nokunciphisa ukubandezeleka kwabantu phantsi kweniyo-liberalism. Inyaniso yokuba kumazwe ngamazwe, iimbumba zezopolitiko zasekhohlo zemithunzi eyahlukahlukeneyo zonyulwa ukuba zilawule ngabantu yayingenxa yokuba amatsha ntliziyo aseNxele aye abulawa, angcungcuthekiswa kwaye evalelwa phantsi korhulumente wobuzwilakhe, kwaye kuyo yonke loo nto aye ayichasanga neo-liberalism ngelixa efuna amalungelo edemokhrasi. kunye namaziko.
Akukho mathandabuzo okuba amaqela ezopolitiko eNxele, xa lilonke, alifezekisile igunya lawo. Idemokhrasi yaphinda yaziswa yaza yakhuthazwa kulo lonke ilizwekazi; ngenene ukoyiswa kweNxele kumazwe amaninzi okwenzekayo ngoku kububungqina bokuqina amaziko edemokhrasi aqale ngawo ukusebenza. Oorhulumente abasandula ukunyulwa be-Right-wing ngokuqinisekileyo abayi kuzinikela kakhulu kumaziko edemokhrasi ukuba bangaziva behendelwa ukuba bawacime, ukuthintela uKhohlo ukuba abuyele kulawulo kwixesha elizayo. Kodwa babeza kukufumanisa kunzima xa bejongene nokuchaswa okudumileyo kuko nakuphi na ukubhangiswa kwedemokhrasi. Kwaye ekuveliseni eso simo sengqondo sithandwayo, iLatin American Left idlale indima ebalulekileyo.
Ngokunjalo, phantse kulo lonke ilizwekazi kuye kwakho imilinganiselo yolwabiwo ngokutsha kunye nemilinganiselo ejolise ekunikeni isiqabu kwabahluphekileyo. Okona kwaziwa kakhulu kwezi ibe yinkqubo yeBolsa Familia eyaqalwa nguMongameli uLula eBrazil ebonelela ngokugqithiselwa kwemali kwabahlwempuzekileyo, kodwa kukho uluhlu lwezinye iinkqubo ezithe zaziswa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kumazwe aqelelene njengeGuatemala kwaye Ajentina. Enyanisweni kweli lizwekazi eliye ngokwembali liphawulwe ngokungalingani okugqithisileyo kulwabiwo lwengeniso, kuye kwakho ngokutsho kolunye uqikelelo oluthile lokwehla kokungalingani ngexesha lokunyuka kweKhohlo.
ISICWANGCISO SOKWAHLULWA KWAKHONA
Isiseko sempumelelo yoqoqosho lwe-Latin American Left, nangona kunjalo, sabonelelwa ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso eemveliso zehlabathi. I-Brazil izuze kwiimveliso zayo zezimbiwa ezithunyelwa e-China uqoqosho lwayo belugqugqisile kwaye inyuse amaxabiso. I-Ecuador, iBolivia kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo iVenezuela yayingamazwe athumela ioyile kwaye iArgentina ngokwesiko ibiyeyona ndawo iphambili yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukunyuka kwexabiso lemveliso ephambili kwiminyaka yangaphambili yale nkulungwane ngoko ke kume uqoqosho lwaseLatin America endaweni elungileyo; kwaye into eyenziwa ngoorhulumente baseKhohlo kukuqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso evela kwicandelo lemveliso yorhwebo ayisahluthwa zizityebi kodwa ijikelwe, ngokuyinxenye, isiya kumahlwempu. Oorhulumente baseKhohlo ngokufutshane balandele iqhinga lokusasaza ngokutsha ukuze kuxhamle abahluphekayo ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto zorhwebo kwihlabathi. Le ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeyompumelelo ingenamsebenzi kwaye akufanelekanga ukuba iphoswe. Kodwa into abangayenzanga kukuzisa naluphi na utshintsho kuqoqosho olunokuthi luthintele abantu ekwehleni kwamaxabiso ngexesha elizayo.
Okwexeshana, njengoko amaxabiso eoyile ehla kakhulu, amanye amaxabiso eemveliso eziphambili abambelele ngenxa yokuba ukukhula kweTshayina kuqhubekile nokukhawuleza, ngenxa yexabiso le-asethi apho, ngaphandle kobunzima boqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kodwa njengoko iqamza liye lawa kwaye ingxaki yasasazeka ukuya e-China nakwamanye uqoqosho lwase-Asia, singasathethi ke ngeIndiya, onke amaxabiso ezinto eziphambili aqala ukuhla, nto leyo eyabangela ingxaki yezoqoqosho kumazwe aseLatin America, apho oorhulumente abakhoyo babethweswe uxanduva ngurhulumente. abantu.
