Phantse
Kwiminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo, iiMarines zaseU.S. zahlasela iiPhilippines ezazisanda kuzimela kwaye
wabulala naphi na ukusuka kwikota yesigidi (uqikelelo lomkhosi waseU.S.) ukuya ku
isiqingatha sesigidi bakwiiPhilippines ngexesha lobukoloniyali ichwebakazi. Ilifa
weminyaka engama-50 yolawulo lobukoloniyali waseU.S. uyabonakala kumatyotyombe nasezitratweni ze
Manila, inkxwaleko nobuhlwempu basemaphandleni, kunye nezigidi ezithathu
Abantu bakwiiPhilippines baye benza umgudu wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe bekhangela indlela yokuziphilisa.
Ngexesha lotyelelo kwi
IiPhilippines ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kwinkomfa “engezinye iindlela kwiNeoliberalism”
Ndathetha nabalimi kunye namatsha ntliziyo emibutho yabasebenzi kunye neenkokheli, ngokunjalo
iinkcuba-buchopho, izifundiswa, kunye neenkokeli zeentshukumo ezinkulu zasekhohlo. I
umfanekiso owavelayo wawukude lee kwisihloko samva nje kwi udonga
Ijenali yesitalato (WSJ), “UQoqosho kwiiPhilippines luBright Spot in
UMzantsi-mpuma Asia.” IiPhilippines sixelelwa ukuba azizange zibe nazo
Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho okuye kwenzeka kumazwe angabamelwane akuMzantsi-mpuma Asia.
Kucingelwa ukuba iza kuba nokwanda kwepesenti enye ngowe-1 (nge-1998 ekhulwini
ukwanda kwabantu).
Yini i WSJ ayiphumelelanga
ukukhankanya kukuba, ngokungafaniyo lonke Southeast Asia, kwiiPhilippines iye
kwingxaki kumashumi eminyaka aliqela: isizathu sokuba akukho boom yokuqhumisa umjikelo
kukuba akuzange kubekho boom ukuqala. KwiiPhilippines ngaphezu kwama-65
ekhulwini abemi bathwaxwa bubuhlwempu ngaphambi kwabo babizwa ngokuba ngamaAsia
Kwabakho ingxaki.
Ngexesha elifutshane kwi
ekuqaleni ukuya phakathi koo-1990 uqoqosho lwePhilippines lwabonakala (ubuncinane kwiWall Street
pundits) ukuba sisendleleni eya ekubeni liTiger yaseAsia. Amazinga okukhula kwe-5
ipesenti ngo-1994-1995 kunye nokwanda okukhulu kwempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle ehamba kunye nenkulu
ukungena kotyalo-mali lwangaphandle. "I-boom" yayihlala ixesha elifutshane,
ukuwa ngo-1997-1998. Isizathu sasilula kakhulu; uninzi lwabasemzini
Inkunzi yotyalo-mali (ngaphezu kwama-75 epesenti) “yayilutyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo,”
Utyalo-mali olungenamveliso kwimarike yemasheya kunye nexesha elifutshane, inzala ephezulu T
amanqaku. Ngokuwa kweemarike zaseAsia, abaqikeleli babaleka. Uninzi lwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle
ngokwenene beluthunyelwa ngaphandle kwee-semi conductors, izinto zombane kunye nempahla nge
ixabiso elincinci elongeziweyo-imveliso ehlanganiswe kunye nomsebenzi ophantsi.
Ukuthengwa komgangatho ophakathi kwaba
ziphenjelelwa kukuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ngexabiso eliphantsi okukhokelele kwintsilelo enkulu yemali ehlawulwa ngabemi bangaphandle
mboleko ezibangele iintlawulo zenkonzo yamatyala ezidlula i-5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, kufutshane
I-40 yepesenti yengeniso epheleleyo yokuthumela ngaphandle. Urhulumente weRamos kunye no-Estrada ugubungela
iintsilelo ngokucutha uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwezentlalo kunye nokuthengisa uluntu olunexabiso
imigodi, amandla, kunye namashishini ezothutho.
