Sonke siyayazi into engahambi kakuhle, okanye sicinga ukuba senza: akukho nkcitho yaneleyo kukhuselo lwezikhukhula. Kuyinyani ukuba ukusikwa kukarhulumente kuveze amawakawaka amakhaya emngciphekweni omkhulu, kwaye ukusikwa kuya kuba yingozi ngakumbi. njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu luqalisa. Kodwa inkcitho encinci yoluntu yinxalenye encinci yengxaki. Ithotywa ngomnye umba, othe watyeshelwa kwiingxoxo kumajelo eendaba kunye neengxelo zikarhulumente: inkcitho kawonke-wonke eninzi kakhulu.
Izixa ezikhulu zeemali zikawonke-wonke, ezifikelela kwiibhiliyoni, zichithwa minyaka le kwimigaqo-nkqubo eyenza izikhukula ezitshabalalisayo zingabi nakuthintelwa. Eli libali elingazange libaliswe ngamaphepha okanye ngabasasazi, ibali lenkohlakalo etshabalalisayo kangangokuba uMlondolozi undinike kabini indawo eqhelekileyo namhlanje ukuba ndiyichaze.
Ukhuseleko lwezandyondyo, okanye ngoko sixelelwa phantse kuyo yonke indawo, malunga nokuba ungakanani ukonkrethi onokuyigalela. Imalunga nokungakhi izindlu kwiindawo ezizidenge kwi-floodplain, kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchule obutsha bobunjineli obukrelekrele bokukhusela abo sele bekho. Kodwa yinxalenye encinane yebali. Ukumamela iingxoxo ezimbi zeveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo, unokuxolelwa ngokukholelwa ukuba imilambo ivela emathafeni; ukuba akukho nto kuthiwa ngumlambo; ukuba iintaba, iinduli, iindawo eziqokelela amanzi emvula kunye neeshedi zamanzi azinamsebenzi kumbuzo wokuba amakhaya neziseko ezingundoqo ziyarhaxwa na.
Ibali liqala ngeqela lamafama anombono ePontbren, kwindawo yokuqala Owona mlambo mde eBritani, iSevern. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990 baqaphela ukuba iqhinga eliqhelekileyo lokufuya ezindulini โ ukulayisha umhlaba ngeegusha ezininzi nezinkulu, ukugruzula imithi kunye nothango, ukugrumba imisele engaphezulu โ ayisebenzi. Kwakungekho ngqiqweni kwezoqoqosho, izilwanyana zazingenandawo yokufihla intloko, yaye abalimi babesaphula imiqolo ukuze bonakalise umhlaba wabo.
So bayila into entle. Baqalisa ukutyala iibhanti zemithi ecaleni kwendlela. Bayeka ukukhupha amanzi ngowona mhlaba umanzi baza bakha amachibi ukuze babambe amanzi endaweni yoko. Bagawula baze bacanda ezinye zeenkuni ababezilima ukuze benze ibhedi yemfuyo yabo, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba babengasachithi intywenka yemali bethenga iindiza. Emva koko basebenzise ibhedi ene-compost, kwindawo evaliweyo egqibeleleyo, ukulima imithi emininzi.
Ngenye imini umcebisi karhulumente wayehamba phezu kwamasimi abo ebudeni bemvula. Waphawula into eyamenza wanomdla. Amanzi awayedanyaza emhlabeni athi shwaka ngequbuliso akufika kumabhanti emithi ababeyityalile abalimi. Oku kubangele inkqubo enkulu yophando, eyavelisa ezi ziphumo zilandelayo zimangalisayo: amanzi atshona emhlabeni phantsi kwemithi ngamaxesha angama-67. isantya sokutshona emhlabeni phantsi kwengca. Iingcambu zemithi zinika imijelo ehlayo apho amanzi ahamba khona, nzulu emhlabeni. Umhlaba apho uba sisipontshi, iqula elifunxa amanzi lize liwakhulule kancinane. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, emadlelweni, amanqina amancinane abukhali egusha ayawugocagoca umhlaba, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umhlaba ungangeneki, yipani eqinileyo nenetha imvula.
