I-malaise enzulu echaza uluntu lwaseMelika - ukuthukuthela, ukuphelelwa lithemba kunye neemvakalelo ezixhaphakileyo zokungcatsha kunye nokulahlekelwa - ayifane ibanjwe kwaye iphantse ichazwe kumaphepha amaphephandaba okanye kwizikrini. Ukuze siqonde okwenzekileyo eUnited States, iindleko ezimanyumnyezi zezoqoqosho nezeemvakalelo zokuyeka ushishino; ukutshatyalaliswa kwamaziko ethu edemokhrasi; ubundlobongela be-Neolithic obusibona sijongene nokudutyulwa kwabantu abaninzi phantse yonke imihla kwiivenkile ezinkulu, iiofisi, izikolo kunye nemiboniso bhanyabhanya; ukunyuka kombuso womkhosi; kunye nokudityaniswa kobutyebi besizwe liqela elincinane labarhwebi kunye namaqumrhu abonakeleyo, kufuneka sibhenele kumagcisa ethu, iimbongi kunye nababhali bethu. Oyena uphambili kubabhali abaphonononga i-zeitgeist yethu yaseMelika ngunoveli uRussell Banks, owasweleka nge-7 kaJanuwari eneminyaka engama-82.
Inoveli yakhe "Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi” ubalisa ibali likaBob Dubois, oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala olungisa izitshisi zeoyile zaseNew Hampshire oyisa usapho lwakhe eFlorida ngomzamo onzima wokuyibetha ibe sisityebi, kunye noVanise Dorinville, umphambukeli waseHaiti, owabaleka eHaiti ngesikhephe esixineneyo esiya. eUnited States kwaye unyamezele ukudlwengulwa, ukusebenza ngenkani kunye nokurhaxwa komntwana wakhe nomtshana wakhe. Ngale migca mibini yeyelenqe, iiBhanki zidibanisa isithembiso esimenyezelayo saseMelika ngokuchasene nokungakhathali kwayo.
“Okukhona umntu ethengisa ngobomi bakhe obaziwayo, lowo uphambi kwakhe oze kuye ngokuzalwa kunye neengozi kunye nezehlo zobutsha, kokukhona erhweba ngamaphupha obomi obutsha, kokukhona eyancipha amandla akhe; ” Iibhanki ubhala. “UBob Dubois uyakukholelwa oku ngoku. Kodwa uwele kwindawo emnyama, ebandayo apho iindonga zicwengile kwaye zityibilika, kwaye zonke iindlela zokuphuma zivaliwe. Uyedwa. Kuya kufuneka ahlale apha, ukuba uya kuhlala konke. Le yindlela umntu olungileyo aphulukana ngayo nokulunga kwakhe.”
Le noveli sisityholo esikhohlakeleyo seyantlukwano eyakhiwe lumanyano lwehlabathi, ubuhlanga, udidi kunye neenkqubo zezopolitiko. Kwabhalwa, njengoko uBanks ephawula kumgca wokugqibela wale ncwadi, "ukutshabalalisa ihlabathi njengoko linjalo." Kwi "Ukubandezeleka” oyena mdlali uphambili, uWade Whitehouse, uhlala kwinqwelwana eyonakeleyo kwaye usebenza imisebenzi engaqhelekanga. Kwi "Okumnandi Emva Kokufa,” abantu basemaphandleni bothuswe yingozi yebhasi yesikolo eye yabulala abantwana abali-14. Kwaye kwezinye iinoveli ezimbini, "Inkumbulo elahlekileyo yolusu"Ulawulo lwethambo,” malunga nenkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala exhatshazwe ngokwesini engenakhaya, uBanks usebenzisa imeko elusizi yolutsha olungakwaziyo ukubhenca uhanahaniso, ukuzimela geqe nokungavisisani kwabantu abadala.
Iibhanki ziphinde zajika ukujonga kwakhe amagcisa ngendlela ekhohlakeleyo nengayekeleliyo, njengoko wenzayo kwinoveli yakhe "Phambili” apho amacandelo ale ncwadi abhalwe nge-autobiographical. Ibhalwe ngeliso lomenzi wefilimu owaziwayo obulawa ngumhlaza, isifo esathatha ubomi beBhanki. Ijongisisa kwiimpembelelo zamagcisa ngokuzingca, amaqhinga enkumbulo, iintsomi esizisebenzisayo ukwakha abantu bethu abayintsomi, iindlela ubutyebi obunokusifunxa kwaye busingcolise, iinguqulelo zokuzingca ezisenza sahlukane nabo sibathandayo, uloyiko olunzulu lokuzingca. ukungathandwa kunye neengcamango eziziintloko ezithi kwangoko zibe ngumtsalane nesiqalekiso solutsha.
"Ixesha, njengomhlaza, lidla ubomi bethu," ubhala athi kwi "Foregone." "Xa ungenakamva kwaye okwangoku alikho, ngaphandle nje kokwazi, yonke into onayo yeyakho yangaphambili. Kwaye ukuba, njengoFife, ixesha lakho elidlulileyo libubuxoki, yintsomi, akunakuthiwa ukho, ngaphandle kokuba ngumlinganiswa oyintsomi. "
Iibhanki zazingenalo inkohliso malunga nendalo yomntu okanye ukungathathi hlangothi kokuziphatha kwendalo iphela.
Ubhala athi: “Kuzo zonke izilwanyana ezikwesi sijikelezi-langa, ngokuqinisekileyo sesona sibi, abona banenkohliso, abona babulalayo nabakhohlakeleyo.” “Ngaphezu koThixo wethu, okanye ngenxa yakhe. Zombini.”
Iibhanki zakhulela ebuhlwempu. Waphuma kwiYunivesithi yaseColgate - apho wayenikwe imali yokufunda epheleleyo - emva kweeveki ezisibhozo waza wakhwela inqwelo-mafutha kwisiphango sekhephu esiya eMiami, eFlorida. Icebo lakhe yayikukuya eCuba ayokulwa noFidel Castro. Ngexesha lokufika kwakhe eFlorida, iCuban Revolution yayiphelile. Oku kwaba lithamsanqa, wathi, njengoko wayengenalo nofifi lokuya eCuba esuka eFlorida kwaye engathethi iSpanish. Wayesebenza njengomsebenzi, kubandakanywa nomntu olungisa imannequin kwivenkile yesebe leWadi yaseMontgomery naseNew Hampshire kunye noyise, owayesebenza ngemibhobho yamanzi kunye nombhobho. U-Earl Banks wayengunxila owayexhaphaza unyana wakhe, wambetha xa wayeneminyaka emibini kwaye wonakalisa iliso lakhe lasekhohlo. UBhanki uthe kwangoko "wamthiya kwaye wanqula" uyise, owashiya usapho xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesibini. Iinoveli zakhe zihlala ziqulathe ubudlelwane phakathi kootata noonyana.
Banks ubhala ngokunyaniseka okukhohlakeleyo kwiinoveli zakhe, amabali amafutshane kunye nescreenplays malunga nemizabalazo kunye namaphupha angenakufikeleleka abo bebekade bejongelwe phantsi, bengahoywanga kwaye bephethwe ziidemon luluntu ngokubanzi. Ubenza babonakale abo bangabonwayo. Akazange athande abantu abahluphekayo kunye nabaphantsi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye unovelwano olunzulu kunye nothando kwabo ababonisayo - abo bahlala emaphethelweni kwiipaki zetreyila, amagqala aseVietnam abonakeleyo, ababengamabanjwa, abagxothwayo, abafuduki kunye nabantu bemibala, ngakumbi. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ubeka uhlanga kunye neklasi embindini wokuqonda kwakhe uluntu lwaseMelika. Bambalwa ababhali beli xesha okanye amagcisa kulo naluphi na uhlobo enze okungakumbi ukubalisa ibali, okanye abuyise ubuntu nesidima, kwabo balahlelwe bucala kwaye banyeliswe kuluntu lwaseMelika.
Umsebenzi obalaseleyo weBhanki yinoveli yakhe "Cloudsplitter”, Ibali eliyintsomi lobomi bombhangisa kunye nomvukeli uJohn Brown. Isihloko sencwadi sithatyathwe kwi translation yeAlgonquin igama, iTahawus, yeMount Marcy, eyona ncopho iphakamileyo kwi-Adirondacks kumantla eNew York apho yayijonge phezulu kwifama kaBrown. Iibhanki, njengazo zonke iinoveli zakhe, zenze izixa ezimangalisayo zophando. Kukho izinto ezimbalwa ezitenxileyo kubomi obunesiphithiphithi bukaBrown. Iibhanki zazihlala kumantla eNew York kufutshane nalapho uBrown angcwatyelwa khona.
Kuluhlu lwakhe lweziqwenga ezingama-22 "Ibali likaJohn Brown," elaboniswa okokuqala ngo-1941, umzobi uJacob Lawrence. yeziganeko inqanaba lesiphelo kubomi bombhangisisi kwiqela ngalinye. Eyokuqala ibonisa uBrown njengoKristu ebethelelwe emnqamlezweni negazi eliphuma ezinyaweni zakhe ezibethelelwe emhlabeni. Imiboniso elandelayo ibonisa uBrown njengendoda enokholo olukhethekileyo, ekulungele ukuhlupheka kwimali kunye nobunzima kumlo wakhe wokupheliswa. Iingoma eziphakathi zibalisa ibali lezicwangciso zikaBrown zokukhulula amakhoboka, kubandakanywa uhlaselo lwakhe olwabulala abahlali be-pro-slavery eKansas, ukuhlaselwa kwakhe okungaphumelelanga kwi-arsenal yase-US eHarpers Ferry, eVirginia; iiphaneli zokugqibela zibonisa ukubanjwa kwakhe egobile intloko, egqunywe ziinwele ezinde kwaye ebambe umnqamlezo, isigwebo sakhe kunye nokuxhonywa kwakhe okulandelayo.
Inzondelelo yenkolo kaBrown kunye nokufela ukholo kwaba yimpembelelo kwiMfazwe yamakhaya eyalandelayo. Uhlala engomnye wamanani antsokothileyo kwimbali yaseMelika, inyanda yeengxabano, indoda enesimilo esingqongqo kunye nemilinganiselo ephakamileyo, eyathi kwangaxeshanye ikwazi ukubulala abo baxhasa ubukhoboka ngenkohlakalo engapheliyo.
WEBHU Du Bois wachaza ukuphikisana okukhoyo kokubulawa kukaBrown kwintetho ka-1932 awayinikela eHarpers Ferry.
“Abanye abantu banoluvo lokuba ukubethelelwa kuhambisana nokohlwaya umntu omsulwa,” utshilo. “Undoqo wokubethelelwa emnqamlezweni kukuba abantu babulala isaphuli-mthetho, kufuneka abantu bambulale… ukanti isenzo sokumbethelela silusindiso lwehlabathi. UJohn Brown wophule umthetho; wabulala abantu…Abo bantu babekhusela ubukhoboka kwafuneka babulale uJohn Brown nangona babesazi ukuba ngokumbulala babesenza olona lwaphulo-mthetho lukhulu. Kuloo mdibaniso womntu apho kuvela ukubethelelwa.”
Le noveli ibamba ubomi bangaphakathi bukaBrown kunye nabo basondeleyo kuye, bephonononga imibono, amathandabuzo, uloyiko, ukuzikhohlisa kunye neminqweno ebachazayo. Yayifuna “ukudityaniswa kwembali, ibhayografi kunye neeleta nodliwano-ndlebe,” uBanks undixelele kudliwanondlebe ngoFebruwari 2022, ngokukwazi ukungena "ngaphakathi ngaphakathi komntu othile." Olu phononongo lobomi bangaphakathi yinto ababhali-mbali, ababhalo-bhayobhayo kunye neentatheli abafane bayifezekise. Kusivumela ukuba siqonde "ukungacaci kwamava omntu."
Umbalisi we "Cloudsplitter" ngu-Owen Brown, unyana wesithathu kaJohn Brown, owayekunye noyise ngexesha elininzi lokuchaza ubomi bakhe, kuquka ukuhlaselwa kweHarpers Ferry. Kwigumbi leencwadi elinqabileyo kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia, iiBhanki zithululela ngebhokisi enothuli yodliwano-ndlebe kunye nabantwana baseBrown abasele bekhulile abasindayo abathathwe nguCatherine Mayo, umncedisi ka-Oswald Garrison Villard, umbhali wokuqala we-biographer kaBrown ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. U-Owen wayebhubhile ngo-1889, ngoko akazange afakwe kudliwano-ndlebe, kodwa usebenza njengemoto yeBhanki ukuchaza uBrown. Le noveli igocagoca kwimiba yodidi, uhlanga, ubungxowankulu kunye namandla engcinezelo katata olawulayo.
“Yenzelwe ukubiza uAbraham noIsake,” uBanks wandixelela ngenoveli yakhe. “Yenzelwe ukubalisa ibali likayise nonyana xa uyise enyanisekile kumbutho okanye kumntu omkhulu kunentsapho kunye nokungavisisani okuvela kuloo nto, kunye neenzame zonyana zokuzimanya noyise ukuze akholise uyise kunoko. kunokuba nje ube nesabelo kukunyaniseka okufanayo. Eli libali lakudala endilibalisayo, ibali eliyintsomi ngokwenene. Kodwa ubomi bukaBrown kunye nobudlelwane bakhe, ngakumbi kunyana wakhe u-Owen, ngokwenene zivuselela ezo ntsomi. Kunzima ukuyichasa - ndakuba ndiqale ukusebenza ngezixhobo. Ndithetha ukuba yayikhona. Akuzange kufuneke ndiyenze loo nto. "
UBrown, njengabaguquli abaninzi abazinikeleyo, ukusuka kuVladimir Lenin ukuya eChe Guevarra, wayezama ukwakha ihlabathi elitsha, elidalwe ngobundlobongela kwaye wayezimisele ukufela ukholo. Wazibona njengemini yokugqibela u-Oliver Cromwell, ekhokela umkhosi owawuquka oonyana bakhe abane ukuba bahlasele abahlali bobukhoboka eKansas. Ngowe-1856, iqela elixhobileyo likaBrown waxhelwa iintsapho ezimbini zamafama Tennessee e Pottawatomie County, Kansas.
“Wayekholelwa ukuba ubukhoboka bububi, kodwa ngokwengqiqo enzulu yeBhayibhile, kungekhona ngokwembono yasekuhlaleni nangona kunjalo,” utshilo uBanks ngoBrown.
Kwinoveli, u-Owen ubonakalisa ukubulawa kwabantu baseKansas: “Ngobo busuku bubumnyama bukaMeyi ngo-'56, bendicinga ngokwenene ukuba sibumba imbali, ukuba sichaphazela ikhondo leziganeko ezizayo, sisenza iseti yeziganeko phantse ingenzeki kwaye enye kakhulu. kusenokwenzeka, yaye ndandikholelwa ukuba iseti yesibini yayiziphethe kakuhle kuneyokuqala, ngoko yayiyinto elungileyo neyimfuneko, into esasiyenza. Sinokubulala amadoda ambalwa ngoku, amadoda anetyala, mhlawumbi, ukuba kuphela ngombutho, kwaye asindise izigidi zabamsulwa kamva. Kunjalo ke ukunkwantya, ezandleni zamalungisa.”
Ukulandela ukugqithiswa koMthetho we-Fagitive Slave Act ka-1850, owathi zihlulwe Abantu abamnyama, kwanabo babebalekele kumazwe asemantla, kulo lonke ukhuseleko lomthetho kwaye babeka izohlwayo ezinzima kuye nabani na oncedisa umntu ogqitywe okanye owayefudula egqitywe, uBrown usenokuba wayechanekile kwinkolelo yakhe yokuba ubundlobongela yayikuphela kwendlela yokuphelisa ubukhoboka.
Kodwa iiBhanki ziyala ukukhulula uBrown ngezenzo zakhe zobunqolobi, ezenzelwe ukusasaza uloyiko phakathi kwamafama ase-Kansas axhasa ubukhoboka, okanye inkanuko kaBrown, kwinqanaba elithile, ngokufa kwakhe.
“Kukho umsindo obangela ukuba ubani angazibulali okanye acinge ngayo, kodwa azibeke kwimeko eneziphumo ezibini kuphela ezisengqiqweni—uloyiso olungummangaliso phezu kweentshaba zikabani, okanye ukufa kukabani—ukuze a umgca phakathi kokuzibulala kunye nokufela ukholo ubekwe kakuhle kangangokuba ungabikho, ”ubhala watsho uBanks.
UBrown wahlala inyanga kwiattic kaFrederick Douglass ngaphambi kohlaselo luka-1859 kwi-Harpers Ferry, eyatyunyuzwa nguColonel. URobert E. Lee kunye noLt. UJames Ewell Brown "uJeb" uStuart, bobabini ababengamakhoboka baza kamva balwela iConfederacy.
UBhanki ubhala ethetha ngamahlwempu amhlophe kwi-“Cloudsplitter.” “Ngenxa yokuba ulusu lwabo lumhlophe njengolwesityebi, bakholelwa ukuba basenokuba zizityebi ngenye imini. Kodwa ngaphandle kweNegro, uOwen, la madoda ebeya kunyanzelwa ukuba abone ukuba, eneneni, akanalo ithuba lokuba zizityebi ngaphezu kwaloo makhoboka awacekisayo nawanyatheleyo. Baza kubona ukuba basondele kangakanani ekubeni ngamakhoboka ngokwabo. Ke, ukukhusela nokukhulisa iphupha labo lokuba ngaminazana ithile, ngandlel’ ithile, babe zizityebi, akuyomfuneko ukuba babe namakhoboka, kangangokuba kufuneka bathintele abantu abangamaNegro ukuba bangaze bakhululeke.”
Brown ngokukrakra wayefuna UDouglass, kunye noHarriet Tubman, ukuba bajoyine uhlaselo lwakhe, awayenethemba lokuba luya kutshisa imvukelo enkulu yamakhoboka. Kodwa kangangoko babemthanda uBrown, babethandabuza kakhulu icebo lakhe. Boyika ubunzima obupheleleyo bomkhosi wase-US kwaye bakholelwa ukuba abanikazi bamakhoboka baseMzantsi baya kusabela ngokunyusa ulawulo lwabo loloyiko kwaye babulale ngokungenamkhethe nawuphi na umntu okhotyokisiweyo obonwa njengosoyikiso olunokubakho. Babekhotyokisiwe kwaye benokuqonda okunenyani ngakumbi malunga neziko lobukhoboka kunye nobude obuya kuhamba ukuze buzigcine.
U-Owen uthi: “Utata wayekholelwa ukuba indalo yiwotshi enkulu, ekhanyiswe ngokuqaqambileyo,” utshilo u-Owen ekupheleni kwale noveli. “Kodwa akunjalo. Lulwandle olungenasiphelo lobumnyama oluhamba phantsi kwesibhakabhaka esimnyama, phakathi kwawo, amasuntswana okukhanya odwa, sihlala siphakama kwaye sisiwa. Sidlula phakathi kolwandle nesibhakabhaka ngokungenakuphenduleka, ngokukhululeka okuhlazisayo, ngokungathi akukho sabhakabhakeni phakathi kwesibhakabhaka, akukho ngasentla, nangaphantsi, apha okanye phaya, ngoku okanye ngoko, kunye neengqungquthela zolwimi ezibuthathaka kuphela, imigaqo yethu esiyilwe, kunye nemigaqo yethu. sithandane ukhanyiso, sigcine olwethu ukhanyiso, lungacimi; lahlani zonke ezo zinto, sinyibilike ebumnyameni njengetyuwa emanzini. Uninzi lobomi bam, ngokuqinisekileyo ukususela ngaloo mini ngo-Okthobha xa ndibalekela intsimi eHarpers Ferry, ndibe sisikhanyiso esincipha ngokuthe ngcembe - kude kube yimini xa ndiqala ukubeka phantsi le akhawunti ende, kwaye ukukhanya kwam kwavutha njengoko akuzange kwenzeke. ebenayo ngaphambili. ”
Iibhanki zaziqonda izono zokuqala zaseMelika kunye nemiphumo yazo. Ubhalile ekubhaleni kwakhe ngeepathologies ezibangela ukoyikeka okwenziwa egameni lethu phesheya nasekhaya. Wasinyanzela ukuba sizijonge, ukuze sizibone ukuba singoobani na, ngalo lonke elo xesha sibambelele kwithemba lokuba ukuba sinokuba buhlungu ngenxa yabanye, sitshintshe.
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