Ingqalelo enkulu iye yajoliswa mva nje kurhulumente waseBolivia ekumiseleni ubutyebi belizwe be-hydrocarbon. Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo waseBolivia lulandela uthethwano olucwangcisiweyo lukarhulumente waseVenezuela ngeekhontrakthi neenkampani zangaphandle zepetroleum nto leyo eyandise ngokumangalisayo ingeniso ekhoyo ukuze kuxhamle abantu baseVenezuela. I-Ecuador iye yomeleza loo mkhwa wengingqi ngokuphelisa izivumelwano kunye ne-US ye-oyile yamazwe ngamazwe i-Occidental Petroleum ekuphenduleni i-43 yezityholo zokuphulwa kwekhontrakthi yile nkampani. Zonke ezi ntshukumo zibonisa ukuphinda kucingelwe ngoorhulumente baseLatin America malunga nendlela engcono yokulawula izixhobo zabo zamandla.
Amandla ayisisusa esisisiseko sokuphonononga ukuze ufumane ukuqonda kwezopolitiko zommandla kunye nobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe abanzi abasebenzisana nabo. Ubudlelwane bamandla busebenza ngokungenakwahlulwa kubudlelwane borhwebo - into efihliweyo kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga 'norhwebo olukhululekileyo', 'ihlabathi jikelele' kunye nokukhukuliseka kolongamo lwesizwe. Ukujonga ukuzinza kwegesi yendalo kunye nemveliso yeoli kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ezo budlelwane. Xa ucinga ngokuzinza kuqhelekile ukucinga ngokuyintloko ngeoli. Kodwa irhasi yendalo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ukusuka ekuveliseni umbane ukuya kwimizi-mveliso jikelele kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla asekhaya.
Le theyibhile ilandelayo ishwankathela ulwazi olwenziwe lufumaneke ngurhulumente wase-US.http://www.eia.doe.gov). Inikezela ngedatha ngendlela eyenziwe lula kubandakanya umxube wedatha yokwenyani kunye noqikelelo olusuka kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Idatha yeoli ayohluli phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso yepetroleum. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje koovimba abakhulu ababengenaqoqosho ngaphambili ababengenaqoqosho abalubandakanyiweyo. Injongo ephambili yetheyibhile kukunika ingcamango jikelele yokuzinza kwemveliso ngokusekelwe kumanani asemthethweni karhulumente wase-US. Itheyibhile ibandakanya kuphela abavelisi abaphambili be-hydrocarbon yaseMzantsi Melika - ayibandakanyi abavelisi baseCaribbean.
Argentina
Bholiviya
Brazil
Chile
Kholambiya
Ekhuwado
Peru
Venezuela
Oovimba beeoyile (iibhiliyari eziibhiliyoni)
2.30
0.40
10.60
0.15
1.54
4.60
0.90
77.20
Ukuveliswa kwe-oyile (imiphanda ngosuku)
775800
35500
1839700
18400
530000
538700
111800
2855700
Iminyaka yemveliso kula mazinga
8.13
31.31
15.79
22.33
7.96
23.39
22.06
74.06
Iindawo ezigcina irhasi (i-trillion cubic feet)
18.90
24.00
8.80
3.50
4.00
0.30
8.70
151.00
Ukuveliswa kweGesi (iibhiliyoni zee-cubic feet)
1400.00
200.00
310.00
35.30
215.00
1.80
19.80
1049.00
Iminyaka yemveliso kula mazinga
13.50
120.00
28.39
99.15
19.05
166.67
439.39
143.95
Nakula manani alula umntu unokubona ukuba iVenezuela, nangaphandle koovimba bayo abasandula ukunyulwa, ngoyena mvelisi ubalulekileyo weoyile negesi kulo mmandla unogcino olwaneleyo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-75 kunye neminyaka eyi-140 ngokulandelelanayo ngokwemilinganiselo yangoku yemveliso. . IArgentina ibaleka ngokukhawuleza. Ngokukwanjalo umntu unokubona ukuba kutheni iBrazil neArgentina (kunye namazwe axhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle njengeParaguay neUruguay) kwaye, kancinci, iChile ibonakala izimisele ukwakha umanyano lobuchule neVenezuela ukuqinisekisa ukuba bafumana izinto ezikhuselekileyo xa bejongene nokhuphiswano. kwimithombo yamandla evela kwii-impiriyali ezikhohlakeleyo ezifana ne-United States kunye neebhegi zekhaphethi zamazwe ngamazwe ezinxulumeneyo.