Elinye lamaphepha ophando liqikelela ukuba - nangona kuphela i-5% yomhlaba wasePontbren othe wagawulwa kwakhona ngamahlathi - ukuba onke amafama akwindawo ekugcinwa kuyo amanzi enze into efanayo, iincopho zezandyondyo zezandyondyo zemvula. iza kuncitshiswa malunga ne-29%. Ukugaywa kwakhona kwamahlathi ngokupheleleyo kuya kunciphisa iincopho malunga nama-50%. Kubahlali baseShrewsbury, Gloucester kunye nezinye iidolophu ezitshatyalaliswe zizikhukula zaseSevern ezingapheliyo, oko kuthetha ukuba - ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi - ingxaki isonjululwe.
Ngaba ndithe iziphumo bezimangalisa? Kulungile, hayi kuye nabani na ofunde ihydrology kwenye indawo. Kangangamashumi eminyaka urhulumente waseBritani ebexhasa ngemali izazinzulu ezisebenza kwimimandla ekweleenjiko yaye esebenzisa oko bakufumanisileyo ukucebisa amanye amazwe ukuba akhusele amahlathi okanye aphinde atyale imithi ezindulini ukuze kuthintelwe ukukhukuliswa kwabahlali kumazantsi omlambo. Kodwa silibale ukuzisa isifundo ekhaya.
Ke ngaba intsalela yeSevern, kunye naleyo yezinye iindlela zamanzi ezingalawulekiyo zaseBritane, ziya kulandela imodeli yasePontbren? Abasemagunyeni bathi bangathanda ukuyenza. Kwithiyori. Izibonelelo zeNdalo eWales undixelele ukuba obu buchule โbufakwe nzima kwizenzo esifuna ukuba abaphathi bemihlaba bazenzeโ. Into elibele ukuyithetha kukuba zonke izibonelelo zokutyala imithi eWales zimisiwe ngoku. Ii-ofisi ezinoxanduva lokuzilawula zikwinkqubo yokuvala. Ukuba abanye abalimi bafuna ukukopa imodeli yasePontbren, akufuneki bahlawulele imithi ngokwabo kuphela, kodwa kufuneka bancame imali ebebeya kuhlawulwa ngayo ngokulima loo mhlaba.
Kuba - kwaye apha siqala ukusondela kwi-nub yengxaki - kukho umgaqo ongenakwaphulwa obekwe ngumgaqo-nkqubo wezolimo oqhelekileyo. Ukuba ufuna ukufumana eyakho intlawulo yefama enye โ elona candelo likhulu lenkxaso-mali yasefama โ umhlaba ufanele ukhululeke koko ukubiza ngokuba โzizityalo ezingafunwayoโ. Umhlaba ogqunywe yimithi awufanelekanga. Imithetho yenkxaso kwanyanzeliswa ukushenxiswa okukhulu kohlaza kwiinduli.
Njengokuba ziye zayeka izibonelelo zokutyala imithi, izibonelelo zokucoca umhlaba zinyukile. Kwi intetho yakhe kwiNkomfa yoLimo yaseOxford, eyenziwe ngexesha lokuphakama kwezikhukula, unobhala wendalo Owen Paterson baqhayise ngelithi abalimi basezintabeni โkumhlaba ongavelisi mvelisoโ ngoku baya kufumana โintlawulo ethe ngqo efanayo kumhlaba wabo weefama njengoogxa babo basemazantsiโ. Ngamanye amazwi, nakwiindawo apho ukulima kungekho ngqiqweni ngenxa yokuba umhlaba uhlwempuzekile, ngoku abalimi baya kuhlawulwa imali ethe kratya ukuze bagcine izilwanyana apho. Kodwa ukuze bafumane le mali, kufuneka baqale basuse imithi baze bakhuhle abafunxa amanzi awela ezindulini.
