Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, UAlberto guevara, Umphathiswa kaNondyebo waseNicaragua, ubuyile kwintlanganiso eyimpumelelo ne-IMF eWashington, wathi, โ... bashiya amazwe ethu engenawo nawaphi na amandla emali. Kodwa ayiyongxaki yodwa leyo. Ingxaki kukunqongophala kwempendulo yokwenyani elungelelanisiweyo evela kwimibutho yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe esebenza nathi ukugcina uzinzo kuqoqosho olukhulu nangayiphi na indleko."
UGuevara wayethetha kumxholo wengxoxo yempembelelo yokutya okuphezulu kunye nexabiso leoli kwi-Central America kunye nendlela loo maxabiso achaphazela ngayo ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kummandla. Ukuguquguquka kweoli, imveliso kunye neemarike zotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle kubonise ukuba, okwangoku, ulungelelwaniso oluqinileyo phakathi kwexabiso leoli kunye nexabiso le-US $-Euro libambe. Ukuba ixabiso le-US$-Euro liyanyuka okanye lihle ngesenti ixabiso le-oyile lijikeleza iidola ezimbini okanye ezintathu kwicala elinye. Ngelixa uguqulo lwangoku luzisa isiqabu sexesha elifutshane kuqoqosho olusesichengeni olufana nolo lukuMbindi weMelika, ukuguquguquka okuqhubekayo kwamaxabiso amandla kwenza ucwangciso lophuhliso lube yilotho koorhulumente baloo mazwe.
I-dollar ebuyela umva ngasemva
Izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo zibonakala zibangele ukuguqulwa okubukhali kwixabiso ledola. Iimpawu zezokuba iYurophu inokuba nzima njenge-US ngenxa yokudodobala koqoqosho oluphuhlayo. Imakethi yezindlu yaseBritane inokugqibela ikwimo embi kakhulu kune-US nazo zonke iziphumo ezibi ezithwala inkcitho yabathengi. Kwi-Euro-zone, iSpain kunye ne-Ireland zijongene nembono emfiliba efanayo.
Enye into ibikukuzimisela kweTshayina ukugcina ixabiso lemali yalo liphantsi ngokunxulumene nezinye iimali. UPeter Morici "Ngo-2007, urhulumente waseTshayina uthenge i-462 yezigidigidi zeedola e-US kunye nezinye iimali zangaphandle kunye nezibambiso, kwaye ngo-2008 usendleleni yokuthenga malunga ne-640 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiimali zangaphandle. Oku kufika malunga ne-17 yepesenti ye-GDP yaseChina kunye ne-43." Kwezi veki zidlulileyo, iChina iqalisile ukuthoba ixabiso leyuan, kwaye ukuba oku kuyaqhubeka, oku kuya kuba neziphumo ezinkulu kurhwebo lwehlabathi kunye nokuzinza kwezemali kwiinyanga ezizayo. " (1)
Oku kunxulumana ne UJames Turk's ukuqaphela ukuba "NgoJulayi 16, 2008 (umhla osondeleyo weengxelo zeveki ukuya kwi-15 kaJulayi ephantsi kwi-Dollar Index), i-Federal Reserve ibike ukuba ibambe i-2,349 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zephepha likarhulumente wase-US elugcinweni kwiibhanki eziphambili. Kwingxelo yayo yakhululwa. namhlanje, le mali ikhule kwiiveki ezintathu ezidlulileyo ukuya kwi-2,401 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, i-38.4% yezinga lokukhula ngonyaka ... .. iibhanki ezingundoqo zaziqokelela iidola kwiiveki ezintathu ezidlulileyo kwizinga elingaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba umntu unokulindela ngenxa ye-US. Intsilelo yorhwebo. Isigqibo esinengqiqo kukuba bebengenelela kwiimarike zemali.
Umshicileli we-30 kaJulayi ovela kwiBhanki ePhakathi yaseYurophu kunye nezibhengezo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezifanayo ezivela kwi-Federal Reserve kunye neBhanki yeSizwe yaseSwitzerland nayo inokuthi idlale indima ekwenzeni intengiso yentengiso. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kunye nezinye iindlela zokufumana iibhanki ezibolekanayo enye kwenye kwakhona, iFederal Reserve iboleke ngaphezulu kwe-US$900bn ngokusebenzisa iFandesi yeXesha leFandesi ngokwemiqathango yeentsuku ezingama-28. Ushicilelo lweendaba lwathi i-Federal Reserve, i-European Central Bank kunye ne-Swiss National Bank iya kwenza iidola zifumaneke kwimijikelezo yeentsuku ze-84.