Uqoqosho lwePhilippines lu
ubukhulu becala kwi-6 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ezithunyelwa ngabasebenzi bakwiiPhilippines ekhaya. Ukuba
yayingeyiyo eyemali ethunyelwa phesheya, uqoqosho lwasePhilippine luza kuntlitheka
ukudodobala okukhulu koqoqosho okanye okubi ngakumbi kunye neentsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo ziya kulamba.
Ukukhula okukhulu kwesibini
icandelo yintoni na WSJ ibiza “indawo eqaqambileyo” lukhenketho—i
Uninzi lwazo lunxulunyaniswa nokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo-kunye namahenyukazi angaphezu kwe-100,000
Manila. Nabezopolitiko, amagosa asebupoliseni, kunye noosomashishini basekuhlaleni ngokunzulu
Okubandakanyekayo, iManila kunye needolophu ezidibeneyo ziye zaba yiparadesi yabahambi:
abafana abancinci kunye namantombazana asuka kwi-7 ukuya kwi-12 iminyaka ubudala ngumthombo womgaqo wangaphandle
ukutshintshiselana ngemivuzo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Ukukhuthazwa kokhenketho, iprojekthi yezilwanyana zasekhaya
UMongameli Estrada osanda kunyulwa, unezinye iziphumo ezifihlakeleyo: iifama ezinqabileyo
elilinywa ziintsapho ezihluphekayo zabalimi ziyabanjwa kwaye ziguqulelwe kwigalufa
izifundo. I Philippine National Inquirer (Novemba 14, 1998) yanikela ingxelo,
“Iintsapho ezingama-200 zineefama ezilinyiweyo kumashumi eminyaka kwisithuba seehektare ezingama-500 (kwindawo
Central Luzon) elungiswayo njengeJet Ski elandelayo kunye negalufa
indawo ekuyiwa kuyo.” Ndatyelela abalimi abasebenza iziza ezingaphantsi kwehektare enye.
Babelungelelaniswe kakuhle kwaye bezibandakanya kakhulu kunye nemveliso
ukulima ukukhulisa iihagu ezimbalwa, ukukhula okusisiseko, ngelixa uvelisa encinci
intsalela yamapayina kunye neemango ezithengiswayo ukukhawulelana neemfuno zabo zemihla ngemihla. Bona
basongelwa ngokugxothwa ukuze bandise "imveliso yokuthengisa ngaphandle." Sele
iklabhu yasemaphandleni ekufutshane yayikhe amanzi kumlambo omelene nomlambo
iintlanzi ekutyeni kwazo nokwenza ukunkcenkceshela kube nzima. Iququzelelwe yi-KMP,
umanyano lwabalimi abangasekhohlo, bahlanganisana ukuze bakhusele amaqebengwana abo. I
amapolisa omkhosi abulala enye yeenkokeli zawo, emtyhola ngokuba a
ilungu leqela labanqolobi iNew Peoples Army.
“Ukuguqulwa kwakhona kwe
umhlaba weefama” kunye nokugxothwa okukhulu kwabalimi kuye kwakhokelela kugonyamelo
Ungquzulwano kunye nokufuduka okukhulu kwabalimi kwinto ekusenokwenzeka ukuba bayiyo
awona matyotyombe amabi eAsia—mhlawumbi nehlabathi.
Kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo
abantu bezizwe ngezizwe bamisele izityalo zendibano kwaye batyala imali kwimigodi kunye nemithi,
ngelixa i-Philippine yasekhaya inamashishini amashishini kunye nemizi-mveliso yempahla yabathengi
ziye zavela. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweshishini lixhomekeke kakhulu ekungenisweni koomatshini
kunye neempahla ezigqityiweyo. Uninzi lotyalo-mali lwangaphandle lusekelwe ekutsaleni ekrwada
imathiriyeli kunye nokuxhaphaza abasebenzi abancinci ukuvelisa izinto ezigqityiweyo. Ubininzi be
abahluphekayo basezidolophini baqeshwe kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-formal sector: kulwakhiwo,
iinkonzo, urhwebo apho bahlawulwa kude ngaphantsi komvuzo ophantsi kwaye zi
kuxhomekeke kuxhatshazo olungqwabalala ngabanini be-sweatshop bakwiiPhilippines. Le entsha
"Uohlohlesakhe besizwe" bahlala bekhontrakthi kwimpahla yaseU.S. kunye neJapan
kunye nabenzi bezinto zokudlala. Amanani amahlwempu ezidolophini akhula mihla le njengabemi baseAsia
Iimarike ezithumela ngaphandle ziyawa kwaye amawakawaka abasebenzi basefektri bayadendwa ngeveki.