Nale nyani ngokwayo, yabantu ababambe oorhulumente basekhohlo abajongene nengxaki yezoqoqosho, ibonakalisa ukungakwazi kweLatin American ukuhlanganisa abantu njengezopolitiko. izifundo, ngokwahlukileyo ekwenzeni ukuba babe ngabaxhamli kurhulumente omkhulu. Ubukhulu obunjalo ngokungathandabuzekiyo luye lwaba luphuculo lwentlalontle kodwa akwanelanga ukuba uKhohlo athathe indima yokuba ngumboneleli wentlalontle nje; injongo yawo imele ibe kukwenza abantu babe ngabantu abanomdla kwimbali kungekhona nje izinto ezibhetele eziphathekayo.
Umxholo omtsha wenza umngeni omkhulu kwiKhohlo, kungekhona nje kumazwe apho ilahlekelwe khona amandla, kodwa ngakumbi kumazwe aqhubeka elawula. Umbuzo ophakamayo: yintoni enokuyenza iNxele apho isalawula khona? Umsebenzi wezopolitiko ngokuqinisekileyo kukuchazela abantu imeko yokwenyani kunye nokuvuselela amaziko amandla abantu anokuthi asebenze njengetshekhi koorhulumente basekhohlo ngokwabo, ngakumbi ekubeni urhwaphilizo luye lwavela njengesikhalazo esibalulekileyo. Kodwa yintoni enokwenziwa kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho?
Enye yeendlela ezicacileyo zokuba ukuhla kwamaxabiso eemveliso eziphambili kwenza impembelelo yako ivakale kukunqongophala kotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ukuxhasa ngezimali ukuthengwa kwempahla evela kumazwe angaphandle. Oku kubangela ukuhla kwamandla emali, ukuhla kwexabiso lemali nto leyo iqhubela phambili ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nokunqongophala kwezinto eziyimfuneko. Kwangaxeshanye, imivuzo ethotyiweyo, ngenxa yokuhla kwemfuno yorhwebo ephambili, ibangela ukudodobala koqoqosho, ukudodobala nokungaqeshwa. Ugcino lotshintshiselwano lwamazwe angaphandle ukuze kuthengwe izinto eziyimfuneko kumazwe angaphandle, kunye nothintelo lokuphuma kwemali yangaphandle, nokuba ngokuphandle okanye ngokufihlakeleyo, ngabanini butyebi bathintele ukuhla kwexabiso lonaniselwano, yimiba efuna eyona njongo iphambili.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abaninzi abangasekhohlo baye baxoxa bexhasa ukwenziwa kweebhanki kurhulumente kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, koorhulumente abasele benengxaki, ukwenza izigqibo ezinjalo kwandisa isisongelo sokuxhathisa nokuphelelwa yinkxaso. Kodwa, koorhulumente baseLatin American ekhohlo, ixesha langoku lifuna inyathelo eliqinisekileyo.
UNicholas Maduro utyhola iUnited States ngokuqhuba "imfazwe yezoqoqosho" ngokumelene neVenezuela; kwaye inikwe inyani yokuba ebusweni bokuhla kwamaxabiso e-oyile i-OPEC yalile ukucutha imveliso (eya kunyusa amaxabiso) ngenxa yokuma okungqongqo kweSaudi Arabia, ihlakani lase-US, kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba. I-US inomdla wokudodobalisa uqoqosho lwaseRussia kunye noluhlu lonke lwamazwe aseLatin America alawulwa ngasekhohlo angabathengisi be-oyile ngaphandle. Kodwa ke yintoni enye umntu anokuyilindela kuma impiriyali? Uhlaselo lwayo kufuneka luxhathise, njengoko bebeseCuba ixesha elide.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 amagqabantshintshi
Ekuphela kwenxalenye ehlayo yokwanda kweLatin America "Ekhohlo" kukuthembela kwiinkqubo zolawulo olungenademokhrasi kunye neemarike ze-neoliberal ukuqhubela phambili inguqu. Kodwa, le nto intle kwaye ibonisa imfuneko yolwimi lokususa inguqu engaphaya kongxowankulu kunye nolawulo olumeleyo ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Ukutshintsha kwawo umhlaba ngamandla abantu okudala kunokuba athathe amandla okusekwa acwangciswe ngokwemigangatho.