Kodwa amathuba kukuba iibhanki ezixhamlayo aziyiboleki loo mali. Endaweni yoko babonakala besiya kwiindawo zabo zokungcakaza abazithandayo eWall Street, kwisiXeko saseLondon nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu arhweba ngamasheya nakwiimarike zemali zamazwe angaphandle kunye neemveliso. Ngoku bazakuba neenyanga ezintathu zokudlala ngemali ehlekisayo engaphandle-kwe-moyeni phambi kokuba bayibuyise, endaweni yenyanga nje enye.
I-ECB ye-30 ye-ECB ye-press release iphelile, "Kuhloswe ukuqhubeka nokubonelelwa kwe-USD liquidity ixesha elide njengoko iBhunga eliLawulayo licinga ukuba liyimfuneko ngokujonga iimeko zemarike ezikhoyo." Ngamagama acacileyo, oko kubonakala ngathi kuthetha ukuba i-ECB kunye neSwitzerland iya kuxhasa idola ngokude nje kuthatha. Ayisona sizathu sibi sexesha elifutshane sokuthenga iidola.
Ngedola ephantsi kakhulu ixesha elide, mhlawumbi yathengwa kakhulu ngamazwe kunye namashishini afuna ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano zeoli kubusika basemantla. Abantu abaninzi banokubheja ngokukhawuleza kunoko bekulindelekile kumaxabiso enzala e-US kudityaniswe nokuthotywa kwamaxabiso enzala ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bekulindelwe eYurophu. Mhlawumbi ubuthathaka be-Euro bubaluleke ngakumbi kunempilo yedola. Imali yaseRashiya, i-ruble, iguqulelwe ngokupheleleyo ukususela ngo-2006, yongeza kurhwebo lotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ukhetho lwemali exhaswa nguvimba omkhulu we-oyile kunye negesi eRashiya.
I-Euro inokuba buthathaka xa ithelekiswa nedola kulandela impixano yamva nje eCaucasus, enokuthi ekugqibeleni ichaphazele iindleko zamandla aseYurophu. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ziyafumba, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izibalo ezithembekileyo zingenzeki. Sekunjalo, u-Orwell wayenyanisile xa wayesithi inyaniso iyaqhubeka ikhona, ngokungathi kunjalo, emva komqolo womntu. Phantse akukho nto itshintshileyo kuqoqosho lwase-US. Intsilelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali yase-US imbi kakhulu kunangaphambili. Ngelixa amanani amva nje entsilelo yorhwebo yenyanga ebonisa ukuba incitshiswe malunga ne-4% kuphela. Nokuba yeyiphi na inzuzo idola ebuthathaka enike ukuthunyelwa kwe-US kumazwe angaphandle kubonakala ngathi ithotywe ngamaxabiso aphezulu e-oyile.
Akukho mqondiso womgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wase-US oya kwenza uhlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko ukukhusela umdla wabantu abaqhelekileyo e-United States kwixesha elifutshane okanye eliphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ophumelele ukhetho ngoNovemba. Uhlangulo lwakutsha nje lweWall Street-wentlalontle yiCongress of Fannie Mae kunye noFreddy Mac bayigxininisa loo nto. Ke uguquko lwamva nje oluguquguqukayo alunakwenzeka ukuba luphawule ngaphezulu kotshintsho lwethutyana - mhlawumbi iiveki, mhlawumbi iinyanga - kwixesha elide lokuhla kwedola xa ithelekiswa nezinye iimali kwaye yiyo loo nto ukunyuka kwexesha elide kumaxabiso eoyile.
UMbindi Merika kunye neCaribbean
Umxholo obanzi wokudodobala koqoqosho lwelizwe elityebileyo kunye nokuguquguquka kwentengiso kubambe intuthuzelo encinci okanye inkuthazo encinci kuqoqosho olubuthathaka olufana nolo lwaseMbindi Merika kunye neCaribbean, luxhomekeke kakhulu kukutya kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso yemali njengekofu, iibhanana kunye nezinye iziqhamo, inyama yenkomo kunye ne-shrimp, kwiiminerali. kunye namaplanga kunye nokhenketho. Uqoqosho lwala mazwe lutsala nzima ngokuphindiweyo. Balahlekelwa yimivuzo yokuthumela ngaphandle njengoko imfuno yabathengi belizwe elityebileyo yempahla kunye neenkonzo zabo ithande ukwehla. Bakwaphulukana nomvuzo wotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ovela kwiimali ezithunyelwa ekhaya ngabantu bamazwe abo abasebenza phesheya kolwandle abakufumanisa kunzima nangakumbi ukuhlala kwingqesho esebenzayo kuMntla Melika naseYurophu.
Lo mxholo ukwaqaqambisa uhanahaniso olumangalisayo lwamazwe atyebileyo malunga nophuhliso lwentsebenziswano kunye namatyala. Le Federal Reserve Term Auction Facility ekhupha phantse i-US$1 yetriliyoni yeedola zemali ebhityileyo emoyeni ehlekisayo ibonisa indlela olulusizi ngayo nolugxekayo uncedo lophuhliso lwelizwe elityebileyo ngokwenene. Jonga kwi-European Central Bank, iboleka i-US$50 yebhiliyoni kwimisebenzi yabo yefandesi yeveki ezimbini.
Njengoko uRalph Gonsalves, uNdunankulu waseSt. Vincent kunye neGrenadines bathi emva ngoMeyi kwi-Food For Life summit eManagua "Andiziva ndiqinisekile ukuba amazwe, ngaphandle kwethu kunye nabo bahleli kule tafile, banokujongana nale ngxaki ngokunzulu ngokupheleleyo. .Andiboni ukuba abantu baseMelika bayasinceda, kwaye andiboni nabaseYurophu besinceda kwaye eneneni, kumaxesha amaninzi xa bezisa iinkqubo zokuhlukahluka, ukuveliswa kwemveliso yezolimo njalo njalo, benza ubuqhophololo ebantwini, bephakamisa amathemba. kwaye zininzi, ngenxa yeminikelo emincinci abayenzayo.
Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, uMphathiswa kaNondyebo waseNicaragua uAlberto Guevara wathi ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso kuMbindi Merika, "...oko kunyuka kwamaxabiso eoli ngunobangela obaluleke kakhulu. Yintlekele kumazwe ethu. Isazela sehlabathi malunga nentlekele esiphila kuyo, i-70% yempahla yethu ethunyelwa ngaphandle iya kuhlawula ityala le-oyile. Apha akukho nto iseleyo kutyalomali kwiinkqubo zentlalo okanye kuphuhliso loqoqosho okanye lwentlalo.
UGuevara wongezelela wathi, "Ndicinga ukuba kukho ukuvumelana phakathi komntu wonke malunga nokuba yinyani ye-oyile, i-oyile ayikwazanga ukujongana nokuguquguquka kweebhubhu zemali. Ayikwazanga ukuxhomekeka kumaxabiso exesha elizayo. Ayinakulawulwa ngamazwe ' imigaqo-nkqubo yomntu ngamnye kuba ioli inento yokwenza nobomi beplanethi. " Loo nyaniso yommandla kunye nesiphumo semvumelwano malunga nokucinga njengeGuevara ichaza ukuba kutheni onke amahlakani emveli ase-United States kuMbindi Merika, ngaphandle kokulwa-iMfazwe ebandayo yase-El Salvador, asayine kwi-Petrocaribe inkqubo yonikezelo lwamandla ephantsi elungelelaniswe ngu. Venezuwela.
I-ALBA - imodeli yoluntu
Amazwe alishumi elinesixhenxe aquka iJamaica, iDominican Republic, iGuatemala, iHonduras, iNicaragua kunye neBelize ngamazwe angamalungu ePetrocaribe. ICosta Rica ifake isicelo sokujoyina kwaye kufuneka ibhalise ngoSeptemba. IHonduras neNicaragua ngoku zingamalungu e-ALBA. Ukuba umgqatswa weFMLN uMauricio Funes uphumelele unyulo lukamongameli e-El Salvador ngoMatshi ka-2009, i-El Salvador ngokuqinisekileyo iya kujoyina zombini iPetrocaribe kunye ne-ALBA kungekudala emva koko. Ukusukela ekujoyineni i-ALBA, iNicaragua yonwabele i-boom yokuthumela ngaphandle kancinci incediswa sisivumelwano sorhwebo sasimahla se-CAFTA kunye ne-United States ehlala iyeyona marike ibalulekileyo kuMbindi Merika.
Njengoko iOfisi yoMmeli wezoRhwebo wase-US iphawulwe kwiPhepha layo leNgcaciso ye-CAFTA - AGRICULTURE Overview kaFebruwari 6th 2004, "Ngaphezu kwe-99% yemveliso yezolimo yaseMbindi waseMelika (ngokwemilinganiselo yorhwebo) ingena eUnited States simahla sele iphantsi kweMFN. I-United States ingenise ngaphezulu kwe-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukusuka kuMbindi Merika ngo-2002. Uninzi lwezi mveliso zivela kumazwe angaphandle zenza izityalo ezingakhuphisaniyo, ezifana nekofu kunye neziqhamo zetropikhi." Kuqoqosho olusekwe kwezolimo njengeNicaragua, i-CAFTA izuze i-US ngaphezulu kuneNicaragua.
Ngokwahlukileyo, eNicaragua, ubulungu bePetrocaribe kunye ne-ALBA buye banciphisa iingxaki zokuhamba kwemali ezibangelwa yi-oyile ye-oyile ngokusebenzisa i-concessionary terms esasaza iintlawulo kwiminyaka engama-25. INicaragua ithenga kumazwe angaphandle malunga neebharethi zeoli ezimalunga ne-11 lezigidi ngonyaka. Ngo-2008, phantse izigidi ezisi-7 zaloo nto ziya kuthunyelwa ngePetrocaribe. Ngexabiso elingumndilili elithi US$125 umphanda enyakeni, i-ALBA concessionary oil bill yaseNicaragua iya kuba yi-US$875m. I-50% yaloo nto ityalwe kwiinkqubo zophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho ngaphambi kokuba ihlawulwe ekugqibeleni kwinkampani yeoli ye-PDVSA State yaseVenezuela. Ngoko ke ngo-2008, ngaphezulu kwe-US$430 yezigidi ziya kukhululwa ukuze kuxhaswe utyalo-mali kwezentlalo noqoqosho.
Yingakho iinkokeli zaseMbindi zaseMelika ezineengcamango ezahlukeneyo njengo-Oscar Arias, u-Manuel Zelaya, u-Alvaro Colom kunye noDaniel Ortega baye bagqiba ekubeni bajoyine i-Petrocaribe, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yesakhelo se-ALBA ebanzi. NjengoRalph Gonsalves, bajonga oorhulumente base-US kunye ne-European Union kwaye bababone behlangula ootsotsi abanyolukileyo abazizityebi abathe bayonakalisa inkqubela yezoqoqosho yala mazwe kule minyaka imbalwa izayo.
Babona abo rhulumente bengcatsha abantu babo ngoxa behlangula iibhanki ezinobuqhophololo namaziko emali ngekhulu leebhiliyoni zeerandi zemali yabarhafi. Liliphi ithemba elikhoyo lentsebenziswano yokwenene yophuhliso kunye nokukhululwa kwetyala kwimigulukudu enjalo? Kwangaxeshanye abo rhulumente bamazwe atyebileyo bangenelela kwiimarike zabo zasimahla-ukuba-utyebile ukuya kumakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola, bathi akukho nto banokuyenza ukunceda amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ukumelana ne-oyile kunye nokutya. ukothuka kwexabiso.
Umzekelo weVenezuela kunye neCuba ubonisa ukuba yintoni abakhohlisi abalusizi ngokwenene iinkokeli zamazwe atyebileyo. I-Venezuela kunye neCuba inceda phantse amazwe angama-20 ukuba azinzise kwaye agcine uphuhliso lwawo lwezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle ngokusebenzisa isakhelo sePetrocaribe-ALBA. Kodwa urhulumente wase-US uyaqhubeka nokutyhola iVenezuela ngokudodobalisa lo mmandla. Ngelixa urhulumente wase-US ngokwakhe exhasa ngezimali iintshukumo ezichasene nedemokhrasi ngobundlobongela kulo lonke elaseLatin America.
Amazwe e-ALBA anikezela ngemodeli yobuntu yentsebenziswano esekwe kumanyano ukunceda ukusombulula iingxaki zezoqoqosho, ezentlalo nezendalo ezingqongileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-United States kunye namahlakani ayo anikezela ngorhwaphilizo lwe-elitist olugxekayo, ukulwa nobuhlanga kunye nobunqolobi bobuzwe obulusizi, konke oko kwihlabathi liphela. Kucacile ukuba boyika ukuphucuka komgangatho wokuphila kuninzi lwabantu abangathathi ntweni kuba emva koko kuya kufuneka bakhuphisane ngokulinganayo kubutyebi obusaseleyo behlabathi. Yiyo loo nto i-ALBA inenguquko enzulu.
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