Kwaye eso sisiqalo nje sayo. Esinye isiphumo somjikelo wamva nje wothethwano lwenkxaso-mali - oluqukunjelwe ngoJuni kulo nyaka uphelileyo - kukuba oorhulumente ngoku banokunyusa iintlawulo ezikhethekileyo zeentaba, onjongo yawo ikukukhuthaza ukulima encotsheni yeendawo zamanzi; ukusuka โฌ250 (ยฃ208) ngehektare ukuya โฌ450. Le mali kufuneka ibizwe ngokuba yinkxaso-mali yezikhukula: ihlawulela ukuchithwa kwezindlu, ukufuduswa kweendawo zokuhlala, ukucwiliswa kwabantu abangahambi ngexesha, kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Isidenge esinentloko yehagu ayiqalisi ukuyichaza.
Ingxaki ayiphelelanga kwimfuyo yasezintabeni. Kwiinduli kunye neendawo eziphantsi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi koomatshini abanzima, ukugqithiswa kwezilwanyana kunye nezinye iindlela zolawulo olubi - ngokudibanisa umhlaba - ukonyusa amazinga okubaleka okubaleka ngoko nangoko ukusuka kwi-2% yayo yonke imvula ena emhlabeni ukuya kuma-60%..
Ukuhlawula ukugcina iinduli zingenanto
Ngamanye amaxesha ukulima endulini ngendlela engafanelekanga ngexesha elingafanelekanga lonyaka kunokubangela izandyondyo zemvula โ zodaka kunye namanzi โ nangaphandle kwemvula ekhethekileyo. Esi senzo sithwaxa amakhaya angqonge i-South Downs (ekungafanelanga ukuba ingazange ilinywe kwaphela). Enye indlu yagutyungelwa ngamanzi izihlandlo ezingama-31 ebusika ngo-2000-2001 zizikhukula ezinodaka obangelwa kukulima. Enye, eSuffolk, apho amasimi agrunjwe ziihagu, yayi hit 50 amaxesha. Kodwa iphepha ngezikhukula zolu hlobo bafumanise ukuba "akukho (okanye bambalwa kakhulu) amanyathelo olawulo athathiweyo okwangoku e-UK".
Phantsi kweyona ndawo imbi kakhulu kunobhala iBritane yakha yabandezeleka, kubonakala kuncinci amathuba okuba ininzi lento itshintshe. NgoNovemba, ekuphenduleni iifowuni zokuvuselela amahlathi iinduli, UPaterson uxelele ipalamente: "Ndicace gca ukuba sinendima yokwenyani ekufuneka siyidlalile ekuncedeni amafama asezintabeni ukuba agcine iinduli zijongeka njengoko zisenza." (Bare, ngamanye amazwi.) Xa ecelwa yikomiti yepalamente ukuba axoxe ngendlela enokuphuculwa ngayo ukomelela kweendawo eziqokelela amanzi emilanjeni, ekuphela kwento awayecinga ngayo yayikukuba. ukwakha amadama amaninzi.
Kodwa ngeli lixa engumtya nethunga kwaye engazi xa kufikwa ekulawuleni umhlaba ukunciphisa amathuba okukhukula, uyaphuma ukuze ahlwayele isiphithiphithi xa kufikwa ekulawuleni imilambo.
Kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, abaphathi bemilambo babekholelwa ukuba eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuthintela izikhukula yayikukulula, ukujika imijelo kunye nokugungqa imilambo ngobude bayo, ukukhulisa umthamo wabo wokuthwala amanzi. Kungekudala bafumanisa ukuba oku kwakungaphosakalanga nje kodwa kwakunemiphumo emibi. Umlambo unako, nangawuphi na umzuzu, ukuthwala amanzi amancinci kakhulu awela kwindawo yawo yokufumana amanzi: uninzi kufuneka lugcinwe kwimihlaba nakwimimandla yezikhukhula.
Ngokwakha udonga oluphakame ngakumbi olujikeleze imilambo, lunciphisa ubude bazo ngokukhupha amagophe nokukhupha amarhashalala nemiqobo endleleni, iinjineli zenza izinto ezimbini zingaqondanga. Banyusa isantya sokuqukuqela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amanzi ezikhukula agalela emilanjeni nakwiidolophu ezikufutshane ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Kwaye, ngokwahlula imilambo kumhlaba wasemaphandleni abadlula kuwo, banciphisa kakhulu ummandla weendawo ezisebenza ngokukhukula.