Ngelixa abanye oorhulumente bamazantsi-mpuma e-Asia babuza ezinye zezinto ezisisiseko
Iimfundiso zemfundiso yemarike yasimahla, uMongameli wasePhilippine u-Estrada uye waziphosa phantsi
phambili ngemilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo yenkululeko yorhwebo, enkulu
ukucuthwa kwenkcitho yentlalontle, kunye noshishino lwabucala olunengeniso ethe chatha. Ukujika
ubabalo ne-U.S. kwi-APEC kaNovemba (iNkomfa yezoQoqosho yaseAsia Pacific)
intlanganiso, u-Estrada wayekuphela kwentloko yelizwe evakalisa uSekela Mongameli
Uhlaselo lukaGore kwiNkulumbuso yaseMalaysia uMahathir Mohamed, ngokubonakalayo
umba wamalungelo oluntu kodwa eneneni ujoliswe kulawulo lwaseMalaysia
ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo lwenkunzi kwiintshukumo zengeniso.
I-Agririan
Ukuguqulwa
Nangona kunjalo
ukukhula kwedolophu, ukuxinana kwezithuthi kunye nodederhu lweevenkile ezinkulu, kwiiPhilippines
lisengumbutho wezolimo ubukhulu becala, ngengqiqo yokuba ngaphezulu kwama-60
ekhulwini labantu bayo abazizigidi ezingama-75 bahlala emaphandleni. Ibe ngumlimi
umbuzo oye waba liziko lomzabalazo wezopolitiko nezentlalo kunye
Ukujongana nomkhosi ukusukela ekuthinjweni kweSpeyin, i-US colonization, i
Ukuhlala kwabantu baseJapan kunye nongquzulwano lwamva nje oluchasene novukelo.
Nangona umongameli
izibhengezo ezivela kuMcArthur ukuya kuMarcos kwaye ukusuka e-Aquino ukuya e-Estrada, ukuvakalisa
imfuneko yohlaziyo lwezolimo, uninzi lwabasebenzi basemaphandleni basahleli
bengenamhlaba okanye bengenamhlaba waneleyo wokondla iintsapho zabo. Phantse ngama-70
ipesenti yabasebenzi basemaphandleni abanamhlaba. Phakathi kwabalimi basemaphandleni,
malunga nama-67 eepesenti bangabanini beehektare ezintathu okanye ngaphantsi bathatha ama-20 epesenti
yomhlaba wonke. Kwelinye icala, i-.5 ekhulwini inabanikazi beehektare ezingama-50 okanye ngaphezulu,
ithatha ama-20 ekhulwini omhlaba olinywayo. Ingxaki encinci
abanini-mhlaba ayibobunini bomhlaba kuphela kodwa bakwanokuqeshwa komhlaba. Uninzi lwabalimi
abalimi ngokwesiseko ngabanini bezabelo abaqeshiweyo abanyanzelekileyo ukuba banikezele
ukususela kuma-60 ukusa kuma-80 ekhulwini ezityalo zabo kubanini-mhlaba. Ukusukela uninzi lomqeshi
abalimi abanakuphila phakathi kokuhlwayela nokuvuna ngenxa yamazinga aphantsi e
imbuyekezo, baboleka imali kubathengi kwireyithi avareji 20 ekhulwini ngalinye
ngenyanga, bathengise ngezityalo zabo kwangaphambili kubarhwebi ngesahlulo seshumi
ixabiso elithengwe ngumthengi wokugqibela esixekweni.