Idatha inceda ukuba ibe nentsingiselo kumandla anobuchule endaweni yezimvo zezopolitiko zokuba kutheni urhulumente wase-United States echithe iibhiliyoni zeedola zerhafu zaseMelika exhasa uMongameli u-Uribe ophinde wanyulwa e-narco-terror eColombia. I-US kunye namanye amazwe angaphandle athengisa ilizwe ngemithombo ye-oyile kunye negesi kangangoko banokuhamba. IColombia kusenokwenzeka ukuba isebenzise oovimba bayo bangoku kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi kunye negesi yayo kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini, ngelixa uninzi lwabantu bayo behlala behlwempuzekile nendlala. Loo nto isenokuchaza iinzame ezibonakala zixakile uMongameli Uribe awenzileyo ukugcina ubudlelwane obuhle norhulumente waseVenezuela.
Iingxaki zamazwe angaphandle kuluhlu oluzayo lonyulo ePeru phakathi kuka-Ollanta Humala kunye no-Alan Garcia nazo zicacile. Imveliso evela koovimba begesi ebalulekileyo basePeru icwangciselwe ukwanda kakhulu ngophuhliso olusalindelweyo lwamasimi eCamisea. Umongameli welizwe u-Ollanta Humalawould phantse ngokuqinisekileyo uthethathethana ngemibandela engcono yePeru ekuthengisweni kwerhasi yayo kuno-Alan Garcia onobubele bezizwe ngezizwe. Nokuba iPeru ibinokwandisa imveliso kufutshane namanqanaba akhoyo eBolivia, oovimba bayo bebeya kuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50. Oko kuyangqubana nemeko yaseChile apho ekubonakala ukuba ukunyuka kwamazinga egesi eBolivia kuya kubaphelisa oovimba bayo kwiminyaka eli-15.
Ukufumana uluvo lothelekiso lokubaluleka kwehlabathi koovimba berhasi yaseMzantsi Melika, olu theyibhile lulandelayo lubonisa amazwe anoovimba abakhulu behlabathi. Uwonke woMzantsi Merika njengommandla uwubeka kwindawo yesihlanu ngokubaluleka. Ke xa izithethi zolawulo lukaBush zivakalisa inkxalabo malunga nedemokhrasi eBolivia, eVenezuela, eRussia okanye eIran, umntu unokubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uhanahaniso ngokuchasene nokuthulisa kwabo ngedemokhrasi kumazwe afana neQatar, iSaudi Arabia okanye iUnited Arab Emirates, bonke ababoneleli bamandla abathembekileyo. kwi-empire yase-US kunye ne-subsidiaries yayo. (Qaphela ukuba ngoovimba bayo abasandula ukuchongwa, iVenezuela iya kushenxisa iSaudi Arabia phakathi kwabona baboneleli beoli behlabathi.)
ilizwe
iibhiliyoni zee-cubic feet
% oovimba behlabathi
Rhashiya
1680
27.8
Iran
940
15.6
Khwatha
910
15.1
ISaudi Arabia
235
3.9
amazantsi Emelika
219
3.63
IUnited Arab Emirates
212
3.5
Urhulumente wase-US uxhalabile malunga nokufikelela kunye nokulawulwa kokunikezelwa kwamandla. Loo nkxalabo iqhuba kwaye inxibelelana nezorhwebo, ezolimo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo woncedo ukuchaza izicwangciso zezozakuzo, ezomkhosi kunye neshishini leendaba zokusasaza iindaba. Urhulumente wase-US ukwangowongamileyo kumaziko emali ehlabathi, esebenzisana ngokusondeleyo namaqabane aseYurophu ukugcina ulawulo lwaloo maziko. Kodwa ngoku nelona phoyisa likhohlakeleyo lase-US, i-EU-good-cop yokukhohlisa amatyala, urhwebo kunye noncedo oluxhaswa ngamaphulo osasazo osasazo lwehlabathi kunye nosoyikiso lomkhosi uyasilela ngokuchasene nokwaliwa kwabantu abaninzi abahlwempuzekileyo kwiLatini eninzi. Amazwe aseMelika ukuba amkele ubuhlwempu obungapheliyo.
I-Ecuador - ngokuchasene nayo
Ukusukela ekugxothweni kukaMongameli uLucio Gutierrez ekuqaleni kuka-2005, abantu base-Ecuador baye baziqonda ngakumbi iinyani zeengxaki zabo zamandla kunye nokuchasana phakathi kobutyebi bendalo belizwe labo kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho olubi. Ngaphandle kokuba ithengisa i-oyile kumazwe angaphandle, i-Ecuador ingenisa malunga ne-US$1.5bn ngonyaka kwiimveliso zepetroleum ezigqityiweyo kuba ingenawo amandla okucoca anganelanga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zayo zasekhaya. Uninzi lwepetroleum yayo ethunyelwa ngaphandle ikwimo ye-oyile ekrwada. Ukuba semngciphekweni kwayo kwizidubedube zentlalo nezopolitiko ngabantu abahluphekayo abafuna ubomi obundilisekileyo kuye kwavezwa kuqhankqalazo lwepetroleum lwango-Agasti ophelileyo xa iindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo ezivelisa ipetroli zanyanzelisa ukuba urhulumente afumane inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo.
Ngeli xesha urhulumente waseVenezuela wancedisa iqabane lakhe lase-Ecuador ngokuzisa i-oyile efunekayo-iphikisana ngokupheleleyo namabango ase-US athi urhulumente waseVenezuela uyimpembelelo ephazamisayo kummandla. Olo ncedo lwakhokelela kwiingxoxo zokuhlola ukuya kwisivumelwano sentsebenziswano ekugqibeleni satyikitywa kule veki eQuito ngexesha lotyelelo olubhabhayo apho nguMongameli waseVenezuela uChavez. Umphathiswa wezoQoqosho u-Diego Borja ubhengeze ukuba isivumelwano kufuneka songe i-Ecuador ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika ngonyaka ngokucokisa i-oyile ekrwada yase-Ecuador e-Venezuela ukuze ibuyele e-Ecuador njengeemveliso zepetroleum ezigqityiweyo. Isivumelwano sibonelela ngentsebenziswano yexesha elizayo kwiiprojekthi ezinxulumene namandla afana nokwandiswa komthamo wokucokisa.
Esi sivumelwano siza emva kokuba urhulumente wase-Ecuador ephelisile iikontraka ze-oyile yase-US i-Occidental Petroleum kweli lizwe. Esi sigqibo senza ukuba iPetroecuador, inkampani ye-oyile kaRhulumente, ikwazi ukubuyisela imimandla ekwaziyo ukuvelisa ngaphezulu kwe-US$1bn kwimveliso yeoli ukuze kuxhamle abantu base-Ecuador. Urhulumente wase-US uphendule ngokukhawuleza ngokumisa iingxoxo malunga 'norhwebo olukhululekile' ebelucebisa ukuba luthathe indawo yezivumelwano zorhwebo olukhethekileyo kunye namazwe ase-Andean eziphelelwa kunyaka ozayo. Ukuthatha ithuba lokuphelelwa lixesha, isivumelwano sokurhweba-kwindawo yakho yokuzimela-esinikezelwa yi-US sasiyingxaki kakhulu e-Ecuador kwimimandla ephambili efana nezolimo, iinkonzo kunye nepropathi yokuqonda.
Ukwandisa uxinzelelo kurhulumente wase-Ecuador, i-Occidental Petroleum ifake ibango lemali engaphezulu kwe-US$1bn kwiZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe lokuSombulula iiNgxwabangxwaba zoTyalo-mali, iqumrhu eliphantsi likarhulumente wase-US elongamele iBhanki yehlabathi. Isikhundla sokuqala sikarhulumente wase-Ecuador kukukhaba ubuchule be-ICSID bokwamkela ityala. Kodwa esona sifundo siphambili kule mpikiswano sesokuba urhulumente wase-US uluthatha urhwebo, amandla kunye notyalo-mali njengento yonke engenamthungo equka umdla wakhe wobuchule. Kuloo mongo, isivumelwano se-Ecuador neVenezuela ngomnye umqondiso omncinci wokuba impembelelo yase-US eLatin America iyancipha.
Imfazwe yehlabathi jikelele kumahlwempu
Iglosari yeendaba ezihlangeneyo malunga nale nyaniso kukujongela phantsi imiba engundoqo ngamagqabantshintshi omntwana 'kwi-pink tide' eLatin America. Ubuvuvu obunjalo buyaphikisana nenyaniso ekhohlakeleyo ephilwa luluntu ngamaqumrhu angaphandle phantsi kwebhanile 'yentengiso yasimahla'. E-Ecuador eguqulela kwiingxelo zeendaba zesibhedlele sasekhaya kwidolophu yaseChone apho iintsana ezingama-26 ezisanda kuzalwa zasweleka ngenxa yokungabi nandawo yaneleyo kunye nokhathalelo. (1) I-scandal yabangela ukuyeka uMphathiswa wezeMpilo u-Ivan Zambrano. Kodwa wayengenamfiliba ngenxa yokungaphumeleli okunzulu kokuchasana nobuntu kuqoqosho lweneo-liberal olunyanzeliswe kwi-Ecuador enamatyala amaninzi amashumi eminyaka yiBhanki yeHlabathi kunye neNgxowa-mali yeMali yeZizwe ngeZizwe. Ukunika ingcamango yokuba le migaqo-nkqubo iye yasilela kangakanani Kwimeko ebanzi yelizwe, umntu unokuqwalasela ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba i-54% yabasetyhini kwimimandla yasemaphandleni yase-Ecuador abanalo ukhathalelo lobuchwephesha xa bezala.
Ngaphandle kokungangqinelani kwamathuba athile, amagunya ama impiriyali akuMntla Melika naseYurophu namahlakani awo ePasifiki anjengeAustralia neJapan ajonga imidla yawo njengento epheleleyo engenamthungo. Iinkokeli zabo zezopolitiko zithetha ngohanahaniso 'ngeemarike zasimahla' kodwa zingenelela rhoqo njengoorhulumente ukurhwebesha amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe bexhasa amaqumrhu aquka umdla wabo worhwebo wesizwe. Iinzame zabo zokuzisa ulawulo lwabo kwihlabathi ngendlela ehambelanayo, ebophelelayo ngokusemthethweni, inkqubo yelizwe jikelele ifihla uloyiko lokuxhomekeka kumazwe atyebileyo ngemithombo yamandla efana neIran neVenezuela. Inkoliso yabantu abangathathi ntweni kumazwe atyebe ngemithombo yobutyebi eLatin America babona ngokucacileyo kunangaphambili ukuba ngaphandle kokuba amazwe abo aphendule ngezivumelwano ezihambelanayo zobuchule babo, abasayi kuxhamla kubutyebi bendalo obuninzi bamazwe abo.
Abantwana babo baya kuqhubeka belamba, bengafundanga yaye begula ngokungeyomfuneko. Iintsana zabo ziya kuqhubeka zisifa kabuhlungu ngenxa yendlala nakukungakhathalelwa ngurhulumente okunyanzeliswa ngamaziko emali kumazwe ngamazwe yiUnited States namahlakani ayo. Abantu kulo lonke elaseLatin America bafuna ukuzinza kwezopolitiko okuya kubaqinisekisa ubomi obundilisekileyo. Injongo echaseneyo yamagunya obukhosi kunye namaqumrhu abo kukufikelela kunye nokulawula izixhobo zaseLatin America ngexabiso eliphantsi kangangoko. Ubhengezo 'loncedo' olongezelelweyo luphantse lungabinamsebenzi. Inkxalabo yelizwe elityebileyo ayinakwenzeka kwaphela.
KwiLatin America, inkxaso yezopolitiko efana noHugo Chavez kunye no-Evo Morales kunye nokuqatshelwa kweempumelelo zaseCuba kuye kwanda. Isuka kulwazi lwabantu abaqhelekileyo ngemiba engundoqo yobulungisa nokubaluleka okubalulekileyo komanyano phakathi kwabantu. EColombia, unyulo lukaMongameli Alvaro Uribe ngokwasemkhosini luthetha ukuba uninzi lwabantu abangathathi ntweni balapho bajongene neminye iminyaka emine yengcinezelo kunye nobundlobongela ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu angaphandle kunye noorhulumente babo banokusebenzisa izixhobo zelizwe ngeyona ndlela inenzuzo. IVenezuela kunye neBolivia zijolise kuzo ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente babo bayala loo migaqo kwaye banyanzelise ukuba abantu babo baphile ubomi obundilisekileyo.
Kwiingcambu, abantu bazimisele ngakumbi nangakumbi ukunyanzela ukuba abantu baphendule ngonyulo okanye ngokukhankasela ngaphandle kwepalamente kunye noqhanqalazo. Abavoti basePeru benza ukhetho lwabo kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezizayo. I-Mexico ivota ngoJulayi. Abantu base-Ecuador naseBrazil benza oko ngo-Oktobha. INicaragua ilandela ngoNovemba, eVenezuela ngoDisemba. Ngelixa unyulo lunokuchaza abona badlali baphambili bezopolitiko abezopolitiko abanyuliweyo baya kuthetha imigca engaphelelwa lixesha esele ibhaliwe kwaye iphinde ibhalwe yidrama yaseLatin America yakudala : ngaba izibonelelo zommandla zinceda abantu bawo okanye ababawayo nababulala abantu basemzini?
I-toni solo litsha-ntliziyo elizinze kuMbindi Merika - qhagamshelana nge www.tonisolo.net
Phawula
1. 'La muerte de bebรฉs descubre la grave situaciรยณn de la salud', Argenpress, 27/05/2006
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