Umphumo, njengoko amagunya ehlabathini lonke eqonda ngoku, waba yintlekele. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinjineli ezikhaliphileyo ngoku zibuyisela ama-snags emilanjeni, ziwadibanisa nomhlaba ongenabemi ukuze zikhukulise ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye ziwavumele ukuba ajike kwaye ajike kwaye enze ifom. amachibi oxbow. Ezi mpawu zibamba intlenga kunye neziqu zemithi kunye namatye athi ngenye indlela afumba kwiibhulorho zasezidolophini, kwaye athathe amandla amaninzi kunye nesantya ngaphandle komlambo. Imilambo, njengoko ndaxelelwa ngabantu ababesandul 'ukubuyisela enye kwiSithili saseLake - ukunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba kubangele izikhukhula ezantsi - "idinga into yokuhlafuna".
Kukho iprojekthi enye okanye ezimbini ezilolu hlobo e-UK: Isebe likaPaterson lixhasa ngezimali izikimu ezine zokuphinda uhlaziywe, apho labele isixa esikhulu se, er, ยฃ1m. Kungenjalo, unobhala welizwe wenza konke anako ukuthintela ezi zifundo ukuba zisetyenziswe. Kunyaka ophelileyo kwabikwa ukuba uxelele inkomfa oko "Injongo yeendlela zamanzi kukukhupha amanzi". Kwenye intetho ukhalimele urhulumente wangaphambili ukuba โukubambelela ngokungaboniyo kwiRousseauismโ ekwala ukurhoxa. Ayizukuphela nje ukuba kubekho ukutsalwa kukawonke-wonke, uyanyanzelisa, kodwa kuya kubakho ukutsalwa ngasese: abanini-mhlaba ngoku bangayenza ngokwabo.
Emva kokuba ebhengeze lo mgaqo-nkqubo, i-Arhente yezokusiNgqongileyo, engumcebisi wesebe lakhe ngokusemthethweni, yalumkisa ngelithi ukugrumba kunokuba yingozi. "Khawuleza ukuhamba kwaye kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokukhukula ezantsi komsinga". Kwezinye iindawo, amagosa akhe aye abonisa ukuba โukukhusela imimandla emikhulu yomhlaba wokulima kwithafa lezikhukula kudla ngokubakho ukwandisa umngcipheko wezikhukula kuluntu olusezantsi".
The Uphononongo lwePitt, egunyaziswe ngurhulumente wangaphambili emva kwezikhukhula ezibi kakhulu ze-2007, zaphetha ngokuthi "ukutshatyalaliswa kunokwenza iindonga zomlambo zithande ukukhukuliseka, kwaye ngoko ke kuvuselele ukwakhiwa kwe-silt, ukunyusa kunokuba kuphuculwe iingxaki ngomthamo wamanzi". U-Paterson uye waxelelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba kunengqiqo ngakumbi ukuhlawula amafama ukuba agcine amanzi emasimini awo, kunokuba awatyhalele emhlabeni wawo nasezidolophini.
Kodwa akawahoyanga onke la macebiso, waza waqalisa iiprojekthi zokulinga ezisixhenxe apho amafama aya kuvunyelwa ukuba arhuqe yonke indawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana zasendle emdaka kwimilambo yabo, khawulezisa amanzi kwindawo ekufutshane yedolophu. Mhlawumbi akufanele simangaliswe kukuba uPaterson anayo ifune ukusikwa okukhulu kwi-Arhente yeNdalo, kuquka uninzi lwabasebenzi abanoxanduva lokuthintela izikhukula.