Ngoxa kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kunye
ukuya kutsho ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane, iindawo ezinkulu ezinemihlaba zaziqhutywa ngerenti
ukuqokelela abanini-mhlaba, ukuba abanye abahlalutyi bachaza njenge "semi feudal," ngo
kwiminyaka yakutshanje umhlaba uthathiwe ngabaxeli bezindlu,
amashishini amasimi orhwebo, abakhenkethi kunye nabaqhubi bophuhliso, kunye
umrhwebi-umsebenzisi oqaphelekayo kunye namaqhina asezidolophini. Ingxaki ayikho kuphela
ukuxhatshazwa, kodwa nokugxothwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweendlela zokuphila, iintsapho kunye
uluntu, kunye nokufuduswa ngenkani ukuya kumatyotyombe abhityileyo esixeko. Oku
oohlohlesakhe abatsha bangamaFilipino kwaye ngelixa benokusebenzisa ezinye
iindlela zangaphambili zokuxhaphaza i-feudal iye yahlukanisa utyalo-mali kuyo
Iinzame zasedolophini ezinengeniso, ngakumbi intelekelelo yezemali kunye nezindlu nomhlaba
utyalo-mali. Bakwasebenza njengeekontraka ezincinci kwimisebenzi yeplanti yokudityaniswa.
Umahluko odlulileyo phakathi kwe "comprador" okanye oohlohlesakhe borhwebo kunye
oohlohlesakhe besizwe ngokubanzi bathe shwaka. IiPhilippines
ongxowankulu baguqula irenti zasemaphandleni zibe yinkunzi yemizi-mveliso ukuze baxhaphaze indibano
abasebenzi bezityalo okanye ukuthenga ipropathi yasezidolophini, ukugxotha abahlali basezidolophini ukuze
ukwakha izakhiwo zeeofisi eziphakamileyo ukuze kuqokelelwe irente ezidolophini.
Iingxoxo ze-neoliberal ze
Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba “okufanelekileyo” ukuthethelela ukugxothwa kwabalimi akulunganga
ukukholisa. Orlino Mercado, iSebe leZolimo kwingingqi yophando
intloko yecandelo, yachaza ukuba "ukuguqulwa koqoqosho" kuthetha ukuba
Amafama akuMbindi weLuzon aza kuphulukana nelebhu yophando ngokulima kumhlaba ongasentla
itekhnoloji kunye nechibi elingaphakathi elizweni, iindawo zokugcina iigusha eziphuculweyo,
iibhokhwe, kunye ne-carabso kunye nomthombo we-saplings ephezulu ye-cashews, imango,
kunye nezinye izityalo zeziqhamo. Kwiphondo laseTarlac San Vicente iintsapho zokulima
babeya kuba bengenamhlaba, imisebenzi yabo yokuvelisa imisiwe, ikamva labo
engaqinisekanga.
Ngokunyuka, amazwe angaphandle
Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ziya zilawula, hayi kwimveli kuphela
icandelo lemigodi kunye nezityalo ezithumela ngaphandle, kodwa nakwimarike yasekhaya. I-U.S
Ukusetyenziswa kwesiselo esithambileyo okunelayisensi yenye yezona zinto ziphezulu ngomntu ngamnye ehlabathini.
Iimveliso zeendaba zase-US "zenkcubeko" zizalise imarike yasePhilippine. Ivenkile yaseU.S
i-subsidiaries, ukusuka kwiindawo ezithengisa ukutya okukhawulezayo ukuya kwiivenkile zesebe, zikho yonke indawo,
ecaleni kweebhanki zaphesheya zaseTshayina naseJapan kunye nokusebenza kweplanti yendibano.
Ngo-1995 i-capital yangaphakathi yenza i-41 ekhulwini kuphela ye-equity iyonke
utyalo-mali. Amazwe amaninzi afumana i-30 yepesenti yeentengiso zizonke kwaye phantse i-20
ipesenti yengeniso iyonke phakathi kwamaqumrhu angama-2,000 aphezulu elizweni.
Ibali lamanye amazwe anamhlanje
ulawulo lwezoqoqosho kwiiPhilippines inemvelaphi kwizahluko gory of
ukusebenza emkhosini. Ngowe-1899 xa i-US yaqalisa ukuhlasela kwayo
Philippines ngokuthumela 21,000 amajoni kunye namagosa, babelindele ngokukhawuleza kwaye
uloyiso olulula kwiintshaba zabo “zilusu olumnyama”. Kunoko bafumana
ukuba abavukeli be “rag tag” babenenkxaso yesininzi
yabalimi nabasebenzi nokuba babengenakoyiswa lula. Kwangoko
kuNjengele Shafter, umphathi-mkhosi, wathi, “Kusenokuba yimfuneko ukuba
ukubulala isiqingatha bakwiiPhilippines ukuze isiqingatha eseleyo yabemi
isenokuqhubela phambili kwinqwelomoya yobomi ephezulu kunale meko yobuqhetseba
imicimbi.”
emva
Umongameli uFerdinand Marcos wabhengeza umthetho womkhosi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, i
ilizwe ngokuthe ngcembe lahlukana phakathi kwenkcaso ekhokelwa ngamaKomanisi echasene noMarcos
kunye nabaxhasi bobuzwilakhe. IWashington ibonelele ngomkhosi omkhulu
kunye noncedo lwezoqoqosho ukuzinzisa uzwilakhe wabathengi kunye nabalimi ababonelelweyo
ukuwela kwakhona kwi-NPA kunye namajoni asekuhlaleni.
Ngo-1985 i-NPA kunye nayo
intetho yezopolitiko, iNational Democratic Front (NDF), yaseka
oorhulumente abanxuseneyo kwi-10,000 kuma-barrios angama-41,000 elizweni. I-NPA
inani lama-20,000 ezixhobo kwaye iQela lamaKomanisi lalikhula libe ngamashumi
amawaka.
Kwi-U.S. ukudityaniswa kwe
umbutho ochasene nozwilakhe kunye nochasene nama impiriyali phantsi kobuKomanisi
yenze ingxaki enkulu. UMarcos wayengumthengi othembekileyo phantse iminyaka engama-20,
ukanti wayekhula ngokuba lityala njengoko esanda amacandelo aphakathi
abakumgangatho ophakathi babezimanya nemibutho engaphantsi komhlaba ekhokelwa ngasekhohlo kunye nesiqingatha
iintshukumo zomthetho. IWashington ilandele umgaqo-nkqubo wokulahla uzwilakhe ukuze asindise
urhulumente, umgaqo-nkqubo olandelwa ngaphambili eLatin America kwaye emva koko
kulo lonke elaseAsiya. Ngokusisiseko, oku kwakubandakanya ukuqhuba umda phakathi
Inkcaso “eqiqileyo” kunye “ephakathi” kulawulo lobuzwilakhe ngo
ukuququzelela uthethathethwano lokubuyiselwa konyulo kunye nokuhamba
yolawulo lobuzwilakhe ngokwemiqathango egcina umkhosi wobuchule waseU.S
ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho. Isicwangciso saseWashington sifumene ifomyula efanelekileyo eCory
UAquino, uthanjiswe nguCardinal Sim, njengendawo yokugcina yedemokhrasi
ixabiso. Umhlolokazi womchasi obuleweyo wolawulo lobuzwilakhe lukaMarcos (Benigno
Aquino), isazi sezopolitiko, esanconywa kakhulu nguKhadinali Sim kunye neU.S.
Ummeli, uCory Aquino wagijima ngokuchasene noMarcos kunyulo lukaMongameli we-1986.
Uloyiso lobuqhetseba lukaMarcos, nangona kunjalo, lwabangela ukuthululwa okukhulu
Ukuchasa kunye nokuchaswa koluntu, kamva kwathiwa yintshukumo "yamandla abantu",
nangona u-Aquino kunye nabacebisi bakhe bezoqoqosho abasondeleyo baboshwe
abanini-mhlaba bamashishini amadala namatsha. Uqhanqalazo olukhulu oludumileyo lwabanjwa
umlindi wasekhohlo. Babelindele ubuqhophololo, balutyeshela unyulo, kwaye
badlale indima engabalulekanga kuqhanqalazo olwalandelayo, belindele ukuba abantu benze njalo
ukusuka kunyulo ukuya kwipolitiki yenguqu. Babephosisile. Ne
Ukuphambuka kweeNjengele ezininzi eziphambili, ukuxhaswa kwe-Ambassy yase-US kunye ne-
Abaphathi bamaKatolika, uqhanqalazo lwabahlali lwamgxotha ngempumelelo uMarcos no-Aquino
efakwe emandleni.
Intshukumo echasene nozwilakhe
iququzelelwe e-BAYAN kwaye i-NDF yahlukana. Amanye amacandelo abakumgangatho ophakathi
wajoyina ulawulo lwe-Aquino; abanye baye barhoxa kwiintshukumo ezikhawulezayo
kwaye yasebenza kwiiNGO, isebenzisana neearhente zohlaziyo lwezolimo
urhulumente omtsha. Kwelinye icala, izinto zeNPA ezinemibono ye
uvukelo lwasezidolophini luqalise uhlaselo lwasezidolophini kwezopolitiko kunye
ekujoliswe kuko emkhosini. Ulawulo lwe-Aquino, emva kokuhamba ngeentshukumo ze
Ukuphelisa imfazwe ne-NPA, yabeka imiqathango eyabachithayo
inkqubo yentlalontle neyobuzwe. Ngaphandle kwezithembiso zokuqala ze-agrarian
Uhlaziyo, umhlaba omncinci kakhulu owahluthwayo, izihloko zama-squatters zazinjalo
kubuzwa kwaye nokukhutshwa kwanda. Apho umhlaba wahlulwa wabancinci
abanini, iintlawulo zigqithise amandla abo okuhlawula, beqhuba abaninzi
ukutshona.
Owona mba wokubuyela umva we
yintoni i U.S. National Endowment for Democracy (eyayibhanga iAquino's
Campaign) yachazwa njengenguqu yedemokhrasi, yayiyeyorhulumente
umbutho wamaqela amajoni amaninzi kulo lonke ilizwe. I
amaqela paramilitary, ngokophononongo oluneenkcukacha ngelo xesha yi New
IKomiti yamaGqwetha aseYork yamaLungelo oLuntu, aquka izaphuli-mthetho, ngokunjalo
amahlelo onqulo anenzondelelo yempambano, elona lidume kakubi ngawo yayiyiTadtad (eyayi
lithetha “ukunqunqa”), imbekiselo kuqheliselo lwabo lokusika
amaxhoba abulawa ngeemela okanye iimela. Amaqela abagadi abaxhobileyo (phezu
200 phakathi kukaMatshi no-Oktobha 1987) yavela kulo lonke ilizwe,
ixhaswa yi-Aquino-backed Armed Forces kunye nabanini-mhlaba bendawo. Kwaye i
ebekujoliswe kuko yayingabavukeli okanye abalandeli boburhalarhume, kodwa nabo babengamalungu emibutho yabasebenzi,
amatsha-ntliziyo abalimi, abasebenzi bamalungelo oluntu, kunye nabani na obuza imibuzo ngedemokhrasi
iziqinisekiso zolawulo.
Ngelixa iminyaka emibini yokuqala ye
ulawulo lwe-Aquino ngenene lodlula iminyaka yokugqibela yobuzwilakhe beMarcos
ekunyhashweni kwamalungelo oluntu, ukhohlo udlule kuthotho loqhekeko
amaqhinga. “Iqela labavukeli-mbuso” laqalisa uthotho logonyamelo
uhlaselo, kuqukwa nokugetyengwa okuthoba inkxaso abakumgangatho ophakathi kunye
wanikela isizathu sokuba urhulumente abambelele ngakumbi kwimizabalazo ethandwayo.
Ukuphela kolawulo lwe-Aquino ekubuyeleni kunye nomjikelo omtsha wonyulo olukhokelela
unyulo lwalowo wayesakuba nguMarcos crony General Ramos.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze
oomongameli abathathu abanyuliweyo, uAquino, uRamos, no-Estrada, banzulu
ukuzibophelela kurhwaphilizo, iinkampani, kunye nentsebenziswano neWashington.
Amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka avuza phesheya kwiiakhawunti zebhanki ze
oosomashishini baphesheya kunye nabezopolitiko, ukudala ukunqongophala okwenziweyo
inkunzi, isimemo sokungenisa kwi-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi. Ukukhululwa kwe
urhwebo lujike iPhilippines, ilizwe lezolimo, libe ngumrhwebi othenga kumazwe angaphandle
into ebikade isisiseko- irayisi kunye neswekile, njengoko kuqhutywa ngexabiso eliphantsi
abavelisi abangathathi ntweni batshona.
Ngaphandle kwe-Aquino
Ukubuyela umva kwiziseko zomkhosi wase-US, uqeshiso lwePentagon e-Subic Bay
kwaye iziseko zayo zomoya zarhoxiswa ekugqibeleni. Ngokuwa kobungxowankulu kwi
I-Asiya kunye nokunyuka koqhanqalazo oludumileyo e-Indonesia, iWashington ifuna a
isiseko esitsha sokusebenza.
Njengoko kulindelekile, okwangoku
Umongameli wasePhilippine uJoseph Estrada wanikela ngeenkonzo zakhe. Washington kunye
I-Estrada ikwinkqubo yokutyikitya iSivumelwano soKundwendwela imikhosi (VFA) leyo
eneneni iya kuba ngumsebenzi olingana nesiseko somkhosi wase-US, ukunika
IWashington iqhinga lokutsiba kwindawo yokungenelela ukuba kwaye xa iAsia
Iingxaki zoqoqosho zijika zibe sisidubedube sentlalo. Estrada, ukwenzela ukugubungela
ukusebenzelana kwakhe nemidla yeqhinga lase-U.S. wathi iVFA iyakulungelelanisa
I-US kunye nePhilippines kwingxabano yayo ne-China malunga ne-Spratlys,
iingqaqa ezingahlali bantu kunxweme olusemantla. I-U.S. inqumla i-Estrada nge
ebonisa ukungabi nasimo sokungena kwingxabano: i-lackeys ithatha imiyalelo bona
musa ukubanika.
Emva kwesithuba seminyaka elishumi
ukuhla kunye nokwahlukana, iintshukumo ezinkulu zasekhohlo zibonakala zibuyela kwakhona
inkxaso. I-NPA idlule kwixesha lokulungiswa nokuzigxeka
kwaye ngelixa uqhubeka ukuzibandakanya kwizenzo zomkhosi ezingaqhelekanga ziye zagxila
iinzame zayo zokucwangcisa ngokutsha inkxaso ezilalini. Ezopolitiko nezentlalo
ukulungelelanisa ngokuchasene namawaka empatho-mbi yemihla ngemihla kwakhona kukuzisa oko
emva kokudibana neelali ezaziziinqaba zeNPA. Ngelixa uninzi lwabo
iinzuzo zikwiindawo ezikude kakhulu, kude nezixeko ezikhulu, kunye nomkhosi
ufakelo, inkxaso yabo eyandayo iye yakhokelela emkhosini ukulahla
Uluvo lokuba i-NPA “yingxaki yamapolisa” nje ekufuneka isonjululwe
amapolisa omkhosi. Ngokunjalo i-NDF ibonakala ilufumene kwakhona uluntu lwayo
ukuqondwa ngamaphulo ayo awohlukeneyo ngokukodwa kwi-anti-VFA
intshukumo, kunye neenzame zayo zokwenza inkcaso yamacandelo amaninzi
neoliberalism, imimiselo yomgaqo-nkqubo we-IMF, kunye nokusebenza ngobuninzi be
amaqela ngamazwe angengoMaoists.
Mhlawumbi eyona ibalulekileyo
Amandla asakhulayo afumaneka kwi-KMU kunye ne-KMP, imanyano yabasebenzi basezidolophini kunye
intshukumo yabalimi. I-KMU yimanyano yabasebenzi bezopolitiko yezentlalo, edibanisa a
umzabalazo kwimiba yemihla ngemihla emsebenzini kunye nenkcaso ebanzi
ama impiriyali kunye noxhatshazo lobungxowankulu. Ndachukunyiswa yindlela
bonke abasebenzi bangena ukuze balungiselele ukutya ebudeni bendibano, beza
ezabo iingxowa zokulala, kwaye bazibandakanye kwingxoxo engekho sikweni. Yayiyi
ukulingana kunye nemozulu comradely. Ngaphandle kolwakhiwo oluthile
imibutho yabasebenzi eJapan kunye neBrazilian Landless Workers’ Movement, i
I-KMU ayizange ibonakale inobudlelwane obubalulekileyo bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nabanye amajoni
imibutho, njengakuMzantsi Korea, eIndiya, eItali, njalo njalo
ingxaki kunxibelelwano okanye ingxaki enzulu yelifa layo leMaoist, andinako
xela.
I-KMP mhlawumbi yiyo
intlangano eyodwa eyona ibaluleke kakhulu ekhohlo kwiiPhilippines. Ikhokelwe ngu
umququzeleli wabalimi, uRafael Mariano, i-KMP ngamaqumrhu ayo engingqi
ebehamba phambili kwimizabalazo yokulwa nabaxhwila umhlaba,
abaqikeleli, amaziko karhulumente, kunye namaqela abo omkhosi abanyanzeliswa
ukugxotha abavelisi abangamahlwempu. Ngokusondele kuma-500,000 abasebenzisanayo kunye nabaxhasi
ngemibutho yengingqi okanye yengingqi i-KMP imele elona themba lilungileyo
abalimi bakwiiPhilippines baxhathise ungenelelo olukhulayo longxowankulu
abaqikeleli bomhlaba, abaphuhlisi bezindlu nezindlu, abakhenkethi abasebenza ngokutyalwa kwezityalo
abanini, nabanini-mhlaba.
I-NDF iyayithanda i-NPA
iyaqhubeka nokuphinda isebenzise imbono kaMao kuluntu lwasePhilippine njenge "semi feudal"
kunye “nesiqingatha sobukoloniyali” ngexesha apho ubudlelwane bongxowankulu bubuye baguquka
yabeka imihlaba kwiindawo zokukhenketha zabakhenkethi bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nabatyali-zimali abanini-mhlaba
bankroll amalinge entelekelelo alo lonke uhlobo. Ngelixa iirenti kunye nezinto ezinomdla
qhubeka uhlawulwe ngabarenti abanamatyala, abanini-mhlaba abarhwebi ngoku batshaneli
aba barenta kumashishini amatsha okanye ebhankini imivuzo yabo
phesheya kolwandle ngothungelwano lwenkunzi yehlabathi. Umbono wokulwa "semi
feudalism” isebenze njengebhulorho kwiinkokeli ezininzi ezazisakuba ngasekhohlo,
kubandakanywa abalawuli beNPA, ukujoyina ishishini longxowankulu “langoku” okanye
babe yinxalenye yolawulo luka-Aquino, iRamos, no-Estrada, olunolwabo
uphawu lwe "anti-feudalism," ukuguqula imihlaba ibe lilizwe eliphakamileyo
iiklabhu.
Ngaphandle kwemveli
ngasekhohlo, iCawa yamaKatolika yahlulelene ngokunzulu. Cardinal Sin imele
Umgca weVatican wentsebenziswano noorhulumente beniyoliberal kunye nenkcaso engqongqo
ekulawuleni inzala, ubuzwe, kunye nenguqu kwezentlalo. Kwelinye icala,
izikhundla kunye neefayile oonongendi kunye nabefundisi bayasebenza kwii-barrios, izikolo, kunye nangaphakathi
emaphandleni esebenza kunye nemibutho yezentlalo yasekhohlo. Kwintlanganiso e
IYunivesithi yakwiiPhilippines ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabafundi abali-1,000 abazimasayo (isihloko
“Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Lama-Impiriyali Nezinye Iindlela Ezizezinye”) zazisuka kumaKatolika aphezulu
izikolo neekholeji zabucala, kwiimeko ezininzi zikhatshwa ngootitshala bazo kunye
imigaqo.
Namhlanje kukho uluhlu olukhulu
yeentshukumo ezisebenzayo zokulwa kwiibhari, emasimini, kwiifektri, ezikolweni, kunye
iikhampasi. Eyona ngxaki ingundoqo kukuqhekeka kwawo kwaye aqhelekanga
umsebenzi. Ngokuqhekeka kweentshukumo zeambrela ezikhawulezayo phakathi
Ngoo-1980, akukho mbutho omnye uye wavela okwaziyo ukuzisa amaqela
kunye. Ngelixa imizabalazo echasene ne-neoliberalism kunye nehlabathi jikelele ibonakala ngathi
Brook consensus, akukho nqanaba elifanayo lamandla eemvakalelo adityanisiweyo
imikhosi echasene nobuzwilakhe bobuqu bukaFerdinand Marcos. Ubukhosi
Umyalelo wemarike ukho kuyo yonke indawo, iziphumo ezikhohlakeleyo zomhlaba
Ukuthinjwa kubonakala kumatyotyombe amabi aseManila. Into efunekayo kukuba a
yavuselela indlela yasePhilippine ukuya kwisoshiyali ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi
iifomula zemfundiso eziphelelwe lixesha. Z