Ukusukela ngo-2007, kuye kwakho uphononongo, uphando lwepalamente, iibhili ezimbini, iinkqubo ezintsha zolawulo lwezikhukhula, kodwa akukho nto itshintshileyo. Izikhukula, ngenxa yendlela esilawula ngayo umhlaba kunye nemilambo, zihlala zingenakuthintelwa. Sibhatala intywenka yemali ngenkxaso-mali yeefama kunye neeprojekthi zokutyhoboza imilambo ukuze iidolophu zethu zizaliswe ngamanzi kwaye amakhaya nobomi bonakaliswe.
Amanzi amdaka kunye ne-aquifer engenanto
Sihlawula kwakhona ngendlela yokhuseleko lwezandyondyo olufunwa yile migaqo-nkqubo iphambeneyo, kwaye ngeentlawulo ze-inshorensi ezongezelelweyo (mhlawumbi kufuneka sizibize irhafu ye-Paterson) ehlawuliswa amakhaya. Kodwa sikwahlawula ngelahleko yayo yonke enye into esiyifumana kwimithombo yamanzi: ubuhle, ukuzola, izilwanyana zasendle kunye, ewe, intwana yamanzi kwiimpompo.
KwiCompleat Angler, eyapapashwa ngowe-1653, Izaac Walton wabhala oku: โNdicinga ukuba abona badlali beTrout-anglers babalaseleyo baseDerbyshire; kuba amanzi aya kutsho esiphelweni. Akusenjalo. Ngehlobo lokugqibela ndichithe impelaveki ndihamba ecaleni kwe Ihobe lomlambo kunye neentlambo zayo, apho uWalton wayedla ngokuloba khona. Kuwo wonke umlambo, kuqukwa nendawo apho indlu yokuloba awayeyakhelwe nguCharles Cotton isamile, amanzi ayentsundu ngokumnyama. Iibhedi zegrabile ecocekileyo awayeyibhiyozele zagqunywa yintlenga: kwezinye iindawo ezigobileyo udaka lwaluziimitha ezininzi ubunzulu.
Kwakufuneka uphakamise amehlo akho ukuze ubone ingxaki: iinduli ezilinywe kakubi zommandla ophakathi kwaye ngaphezu kwazo iimori ezitshisiweyo kunye nezitshisiweyo. IPaka yeSizwe yeSithili esiyincopho, zilahlwe ngokupheleleyo ngamabala okudubula. A kutsha nje ingxelo ye Animal Aid bafumanise ukuba iigrouse estates eNgilani, nangona zikhonza kuphela izityebi eziphezulu, bafumana iยฃ37m yemali kawonke-wonke minyaka le ngohlobo lwenkxaso. Ininzi yale mali isetyenziselwa ukusika nokuzitshisa, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ngunobangela omkhulu wezikhukula. Nangona kwakukho imvula eninzi ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentlakohlaza, umlambo wawusele uphantsi kwaye udakumbile.
Intlanganisela yeendlela eziyintlekele zolawulo oluphezulu ibinceda umlambo othandwayo waseWalton ukuba uphuphume, okubangele ukuba urhulumente kunye nabantu basekhaya batyale imali eninzi kumanzi. Iskimu sokhuselo seHobe elisezantsi. Kodwa le ngqushu ibangele ukuba yome xa imvula ingani.
Leyo yinkalo yefilosofi ekholelwa ukuba umhlaba ukho kuphela ukuxhasa abanini-mhlaba kwaye iindlela zamanzi zikhona kuphela โukuze kususwe amanziโ. Esikhundleni sokuqukuqela okuzinzileyo okugcinwe unyaka wonke ngemithi ezindulini, ngeendlela zokulima ezinovakalelo, ngemilambo evunyelweyo ukuba ifumane ikhosi kunye nenqanaba labo, ukuhluza kunye nokubamba amanzi abo ngokugoba kunye nokuluka kunye nemiqobo, sifumana a umjikelo wezikhukula nembalela. Sifumana amanzi amdaka kunye namaleko amanzi amanzi angenanto kunye neentlawulo ezinkulu zeinshorensi neekhaphethi ezonakeleyo. Kwaye konke oko ngeendleko zoluntu. Ndibopheleleke kakhulu kuwe guv'nor, ndiqinisekile.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela